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HANDBOOK 



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OF 



BRITISH GUIANA, 



1909 



COxMPKlSING GENERAL AND STATISTICAL INFOKxMATION 
CONCERNING THE COLONY. 



EDITED AND COMPILED BY 
GEO. D. I5AYLEY, 

(of the BRITISH GUIANA CIVIL SEKVICK.) 



leltvbliishcb xwx^ix ihc ^utliovity of the |.1a'mvu\cnt tlr.xhibiHonis Committee, c^r ^r\\^\, ^^V 



DULAU & CO., 37, SOHO SQUAKE, LONDON. 
J. H. STAKK, BOSTON, U.S A. 

PRICE 5/- 



PEINTED BY ''THE AROOSY " COMPANY, LIMITED, 

1909. 






PBINTED BY "THE AEGOSY '' CO., LTD., 

PRINTERS, STATIONERS, AND ACCOUNT BOOK MANUFACTURERS, 

AT THEIR OFFICES, 

LOTS 35, 36, AND 37, WATER STREET, GEORGETOWN, DEMERARA, 

BRITISH GUIANA. 



^. OF 0. 




ERE AT A, 



PAGE 
246, line 8, for " fifty cents " read " one dollar," 

512, line 2 of footnote, for " IX miles " read " XI miles." 

596, line 7 from bottom of page, for 7,002 acres" read " 7,022 acres." 






\ 



i 












TABLE OF CONTENTS. 




lV ft? 






^K 




PAGE 




Geography and Topography ... 


1 




History 


71 




General Geology 


77 




Climate and Hygiene 


90 




Metereology 


91 




Population 


100 




The Aboriginal Indians 


105 




Immigration 


114 




History of the Political Constitution 


126 




Constitution and Government 


148 




Education 


159 




Georgetown 


173 




Berbice and New Amsterdam 


182 




The Villages ... 


184 




The Municipalities 


186 




Tlie Local Government Board 


189 




Flora 


194 




Fauna ... 


213 




Financial 


219 




Agricultural resources 


225 




The Mining Industry .... 


232 




The Crown Lands ... 


244 




Forests 


261 




Manufactures 


275 



IV. 



Governors of British Guiana 

Legislature 

Public Departments 

Foreign Consuls... 

Ecclesiastical 

The Courts 



PAGE 

277 
280 
281 
292 
292 
302 



Magisterial Districts and Courts . . ... 305 

Justices of the Peace ... ... ... 306 

Commissioners to administer oaths ... ... 308 

Fees... ... ... ... ... 309 

Colonial Duties of Customs ... ... ... 399 

Colonial Taxes ... ... ... ... 418 

Imports and Exports, Shipping ... ... 435 

Means of Communication ... ... ... 449 

Postal Information ... ... .,. 496 

Sightseeing ... ... ... ... 519 

Travel and Transport ... ... ... 520 

Mileage of Public Koads ... ... ... 532 

Sugar Plantations and Proprietors ... ... 541 

Exchanges, Moneys, ifec. ... ... ,. 543 

Banking ... ... ... ... 548 

Public Medical Institutions .. . ... ... 552 

Mining Concessions ... ... ... 553 

Permanent Exhibitions Committee ... ... 558 

Board of Agriculture, tfec. ... ... .. 559 

Corporate Bodies ... ... ... 561 

Clubs, Societies, &c, ... ... ... 565 

Miscellaneous ... ... ... .•• 570 

Statistics ... ... ... ... 584 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PAGE 

Public Buildings, Georgetown — ^from Market 

Tower ... ... ... Frontispiece 

Koker and Drainage Canal with Dredger ... 6 

View down the Kaieteur Gorge from the Kaieteur 

Fall, Potaro River ... ... ... 8 

Southern Edge of Mount Roraima ... ... 9 

" Timehri " picture-rock a*: Waraputa ... ... 20 

Warden's Quarters and Office, Itaki, Mazaruni River.. 24 

Pakatuk Falls ... ... ... ... 29 

Kaieteur Fall ... ... ... ... 30 

Government Agency, North Western District ... 45 

Arawatta Rocks, Barima River ... ... 46 

Ireng River and Valley — (Brazilian Boundary) ... 55 

Indian House, Savannah Country, on the borders of 

Brazil ... ... ... ,.. 60 

Kanaku Mountains and Macusi Indians, Rupununi ... 62 

Croal Street and Law Courts ... ... 65 

Old Archway, Kyk-over-al ... ... ... 72 

Gold-Diggers' Camp, below Eagle Mountain ... 81 

Komuti Mountain, Essequebo River ... ... 82 

Savannah Indian House, Akawoio Indians ... 105 

Corials or native canoes, Pomeroon River ... 109 

Patamona Indians, Kaieteur Plateau ... ... 110 

Carib Indians in Woodskins ... ... ... 113 

Group of East Indians ... ... ... 120 

Labourers' dwellings on Sugar Plantation ... 124 

High Street, Law Courts and Town Hall ... 159 



VI, 

PAGE 

Main Street, Georgetown ... ... ... 173 

Camp Street, Georgetown ... ... ... 175 

Georgetown Market ... ... ... 177 

Bandstand — Promenade. Gardens ... ... 179 

Sea Wall Promenade ... ... ... 179' 

Tower Hotel, Georgetown ... ... ... 181' 

Private Residence, New Amsterdam, Berbice ... 183^ 

Town Hall, Georgetown ... ... ... 186^ 

Victoria Rcgia Lilies— Oronoque Avenue, Botanic Gar- 
dens ... ... ... ... 194 

Approach to Botanic Gardens ... ... 196 

Talipot Palm — Promenade Gardens ... ... 200 

Lotus Lilies — Botanic Gardens ... •" 203 

Maipouri or Tapir and young one ... ... 214 

Placer working: — Sluice, Potaro Gold Fields ... 233 

Placer working : — Using a "Tom" ... ... 235 

Placer working : — Double Sluice and Chinese Pump at 

work ... ... ... ... 236 

Cane Carrier and Milldock — Sugar Plantation ... 255 

Timber Grant ... ... ... ... 261 

Anglican Cathedral, Georgetown ... ... 295 

Roman Catholic Cathedral, Georgetown... ... 299 

Law Courts ... ... ... ... 302 

Lake — Botanic Gardens ... ... ... 383 

Barima-Barama Road ... ... ... 493 

Maipouri Mountain, Kaieteur Gorge ... ^.. 520 

Travelling Camp, on the Essequibo River ... 522 

Boat running rapids ... ... ... 525 

Waterside Magazines or Storehouses, Mazawinni Land- 
ing, Barama ... ... ... 526 

Potaro- Konawaruk Road, Potaro District ... 541 

Georgetown Market and surroundings ... .,. 579 



INDEX. 



A. PAGE 

Abary Creek ... ... 19 

Aboriginal Indian Missions ... 296 
Aboriginal Indians of British 
Guiana ... ... ... 105 

Acreage Tax ... ... 418 

Acre Money, revenue from ... 219 
Admiralty Courts ... ... 304 

Advances to labourers ... 523 

Ad valorem duties ... 399, 437, 438 
Aerated Mineral Water licence 432 
Affidavits, Commissioners for 

administering oaths to 308 

,, Commissioner's fees... 354 

,, Stamp duty ... 421 

African Methodist Church ... 302 

Agreements, Stamp duty on ... 421 

,, Fee for drawing... 339 

Agriculture, Board of ... 559 

,, Department of 

Science and ... 289 
,, Expenditure, De- 

partment of 
Science and ... 220 
,, Teaching of ... 165 

Agricultural resources of the 
Colony ... ... 225 

Agricultural and Commercial 
Society, Royal ... ... 568 

Agricultural licences ... 246 

Akarabisi Creek ... ... 28 

Akaima Hill ... ...48,50 

Alms House ... ... 284 

,, Expenditure ... 220 

All Saints' Parish ... ... 297 

Alluvial Washing for Gold ... 234 
America, United States of, 

Trade with 438, 441-2, 445, 447 

Amacura River ... ... 51 

AmatukFall ... ...29,30 

Anabisi Creek ... ... 47 

Analyses, Fees for ... ... 378 

Analyst, Government, Dept. ... 289 

Anti=Slavery Society .., 115 

Appeal Court ... ... 304 

Fees ...333, 340, 341,350 
Arakaka ... 45, 67, 89 

Arawak— Matope ... ...26,527 

Arawatta ... ... 46, 68 

Archdeaconry of Demerara and 
Essequebo ... ... 294 



PAGE 

Archdeaconry of Berbice ... 294 

Area of British Guiana ... 1 

,, ,, cultivated... 596 

Arimu Creek ... ... 27 

Arisauru Mountains ... 16 

Armstrong Line of Steamers ... 457 

Articles of Capitulation 126, 134, 147 

Aruau River ... ... 47 

Aruka River ... ... 47 

Assembly Rooms ... ... 179 

Assets and Liabilities of the 

Colony ... ... 221 

Association, Planters' ... 563 

Asylum, Leper ... ... 552 

,, Lunatic ... ... 552 

Orphan ... 169, 284 

,, Expenditure ... 220 

Attorney General's Office ... 290 

,, Expenditure 220 

Attorney, Power of, fees for ... 424 

Auction dues ... . , , 316 

Auctioneer's licence ... 432 

Audit Department ... ... 281 

,, ,, Expenditure 220 

B. 

Balata, exports of ... 443, 589, 590 

,, Licences to collect ... 250 

,, ,, ,, purchase and 

sell ... ... 432 

,, Revenue from ... 443 

,, Royalty on ... 312, 319 

Ball Licence ... ... 432 

Bananas, cultivation of ... 229 

Band, Militia ... ... 179 

Bank, British Guiana ... 549 

,, Colonial ... ... 548 

,, Government Savings ... 549 

,, Post Office Savings ... 550 

Bankers' Licence ... ... 432 

Bara-Cara ... ... 519 

Barama River ... ... 40, 42 

Baramanni River ... ...41,42 

Barima-Barama Road ... 493 

Barima River ... ... 44 

Barrister at-Law, admission fee 427 

Bartika, Essequibo River 22, 519 

Bartika, Berbice River ... 39 

Bartika-Kaburi Road . . . 494 

Bateau or Boat Licence ,,, 430 



VUl. 



B~Contd. 



PAGE 



Beaujon, Governor... 
Beef, imports of 

,, Price of 
Berbice, County of ... 
,, Cricket Club 
,, Georgetown 
Service ... 



30, 31, 47, 129 
439, 587 

... 580 
63, 75, 132, 182 

... 566 
Steamer 

... 465 



,, Judicial District ... 305 

,, Nautical directions ... 581 

„ New Amsterdam 65, 73, 183 
,, Railway ... ...484,-5 

,, Reading Society ... 569 

,, Roads of ... ... 538 

,, River ... ... 38 

„ Ferry... ... 476 

,, ,, Steamer Service 466, 472 

Bibliography of British Guiana 578 

Bicycle licence ... ... 430 

Bill, Private, Stamp duty on... 422 

Billiard Table licence ... 432 

Birds of British Guiana ... 215 

Birds, Protection of Wild ... 582 

Biiths, registration fees ... 361 

Blue Mountains ... ... 22 

Board of Agriculture ... 559 

,, Local Government ... 189 

„ Excise ... ... 560 

,, Poor Law ... ... 560 

,, Examiners, Chemists and 

Druggists ... ... 561 

Boarding Houses and Hotels 

181, 481, 525 

Boats, Hire of ... ... .525 

Boat, Faies ... ... 394 

,, or bateau licence ... 4.30 

Boerasirie Water Supply ... 565 

Bonded Warehouse, licence ... 432 

,, ,, storage rent ... 432 

,, ,, porterage rates 3G2 

Bond, Private, Licence ... 4.32 

,, ,, Charges ... 367 

Bond of Security, Fee for ... 424 

,, ,, ,, Stamp duty... 3.37 

Botanic Gardens, description of 179 

Staff of 289 

,, ,, Prices of 

plants, etc. ... 383 

• ,, „ Rainfall at... 604 
Borsselen Island ... ...49, 73 

Bottomry Bond, Fee for ... 339 

Boundaries of British Guiana... 69 

Brazilian-Guiana Boundary ... 69 

Bread, imports of ... ... 587 

Brickdam Cathedral ... 180 

British Guiana, area of ... 1 
,, ,, Acreage of, 

empoldered... 596 



PAGE 

British Guiana, Agricultural 

resources of... 225 

„ Bank ... 549 

, ,, Bibliography... 578 

„ Birds .. 215 

„ ,, Boundaries ... 69 

,, Climate .. 90 

,, ,, Constitution & 

Government... 148 
,, „ Constitution 

Ordinance 147, 158 
,, ,, Counties ... 63 

,, ,, Electoral 

Divisions ... 158 
„ Expenditure 220, .584 
., Exports 440, 586, 58S 
,, Flora ... 194 

,, ,, Fauna ... 213 

,, Forests ....59,261 

,, ,, Franchise ... 1.56 

., Fruits ... 203 

,, Geography ... 1 

,, ,, Geology ... 77 

,, ., Government ... 148 

,, ,, Governors ... 277 

,, ,, History ... 71 

„ ,, History cf Poli- 

tical Constitu- 
tion ... 126 
,, ., Imports 435, 586-7 
,, ,, Insects ... 216 
,, ,, Laws ... 570 
,, Legislature ... 280 
,, ,, Mamifacture.''... 275 
,, ,, Meteorology ... 91 
,, Mining Industry 232 
,, ,, Mountains ... 7 
„ Prodiicts ... 225 
,, Public Debt 221, 222 
,, Revenue 219, 584 
,, ,, Rivers ... 17 
,, ,. Scholu'ship ... 170 
,, ,, Topographical 

Features ... 2 

,, ,, Trade, di-itri- 

butionof ... 438 
British Postal Orders... 325, £13 

Bullion, fees for analysis of ... 381 
Bullet Tree ... ... 267 

Burial Fees ... ... 393-4 

Bush paths and trails 493, 526 

Butcher Shop Licence ... 4.32 

Butter, imports of 439, 587 

Buxton, Parish of ... 295, 300 

c. 

Cab Fares ... ... 396 

Cable rates .,, ... 449 



IX. 



Proclamation, 

132, 135, 



430, 



C — Contd. PAGE 

Cacao, Cultivation ... 227 

Cacao, Exports ... 443, 5S9 

Camp outfib ... 521, 526, 530 

Canada, Trade with... 438, 442, 445 

,, Communication with 452, 456, 461 
Canadian Presbyterian Church 209 
Canadian Steanr.ers... 456, 461 

Canned goods, Imports ... 439 

Canals ... ... ... 494 

Cane cultivation ... 225,599 

Cane Grove Parish... .. 295 

Canje Croek ... ... 40 

Car licence .- ... 431 

„ Fares ... ... 491 

Carmichael's 

Governor 
Carriage licence 
Carts, Hire of 

,, Licences 
Cartabu... 

Catholic Cathedral, Brickdam 
Cattle, Imports ... 

,, Exports ... 443, 

Cattle Food, Exports 588, 

,, Analysis fees 

Census Returns 
Certificate Salaries, Teachers' 
Chamber of Commerce 
Charcoal — Exports 443, 588, 

,, Royalty... 

Charter Party — Stamp duty 
Chemical Analyses, fees for 
Cheques, Stamp duty on 
Chinese Mission 
Christ Church 
Christmas Fall 
Christianburg 
Church of England... 

,, ,, ,, Missions 293, 

Church of the Sacred Heart ... 
Church. Society, B.G. Diocesan 
Churches — 

African Methodist 

Canadian Presbyterian 

Congre^jational ... 

English ... 291, 293, 

Evangelical Lutheran 

Moravian 

Roman Catholic ... 291, 

Scots ... ... 291, 

Wesley an Methodist 291, 

Cigar and Cigarette licence ... 
Citrus and other fruits, Culti- 
vation of 
Civil List 135, 136, 138, 141, 

,, Service 

,, Court 



147 

430 
397 
431 
519 
180 
493 
589 
590 
379 
100 
162 
563 
590 
312 
423 
378 
422 
293 
295 
38 
49 
293 
29S 
300 
298 

302 

299 
301 
294 
301 
301 
299 
298 
300 
434 

230 
146 
281 
303 



PAGE 

Civil Jurisdiction Supreme Court 302 
Claims, Mining ... 240,594 

Clays, Fees for analysis of ... 378 
Climate and Hygiene ... 90, 91 

Clubs ... ... 180, 565 

Coal, Imports ... ... 439 

Coastlands of British Guiana... 5 

Cocoa, Cultivation of ... 227 

Exports ... 443, 589 

Coconuts, Cultivation of ... 249 
Coconuts, Exports... 443, 588 

Coconut Rum Licence ... 432 

Code, Education ... ... 159 

Coffee cultivation ... ... 228 

Coin and Bullion ... 435,543 

College, Queen's, ... ... 169 

Staff ... 285 

,, ,, Expenditure.. 220 

,, ,, Pupils' fees... 170 

Colonial Bank ... ... 548 

,, Civil Engineer's Dept. 283 

,, Duties of Customs ... 399 

Expenditure 220, 584-5 

Revenue ... 219, 584-5 

„ Steamers 181, 464 

Taxes ... ... 418 

Colony Chest ... ... 128 

Combined Court ...130, 131, 147, 154 
,, ,, Members of ... 281 

,. ,, Powers and 

functions of... 151 
Commissioner for Essequebo 

and Pomeroon ... 290 
,. of Lands & Mines 2^3 
,, of Stamps ... 282 

Commissioners for administer- 
ing Oaths ... ... 308 

Compagnie Generale Transat- 

lantique Steamers ... 457 

Concert Licence ... ... 434 

Concessions, Mining 241, 553, 555 

^ ,, „ Dredging.211, 554 

Congregational Union ... 301 

Contract Steamer Services 

(local)... ... 181,464 

Constitution, Political 126, 148 

,, History of the 

Political 
,, Ordinance 14'J 

Consuls, Foreign ... 
Convent School, Ursuline 
Conveyance, Stamp Duties 
Corentyne River Indian Mission 
Oorial 

,, Licence 

Corn, Exports 

„ Imports 



126 
158 
292 
170 
423 
297 
112 
430 
589 
587 



s. 





C-=-Contd. 


PAGE 


Cornmeal, Imports... 


587 


Coroners' fees 


360 


Corporate Bodies ... 


561 


Cost of obtaining Crown land.. 


244 


Cotton ... 


230 


Cotinga River 


59 


Council, Executive, Members.. 


280 


„ ,, Powers & 




functions. 


148 


Council, Georgetown Town 




175, 186, 561 


Council, New Amsterdam 




Town ... 188. 562 


Counties of British Guiana .. 


63 


Courantjne River ... 


36 


,, Indian Mission .. 


297 


Court, Combined ...130, 131, 147, 154, 




281 


Court of Policy 126-7-8, 147, 150, 280 


Courts of Justice- 






, Admiralty ... 


. 304 




, Appeal Court 


. 304 




, Appellate 


. 304 




, Civil, Full Courts 


. 303 




, Civil, Limited 


. 303 




Petty Debt ... 


. 304 




, Supreme Court 


. 302 


Crab Island 


38 


Craft licence 


112 


Cr 


icket Clubs 


566 



D. 



PAGE 



Criminal Court ... ... 302 

Oiiminal Statistics... ... 602 

Crown Lands, Acquisition of ... 244 
area of 244, 596 



,, Expenditure ... 


220 


,, Office fees 


310 


,, Regulations 


260 


,, Revenue from ... 


219 


,, Statistics 


596 


"Crosby" 


122 


Cultivated area of the Colony 


596 


Currency, Coin 


543 


„ ' Paper 


544 


Customs Dept. 


282 


,, Duties 


399 


,, Expenditure on Dept. 


220 


,, Fees 


362 


„ Revenue ... 


219 


„ Statistics... 


586 


Customs duties-^ 




Ad valorem 'duties 


399 


Drawbacks 


417 


Exemptions 


413 


Refunds 


417 


Specificiduties ... 


399 


Cuyimi Riyer 


25 


Cycle licence 


430 



Dada-nawa ... ... 32, 63 

Dalgin ... ... ... 49 

Dalli ... ... ... 22 

Dance or Ball, public, licence 432 

Deaths, Fee for registration of 361 

„ duties ... 425, 428 

,, ,, Revenue from ... 219 

Debt, Public ... ... 221 

Deeds, Stamp duty ... 424 

Demerara — Berbice Railway 484, 485 
,, County of ... 64 

,, East Coast Judicial 

District ... 305 

, , Electric Company 177, 491 

„ — Essequibo Railway 467, 483 

,, Public roads of ... 532 

River ... ...48,73 

„ Ferry ... 476 

,, ,, Judicial 

District ... 305 
,, ,, Steamers 467-70 

,, West Coast Judicial 

District ... 305 

„ —West Coast Rail- 

way ... 486-87 

Des Vceux, Sir G. W. ... 120 

DeSaff on Trust ... ... 172 

Devil's Hole ... 28,527 

Devonshire Castle Riots ... 121 

Diamonds, Exports... 443,589 

,, Industry ... 238 

,, Licence to search for 309 

,, ,, to trade in... 4.34 

,, Returns of ... 595 

Diocese of Guiana ... ... 294 

Diocesan Church Society ... 298 
Direct Line of Steamers ... 456 

Diseases and Deaths ... 607 

Dispensaries, Public 552, 606 

District, North West ... 40 

Districts, Magisterial ... 305 

Divisions, Political ... 158 

Dock, Dry ... ... 582 

Dog Licence ... ... 432 

Donkev Cart Licence ... 431 

Dora ' ... ... ... 49, 50 

Drawbacks of Duties ... 417 

Dredging, Gold ... ... 238 

,, Concessions 241, 554 

Druggists Licence ... ... 426 

,, ;Shop Licence ... 433 

Dues, Auction ... ... 316 

,, Tonnage ... ... 419 

„ Light ... ... 420 

D'Urban's Proclamation, ■ 
Governor ... 132, 147 



XI. 



D — Contd. 



PAGE 



Dutch Guiana Boundary ... 70 
Dutch Mail Steamers ... 460 

Dutch West India Company ...72, 73, 

12b, 127 

Duties- 
Ad valorem 
Auction Sales ... 
Customs 
Death 
Drawbacks 
Excise 
Exemptions 
Import 

Legacy duties ... 
Licence (Sto:res and 
„ Trade or hi 
,, Private 
Light 
Refund of 
Rum 
Specific 
Spirit 
Stamp 
Succession 
Testamentary ... 
Tonnage 



399, 437, 


438 


... 


316 




399 


*425, 


428 


... 


417 


... 


421 


... 


413 


399, 585-6 




425 


Shops) 


429 


re 


430 




430 


... 


420 




417 




421 


399, 437 


, 438 


420 


, 585 




421 




427 




428 




419 



E. 

East Asiatic Line of Steamers. 
East Indian Missions 
Ebenezer Evangelical Church. 
Ecclesiastical 
Echilebar River 
Eclipse Portage 
Economic plants, prices of 
Economic products ... 
Education — 
Expenditure 
Grants 

Primary Education Dept. 
Queen's College.. 
Secondary 
Statistics 
System 
Eldorado, Lake 
Electoral Divisions... 
Electric Company, Demerara 
Electric Inspectors' Fees 
Enachu ... 
Engineer, Colonial Civil, 

Department 
English Church 
Entertainment Licence 
Epera 
Equipment .>• 



PAGE 

Essequebo, County of ... 63 

Mileage of Public 

Roads ... 536 

,, North Judicial 

District ... 805 

Railway, Dem.— 467, 483 

„ River ... ... 20 

River Steamers... 464, 465, 
471 
South Judicial Dis- 

305 



.. 463 
.. 298 
.. 301 
291, 292 
57 
.. 493 
., 385 
.. 225 

168, 220 
159, 168 
... 285 
... 285 
... 169 
... 603 
... 159 

62 
... 158 
177, 491 
... 327 

25 

... 283 
... 292 
. 434 
... 37, 67 
... 520 



func- 



... 541 

... 543 

545, 546 

... 148 

280 



Per- 



149 
560 
421 
585 
219 
413 

558 
219 

584 
433 
440 



trict 
Estates, Sugar 
Exchange 

Tables of 
Executive Council ... 
,, Members of 

,, Powers and 

tions of 
Excise Board 
,, Duties 
,, Statistics ... 

,, Revenue 

Exemptions, from Duty 
Exhibitions Committee, 

manent 
Expenditure of the Colony 

,, Statistics 

Explosives, Licence 

^''^!',' ^Statistics *.'.'. 586, 588, 589, 

590 
Express Postal Delivery... 318. 320, 497 

F. 

Factories ..• ••• 276 
Fares— 

Boats ... ••• 394 

Cabs ... •■• 39b 

Carts ... ••• 397 
Colonial Steamers 183, 464 
Compagnie Generale Trans- 

atlantique Steamers ... 458 
Demerara— Berbice Railway 484 
Demerara — Essequebo Rail- 
way ... ••• 468 
Demerara— W est Coast 

Railway ... .■• 487 

Direct Line of Steamers ... 45b 

Dutch Mdl Steamers ... 460 

East Asiatic. Steamers ... 463 

French Mail Steamers ... 458 

Pickf ordi& Black's Steamers 462 

Royal Mail Steamers ... 453 

Fauna of British Guiana ... 213 
Fees — 

Actions, in ... - ... 332, 335 



xn. 



F— Contd. 



PAGE ■ Fees— 



PAGE 



Fees— {Cont'd.) 

Affidavits ... ... 333 

Agricultural Loans ... 344 

Analysis ... ... 378 

Appeals, in ...333, 340, 341, 350 
Attendance o f Customs' 

Officers ... ... 368 

Attorneys-at-Law ...337, 424, 427 
Auction Sales ... ... 316 

Authentication of docu- 
ments ... 354, 423 
Barristers-at-Law ... 427 
Births, registration ... 361 
Bonded Warehouse, Private 367 
Bonded Warehouse 362, 365, 366, 

4.32 
Bottomry Bond ... 339 

Boxes, private letter ... 319 
Burial Ground, Georgetown 393 
New Am- 
sterdam ... ... 394 

Cattle Foods— Analysis of.. 379 
Chemists and Druggists, 

Certification of ... 359 

Chemical Analysis— instruc- 
tion in ... ... 382 

Colonial or Town Taxes, for 

recovery of... 340, 346 

Clubs ; registration of ... 392 
Commissioners or Wardens 
Court ... ... 310 

Commissaries ... 315, 316 

Coroners ... ... 360 

Counsels and Solicitor's 329, 332 
Crown Lands... ... 310 

Customs, Department ... 362 
Cycle badge duplicate ... 315 
Dancing houses, registra- 
tion of ... ... 392 

Declarations, oaths, etc. ... 354 

Deaths, registration ... 361 

Dentists, registration of ... 353 
Department of Lands and 

Mines, office Fees ... 312 j 

Dispensaries, Public ... 356 

Electric Ins^pector ... 327 [ 

Engagement and discharge 

of Seamen ... ... 373 

Entering and clearing of 
ships ... ... 372 

Express delivery of Postal i 

matter ... 318, 320 ' 

Fines and Seizures ... 315 

Food and Drink, analysis of 380 
Foreign Correspondence ... 319 
Foreign Tribunals, evidence 340 
Friendly Societies ... 362 



Gauging 

Gold Mining ... 309, 

Government Medical Officers 

Government Laboratory ... 

Harbour Master, late visits 

Hospital 

Immigrants' Estates 

Infectious diseases 358, 

Inland Correspondence ... 

Insolvency 332, 339, 346, 

Inspection of Shipping 

Insurance of Parcels 

Judicial (Registrar's) 335, 

Jurors 

Lands & Mines Department 

Land Surveyor, certificate as 

Land Surveyors' 

Late Fees, postal matter ... 

Letters Patent... 

Letters of Decree 336, 

Transfer etc., of Licences.315. 

Local Government Board 

proceedings ... 341, 346, 
Magistrates' Courts 
Manures, analysis 
Marriages, registration of .. 

,, Licence 

Marshals 
Medical analysis 
Medical Department 
Milk Sellers ... 
Mining 

Militia Band, hire of 
Money Lenders... 
Money Orders, foreign and 

inland ... 32.3, 

Mortgages ... 336, 337, 
Naturalization... 
New Amsterdam Public 

Gardens, hire of 
Non-contentious proceedings 
Notarial 
Official Receive l' 
Ores, Minerals and Bullion, 

analysis 
Patterns & samples, postal 
Parcel Post, foreign 
,, inland 

Parcels, insurance 
Petty Debt, recovery 



Picking, Gov'ment Bond 

Pilotage 

Police Courts ... 

Porterage rates at Bond 

Postal fees 

Postal Orders, Foreign 



333, 
346, 



366 
357 
.357 
378 
373 
355 
348 
390 
317 
347 
369 
322 
349 
351 
309 
314 
312 
320 
341 
423 
430 

351 
349 
378 
361 
426 
344 
382 
355 
391 
309 
392 
316 

325 
423 
344 

389 
335 
335 
347 

381 
320 
321 
322 
322 
340 
349 
365 
374 
349 
363 
317 
323 



Xlll, 



F— Contd. 



PAGE Fees — 



Fees—iConVd.) 

Postal Orders, British 
,, Inland 

Pound 

Policemen, hire of 
Post Mortem Examinations 
Power of attorney 
Private Bonds ... 
Private letter bags & boxes 
Prospecting Licence 
Provisional permits, Cust'ms 
Public Dispensaries, treat- 
ment at 
Quarantine, Harbour Mas- 
ter and Health Officer ... 
Quarantine Station, main- 
tenance of persons at ... 
Recovery of small rents ... 
Registrar 
Registration Births, Deaths 

and Marriages 
Registration of Companies 
,, ,, Postal 

matter 

,. „ Shipping ... 

Seamen, engagement and 

discharge 
School 

Security Bond... 337, 

Services, Govt. Stallions, 

Bulls and Rams 
Searching Records — 

,, Dept. of Lands 

and Mines 
,, Registrar's Office 

,, Registrar Gen- 

eral's Office 
Shipping 
Ships' letters ... 
Small rents, recovery of 
Soils, clays, etc., analysis of 
Solicitors' 
Spirits, analysis of 
Still-biiths Certificate 
Stipendiary Magistrates 
Storage rent, Bond 
Summary Conviction Offences 
Sugar, polarisation and 

analysis of ... 
Survey, etc., of boats 
Surveyors, private land ... 
Surveys of Crown land ... 

,, 5, Mining Claims 
Telegrams, Post Office 

,, Press 

Telegraphic Postal Orders 
Telephones 



325 
325 
391 
393 
360 
337 
367 
819 
309 
367 

356 

373 

390 
350 
335 

361 
342 

321 
369 

373 
391 
424 

389 



312 
336 

362 
369 
320 
350 
378 
329 



358 
349 
365 
350 

379 
377 
312 
311 
309 
325 
326 
323 
326 



PAGE 

Tobacco, analysis ... 380 

Toxicological examination 381 
Towing ... ... 375 

Transfer of licences 260, 315 

Transports ... 336,423 

Trust Estates ... ... 348 

Vaccination ... ... 358 

Vessels, inspection of coast- 
ing 
Veterinary Surgeon, Govt. 
,, „ registra- 

tion as 
Village appraisements 
"Waters, analysis of 
Weighers and (dangers 
Weights and Measures 316, 
Wharfage, Government Bond 
Wardens' or Commissioner's 

Court 
Winding up of Company ... 
Witnesses — 

., Civil proceedings 
., Criminal ,, 
,, Proceedings in 

Commissioner's 
or Wardens' 
Court 310, 

,, Magistrates' 

Court 352, 

,, Travelling expen- 
ses... 
Wills, drawing of 
Ferry Steamer Services — 
,, Demerara River 
,, Berbice River 
, , Tuschen— Leguan 
Festivals... 
Fibre yielding i^lants 
,, cultivation of 
,, exports 
Fines and Seizures... 

Revenue from... 



370 
358 

359 
390 
378 
366 
317 
366 

310 
348 

351 

352 



383 j Financial Representatives 



130, 
154, 



Fire-arms licence ... 
Fire Brigade 

,5 ' Expenditure 
Fire-works, licence... 
Fish of the Colony... 
Fish Glue, exports... 
Fish, imports of ... 439, 

"Five Star" District 46, 

Flora of British Guiana 
Flour, imports of ... 439, 

Flowers and Plants, prices of 383, 
,, charges for 

delivery 387, 



352 

354 

353 
337 

476 
476 
476 
583 
208 
230 
589 
315 
219 
134 
281 
433 
178 
220 
433 
215 
443 
587 
234 
194 
587 
385 

388 



XIV. 



F — Contd. PAGE 

Food ... ... 525, 532, 579 

Food and drink, analysis ... 380 

,, ,, prices of ... 579 

Food imports ... 439,587 

Foreign Consuls ... ... 292 

Foreign Post ... ... 507 

Forests of British Guiana 59, 261 

Fort Island ... ... 22 

,, Kyk-over-al ... ... 72 

„ Nassau, Old ... ...39,73 

,, William Frederick ... 174 

„ Zeelandia ... ... 73 

Freemasonry ... ... 570 

Franchise, Political ... 156 

French Mail Steamers ... 457 

Free (Customs) List ... 413 

Free Library, Public ... 179 

Freight Rates — 

Colonial Steamers 468, 472, 477 
Dem.-Berbice Railway ... .484 

Dem.-Essequibo Railway ... 468 
Dem.-West Coast Railway 490 
Friendly Societies, Registra- 
tion of... ... ... 362 

Fruits ... ... ... 203 

Fund— 

Saffon ... ... 172 

Mitchell ... ... 171 

Public OflScers Guarantee. . . 577 
Revenue Defence ... 315 

Trotman .. ... 577 

Widows and Orphans ... 575 

G. 

Ganje, Opium, etc., licence ... 434 

Gaols and Prisoners ... 602 

Gardens, Botanic ... ... 179 

„ Promenade ... 179 
,, Public, New Amster- 
dam ... 389 
Gangers, fees ... ... 366 

,, licences ... ... 435 

General Register Office — 

(Births, Deaths & Marriages) 289 

Expenditure ... ... 220 

Geography and Topography of 

British Guiana ... ... 1 

Geology of British Guiana ... 77-89 
Geological Handbook of British 

Guiana ... ... 578 

Georgetown — 

Description of... 65, 173 

Clubs ... ... 565 

Health of ... ... 177 

Judicial District ... 305 
Municipality ... 173-5, 186, 561 



PAGE 



Georgetown- 






Population 




... 104 


Port of 




... 174 


Streets of 




... 492 


Wards of 




... 186 


Water Works . . . 




... 176 


Gluck Island 




21 


Gold Concessions 


241. 


553, 555 



,, Conveyance and disposal of 241 
„ Dredging ... 238, 241, 554 
,, Exports of raw ... 443 

,, Fees and charges ..= 309 

„ Industry ... ... 232 

,, Licences to mine for 240, 309 

594 
,, ,, to prospect for 240, 309 

594 
,, ,j to trade in ... 433 

„ Returns of ... 589, 595 

„ Revenue from 219, 585, 589, 590 
,, Royalty on ... ... 309 

,, Statistics ... ... 594-5 

,, Traders' licence ... 433 

Governor, powers and functions 
of ... ... ... 148 

Governors of the Colony ... 277 
Government Agency, North 

West Dis- 
trict 45, 285 
,, ,, Expendi- 

ture on... 220 
Government of British Guiana 148 
Government Departments ... 281 
Government Laboratory ... 289 

Government Savings Bank 282, 549 
Government Secretariat ... 281 

„ Expenditure ... 220 

Grants, of Crown Land 245, 597, 598 
,, Homestead ... 246, 597-8 
,, Primary Schools ... 160 

Greenheart Timber... 262, 269 

„ Royalty on ... 311 

Groete Creek ... 35, 88 

Grovestins, Baron Von 127, 129 

Guarantee Fund, Public Officers 577 
Guiana Scholarship ... 170 

Gums and Orchids, 

Licence to collect ... 251 
,, Royalty on ... 312 

„ Exports ... ... 589 

Gun Licence ... ... 433 

Gunpowder licence... ... 433 

H. 

Hackney Carriage Fares .., 396 

„ Licence... 430,431 

Haimaraka ... ... 25 



XV, 



H—Contd. PAGE ' 

Haiowa Creek ... ••• 51 1 

Hams, imports of ... ... 587 

Harbour Master's Department, . 284 
Expenditure... 220 
Harbour 'and Tonnage dues ... 419 
Harlipiaka River ... ••• 53 

Healthof the Colony ... 90 

Health of Georgetown .•• 177 

Hides, exports of ... 443, 589 

History of British Guiana ... ^l 
Hog Island ... ... 22 

Holidays, Public ... ... 583 

Holy Trinity Parish ... 296 

Horse Licence ... 430,431 

Hospitals ... 552,606,607 

Hotels and Boarding Houses... 181 

481, 525 
Hotel or tavern licence ... 433 

Huckster's licence .. ... 433 

Huri Creek, Barama River ... 42 
Hydraulicing ... ... 237 

Hygiene, teaching of ... 165 



PAGE 



I. 

Imataka Mountains 
Immigration, history of 
), Department 



,, Expenditure 

,^ Loans... 

,, Statistics 

Imports ... 
Import duties 
,, Revenue 
,, Statistics 
Im Thurn, Sir Everard 
Indian Missions 
Industry, Diamond 

Gold 
Industrial Schools ... 
Inland Post 
Insects of the Colony 
Insolvency proceedings, 
fees ... ... 332, 339, 347 

Inspectors of Police ... 287 

Ins-pector of Schools ... 285 

Institvxte of Mines and Forests 524, 563 
Institutions, Public medical 552, 607 
Insurance Office licence ... 433 

Insurance, Public Officers ... 576 
Interest, revenue from ... 219 

Ireng River ... .^55,70 

Issoruru Creek ... ... 47, 48 

Itaki ... ... ... 24 



13 
76, 114, 141 
... 284 
... 220 
... 224 
... 600-1 
... 435 
... 399 
219, 586 
... 586-7 
8, 31, 114 
... 296 
... 238 
... 232 
... 169 
... 499 
... 216 



•Judicial- 




Courts 


302 


Districts 


305 


Expenditure ... 


220 


Judges of the Supreme 




Court 


290 


Statistics 


602 


Jurors, fees 


351 


Justices of the Peace 


306 



Justice, Courts of ... 

K. 

Kabacaburi Mission 
Kaburi Rock 
Kaieteur Fall 
Kaieteur Gorge 
Kaituma River 
Kamaria Rapid and Road 
Kamuni Creek 
"Kanaima" or evil spirit 
Kaolin, licence to quarry 
Kanuku Mountains... 
Kartabu Road 



302, 305 



... 53 

24 

30, 31, 88, 520 

8, 30, 520 

46 

26 

49 

. 106 

. 252 

. 14, 62 

36, 494, 519 



J. 

Jails and Prisoners... 



602 



Kiezers, College of. ..127, 128, 129, 132 

King's Chest ... 128, 139 

Komuti Mountains... ... 11, 82 

Konawaruk Mountains ... 12 

,, River ... ... 34 

Kokerite trail ... ... 493 

KoninklijkeWest Indische Mail 

Steamers ... ... 460 

Koriabo ... ... ... 44 

Kukenaam Mountain ... 8,9 

Kumaparu Path ... ... 23 

Kuribrong River ... ... 29 

Kwitaro River ... ... 62 

Kyk-over-al ... ... 72 

L. 

Laboratory, Government ... 289 

Fees ... ... 378 

Labour .., ... 242, 523, 581 

Lake Parima or Eldorado ... 62 

Lamaha Committee ... 564 

Lands and Mines Department. . . 245 

283 

,, ,, ,, Expenditure 220 

,, ,, ,, Fees & cliarges 309 

,, ,, ,, Revenue < ... 219 

Lands, area of empoldered ... 596 

,, in cane cultivation... 599 

Crown, acquisition of ... 244 

,, sold and licensed 597 

Measure ... ... 547-8 

Tax ... ... 418 



XVI. 



L — Contd. 



PAGE 



Land Surveyors' Fees ... 312 

,, ,, Certificates ... 314 

Lard, imports ... ... 587 

Launch services, upper Barirna 

River 471 
„ ,, ,, Demerara 

River 470 
,, ,, ,, Essequebo 

River 470 

Laws ... ... ■■• 570 

Law Courts, Victoria ... 178 

Law Officers ... ... 290 

„ Expenditure ... ... 220 

Leases of Crown land for rub- 
ber cultivation ... ... 253 

Legacy duties ... ... 425 

Legislature ... ... 280 

Leper Asylum ... ... 552 

Letter Bags, private 319, 497 

,, Boxes ,, ... ... 319 

Letters of Decree, Stamp duty 423 

,, Fees drawing 336 

Letters Patent ... ... 341 

Liabilities and Assets of the 

Colony... ... ... 221 

Library, Georgetown ... 568 

Berbice ... ... 569 

Licences, Private ... ... 430 

,, Trade or hire ... 4.30 

,, Revenue from ... 219 
Licences, Miscellaneous, Fees — 

Aerated Waters, sale of ... 432 
Agricultural licences, crown 

land ... ... 246 

Auctioneer- ... ... 432 

Balata, to purchase ... 432 

,, to sell or export ... 432 
,, to collect from 

Crown lauds ... 250 

Ball or dance, public ... 432 

Banking House... ... 432 

Bicycle ... ... 430 

Billiard Table or Bagatelle 

Board ... ... 4,32 

Boat, bateau, sloop, etc ... 430 

Bonded Warehouse ... 432 

Bourda Market... ... 434 

Butcher Shop ... ... 4.32 

Carriages ... 4.30 31 

Carts and Drivers 430-31 

Chemist or Druggist ... 426 

,, ,, ,, shop... 433 

Cigars or Cigarettes ... 434 

Coconut Rum ... ... 432 

Cook Shop ... ... 432 

Cummingsburg Market ... 434 

Dog ... ... ... 432 



PAGE 

Licences, Miscellaneous, Fees"((7oH'cl) 

Donkey Cart ... 430-.31 

Drugs ... ... 433 

Drug Shops ... ... 433 

Druggists ... ... 426 

Explosives ... ... 433 

Fireworks ... ... 433 

Ganje, Opium, Charas or 

Bhang ... ... 4.34 

Georgetown Market ... 434 

Gold, to trade in ... 433 

,, to prospect and mine for 3<>9 

Gums or Orchids, to collect 251 
Hackney Carriage 430-31 
Horses, Ponies, etc. 430-31 

Hotel or Tavern ... 433 

Hucksters ... ... 433 

Insurance Office ... 433 

Liquor Store ... ... 4.33 

Malt Liquor ... ... 435 

Marriage ... ... 426 

Master or super-cargo . . , 4,34 

Milk ... ... 434 

Mineral Waters ... 432 

Motor Car ... ... 430 

Mule ... 430-31 

New Amsterdam Markets... 434 
Occupancy Licence for 

Crown lands ... ... 246 

Office, Store or Shop ... 429 

Opium ... ... 434 

Pawnbrokers ... ... 434 

Pistol or Revolver ... 433 

Precious Stones, To trade in 43i 

,, to mine for... .309 

Prospecting for Gold 240, 309 

Provisions, sale of ... 434 

Public Ball or Dance ... 432 

Public Entertainment ... 434 

Quarrjdng ... ... 252 

Rubber, to collect, oflt 

Crown lands ... ... 250 

Rubber, to cultivate, on 

Crown lands... ... 253 

Rumshop ... . 434 

Ship Master .,. ... 434 

Spirit Shop ... ... 434 

Spirituous Liquor 433 

Stores, Shops and Offices... 429 

Tavern or Hotel ... 433 

Theatricals ... ... 434 

! Timber, to cut ... ... 218 

Tobacco ... ... 434 

Tramcar ... ... 430 

! Weigher and Ganger . . . 435 

i Wine and Malt... ... 435 

Wood-cutting ... ... 248 



xvu. 



L — Contd. PAGE 

Licensing Board ... ... 560 

Light duties ... ... 420 

Light House ... ... 174 

Lightship ... ... 174 

Limes, cultivation of ... 230 

Liquor Store Licence ... 433 

Liverpool Line of Steamers ... 457 

Living, Cost of ... ..'. 579 

Loans, Repayment of ... 219 

Local Government. Board 189, 289 

,, ,, Expenditure 220 

„ Fees ... 390 
Local Steamer Services 181, 464 

Lodges, Masonic ... ... 570 

Lord Stanley's Fail ... 37 

Lumber, Exports ... 443, 589 

,, Imports ... ... 439 

Lnnatic Asylum ... ... 552 

Lutheran Church ... ... 301 

M. 

]\[aburima Hills ... ... 16 

Macasseema ... ... 53 

Maccari Mountain ... ... 82 

Magistrates ... ... 290 

,, Districts & Courts,. 305 

,, Expenditure ... 220 

Fees ... ... 349 

Magisterial Districts & Courts.. 305 

Mahaica Canal ... ... 565 

Mahaica Creek ... ... 19 

Mahaicony Creek ... ... 19 

Mail Steamers — 

American ... ... 456 

Canadian ... 461, 456 

Danish ... ... 463 

Direct ... ... 456 

Dutch ... ... 460 

French ... ... 457 

Royal ... ... 453 

Mails, Delivery of ... ... 496 

Inland ... ... 499 

Foreign ... ... 505 

Malalli Rapids ... ...48,49 

Malt Liquor Licence ... 435 

Manufactures ... ... 275 

Manures, Analysis of ... 379 

Maps ... ... 522, .578 

Market, Stabroek ... ... 177 

Market, Licence for ... 434 

Marlborough Station ... 54 

]\larlissa Rapids ... ... 82 

Marriage licence. Stamp duty... 426 

,, Contract... ... 338 

Marshal's Office ... ... 290 

Fees ... ... 344 



PAfrE 

Marshal's Travelling expenses.. 345 
Masonic Lodges ... ... 570 

Master or super-cargo Licence. , . 434 

Matches, Revenue from .., 219 

,, Duty on ... ... 421 

Mazaruni, Penal Settlement ... 283 

River ... 23, 88, 89 

Mazawini Landing ... .,. 43 

Means of commniiication ... 449 

Measure, Local Land ... 547-8 

Medical Department ... 285 

,, ., Expenditure ... 22o 

,, Attendance, fees, etc. ... 355 

,, Institutions .., 552, 607 

,, Statistics ... ... 606-7 

Medicines ... ... 522 

' Mekorerusa Fall ... ... 46 

1 Merume Mountains ... 10 

Meteorology ... ... 91-95 

Methodist Church, African ... 302 

,, ,, Wesleyan... 300 

Middle School, The... , ... 170 

Mileage of Public Roads ... 532 

Militia and Volunteers' ... 28S 

,, ,, Expenditure 220 

Milk, Licence to sell ... 434 

Mines, Dcpt. of Lands and ... 283 

,, ,, Expenditure ... 220 

,, ,, Fees & charges.. 309 

,, ., Revenue ... 219 

Mines and Forests, Institute 

of ... ... 524, 563 

Minerals, Fees for analysis of... 381 

Mineral AVater licence ... 432 

Mininf' — Alluvial "Washing ... 234 

Claims ... 240, 594 

,, Companies' returns ... 243 

,, Concessions 241, 553 

,, Department ... 283 

,, Diamonds... 238,595 

,, Disputes ... ... 243 

Dredging ... 238,241,554 
Fees ... ... 309 

,, Industry, History of... 232 

,, Hydra\rlicing ... 237 

Labour ... 242, 594 

Laws ... 240, 578 

Licences ... 243-309 

,, Permissions 240. 553, 554 

Prospecting 240, 594 

Quartz ... 236,244 

,, Statistics ... ... 594-5 

,, Surveys ... ... 241 

Transport... ... 239 

Tributers ... ... 233 

Ministers of Religion ... 291 

,, Expenditure 220 



XYlll. 



M— Contd. 



PAGE 



Miscellaneous information ... 570 
Miscellaneous Revenue ... 219 

Missions... ... 296 efc seq. 

Mitchell Scholarship ... 171 

Molasses, Exports ... 440, 443, 588, 590 
Molaseuit, Exports... 588, 590 

Monej-s ... ... ... 543 

Money Orders Inland and 

Foreign 323, 509, 510 

,, Statistics ... 592 

Monkey Jump . . ... 22 

Mora Passage ... ... 41, 44 

MoraTimb<!r ... ... 262 

Moravian Church ... ... 301 

Morawhanna ... 45, 67 

Morebo Passage . . ... 42 

Mortality of British Guiana... 104, 605, 

607 

Mortgage Deed, Stamp duty ... 423 

Fees ... ... 337 

Motor-bus Service, Berbice ... 495 
Motor Car Licence ... ... 430 

Moruka River ... ... 54 

Mosquitos ... ... 177 

Mountains of British Guiana ... 7 

Mount Everard ... ... 45 

Mount Roraima ... ... 8. 9 

Municipal Divisions ... 186 

Municipality, Georgetown ...186, 561, 

173, 175 
,, New Amsterdam ...188, 

562 
Mule Licence . . . 430, 431 

Muritaro ... ... 50 

Mururuma Creek ... ... 44 

Museum, Georgetown ... 568 

N. 



Nassau, Fort 


39 


Nautical directions... 


581 


New Amsterdam — Flora 


211 


3 ! 


Judicial Dis- 






trict 


305 


9) 


Municipality.188 


,562 


33 , 


Population ... 


183 


39 


Reading 






Society ... 


569 


9 ) 


Town of 65, 73, 


183 


New River 




37 


Newspapers 


of the Colony 


579 


5» 


Postage of 498, 


506 


New Yor 


k, communication 




with 


... 452, 456, 457, 460, 


461 


North West District 


64 


5) 


Expenditure 


220 


5> 


Judicial District. . 


306, 



PAGE 

North West District, 

Steamers and Launch Ser- 
vices ... 467,471,472 
Notarial Fees ... ... 335 



o. 



439 



Oats, Imports 

Oaths, Commissioners to 

administer . . . 308 

,, Commissioner'.s Fees ... 354 

,, ,, Stamp duty... 421 

Ocean communication ... 451 

,, Telegraphs ... ... 449 

Office, Store or Shop, Licence for 429 

Official Receiver's Department 290 

Expenditure 220 

., Fees ... 347 

Officers, Public ... ... 281 

Oil, Duty on ... ... 406 

Oils, Imports ... ... 439 

Omai ... ... 89,234,237 

Omai Hills ... ... 16 

Onderneeming Industrial 

School ... 169,285 

,, Expenditure... 220 

Onions, Imports of ... ... 587 

Opium, Duty on ... ... 405 

,, Licence for sale of ... 434 

Orchids of the Colony ... 208 

., Permission to gather... 251 

,, Royaltv on ... 312 

Prices of ... ... 383 

Orealla ... ...37,67 

Ores, Fees for analysis . . . 381 

Ornamental Plants, Prices of... 384 
Orphan Asylum ... 169,284 

,, Expenditure... 220 

Orphans' Fund, Widows and ... 575 

Oruru—Malali Falls ... 50 
Outfit ... ... 520,530 



Pakatuk Fall ... ... 29 

Pakaraima Mountains 3, 7, 12, 81 

Palms ... ... 200, 384 

Paper Money ... ... 544 

Paramaribo Steamer Service ... 477 

Parcels Post . . . 321, 322, 500 

,, Insurance ... ... 322 

,, Statistics ... ... 593 

Parima, Lake ... ... 62 

Parlimentary Committee of 1849 145 

Patents, Fees for ... ... 341 

Pastoral Industries ... 231 

Passports ... ... 583 



XIX. 



P— Contd. 



PAGE 



1?AGE 



Passpoits Stamp duty ... 427' 

Pawnbrokers' licence ... 434 

"Peai"man ... ... 106 

Penal Settlement ... ... 288 | 

Pension?, Public Officers' ... 572 

,, School Teachers' ... 1G7 i 

,, Widows and Orphans' 575 ] 

Percival Scholarship ... 172 ; 

Permanent Exhibitions Com- ^ ; 

mittee... ... 558 

Peters' Mine ... ... 36 

Petty Debt Court . . ... 304 

,, Fees ...333, 340, 346, 341) 
Pickford and Black's Steamers 461 
Pickersgill Station... ... 54 ; 

Pilotage, Expenditure ... 220 i 

,, Rates for,., ... 374 ^ 

Plan of Redress ... 74, 126, 127, 130 
Plantations, Sugar, and Owners 541 
Planters' Association ... 563 

Plants and Flowers, Botanic 
Gardens — 

,, Prices of... 383, 385 
,, ,, Charges for 

delivery of 

387, 388 
Police Court Fees ... ... 349 

Police Force ... .. 287 

„ Expenditure ... 220 

Policy, Court of... 126, 127, 128, 147, 

150 

Members of... 280 

Political Constitution . , .126, 148 

,, Divisions,,. ... 158 

,, Franchise ... 156 

,, History of ... 126 

Pomeroon River .., ... 52 

,, Judicial District ... 305 

Poor House ... ... 552 

Poor Law Commissioners... 284, 560 
Expenditure ... 220 

Population, Bri;ish Guiana ... 100 
,, Georgetown... 100, 104 

,, New Amsterdam. .100, 104 
,, Statistics ... 605 

Pork, Imports of ... 439, 587 

Porterage Fees, Bonded Ware- 
house ... ... ... 363 

Post-mortem Fees ... ... 360 

Post Office Department ... 284 

,, Expenditure ... 220 

Fees ... ... 317 

,, Iirformation ... 496 

,, Revenue ... 219 

., Savings Banks ... 550 

Postal Fees ... ,,. 317 



Postal Information — 


... 496 


Complaints 


... 497 


Deliveries 


... 496 


,, E.s press 


318, 320, 497 


Foreign Post — 




Commercial Papers 320, 507 


Late Fees 


320. 505 


Letters 


319, 505 


Newspapers , . . 


320, 506 


Parcels 


321, 322, 593 


Post Cards ... 


318, 320, 506 


Private Vessels 


320, 509 


Registration 


321, 508 


Samples 


320, 508 


Inland Post — 





Book Packets 318, 499 

Circulars ... 318, 498 

Free Correspondence -,. 501 
Late Fees ... ... 320 

Letters .,. .. 317 

Letters to be called for... 50 
Newspapers . . . 318, 498 

Parcels ... 322,500 

Registration... 318,321,-500 



Relumed Letters 

Ships Letters 
Inland Telegrams 
Inland Telegraph Orders 



Interception of Corres 

pondence 
Money Orders 



503 
320, 505 
325, 513 

323, 512 



819, 496 
323, 509, 510 



Money Orders Statistics ... 592 

Postal Orders— Inland 325, 512 

„ British 325, 513 

,. Statistics ... 592 

Press Messages ... 326, 517 

Private Letter Bags 319, 497 

,, Boxes ... 319 

Telephone Exchange ... 517 

Telegraph Statistics 591 

Statistics ... ... 591-2 

Postal Orders ... 325,512-3 

,, ,, Statistics ... 592 

Potaro-Konawaruk Road ... 493 

Potaro River ... ... 28 

Potatoes, Imports of ... 587 

Pound fees ... ... 391 

Power of Attorney, Stamp duty 424 
Power of Attorney, Fees drawing 337 
Precious stones, Licence to 

mine for ... 309 
„ Licence to 

trade in ... 434 

Presbyterian Mission, Canadian 299 



Press Messages 



320, 517 



xS:. 



P— Contcl. 



PAGE 



Botanic 



of 



383 

579 
159 
168 
603 
172 
288 
... 220 
... 602 
319, 497 
... 319 

432 
367 

172 



Prices of Plants, etc. 

Gardens 
Prices of food and cost 

living, etc. 
Primary Education ... 

,, ,, Expenditure 

,, ,, Statistics ... 

Primary Scholarships & Prizes.. 
Prisons Department 
J, Expenditure 
,, Statistics ,.. 
Private Letter Bags.. 
,, ,, Boxes 

,, Bonded Warehouse, 

licence.. 

„ „ M Charges. 

Prizes & Scholarships, Primary 

Schools 

Produce, Exports ... 441, 443, 588-9 
Products, Economic. ... 225 

Promenade Gardens ... 179 

Promissory Note, Stamp duty. 422, 427 
Proprietors of Sugar Estates ... 541 
Prospecting licences 240, 309, 594 

Provisional Permits ... 367 

,, ,, Stamp duty.. 427 

Public Buildings, Georgetown 178 
Public Entertainment licence... 434 
Public Debt ... 221, 222 

Public Departments — ■ 

Agriculture, Science and ... 
Alms House 
Attorney General 
Audit 

Botanic Gardens 
Commissioner of Stamps ... 
Customs 

Education, Queen's College 

,, Primary Schools 

General Register (Births, 

Deaths, and Marriages),.. 

Government Agency, North 

West District 
Government Laboratory ... 
,, Secretariat ... 

Harbour Master 
Immigration ... 
Judges of Supreme Court 
Lands and Mines 
Local Government Board... 
Magistrates 
Medical 
Militia 

Official lieceiver 
Onderneeming School 
Orphan Asylum 
Police 



289 
284 
290 

281 
289 
282 
282 
285 
285 

289 



285 
289 
281 
284 
284 
290 
283 
289 
290 
285 
288 
290 
285 
284 
287 



PAGE 
Public Departments — (C'oni'tZ.) 

Poor Law ... ... 284 

Post Office ... ... 284 

Prisons ... ... 288 

Public Works ... ... 283 

Queen's College ... 285 

Registrar ... ... 290 

Savings Bank, Treasury ... 282 

„ Post Office... 550 

Science and Agriculture ... 289 

Treasury ... ... 282 

Public Holidays ... ... 583 

Public Hospital, Georgetown 179, 552 

,, Free Library ... 179 

,, Medical Institutions ... 552 

,, Officers, Insurance of ... 576 

„ ,, Pensions ... 572 

Public Roads ... ... 492 

,, Expenditure ... 220 

,, Maintenance of ... 491 

,, Mileage of ... 532 

Public Works Department ... 283 

Expenditure ,.. 220 

Puruni River ... ...35,36 

Q. 

Qualifications- 
Court of Policy Member ... 151 
Financial Representative... 155 
Town Council, Georgetown. 186 
,, New Amster- 
dam .., 188 
Quarantine ... ... 570 

Fees ... 373, 390 

Quartz Mining ... ... 236 

,, Returns 

Quartz Stone Landing 
Quarry, Licences, for 

Kaolin, etc. ... ... 252 

Quebec Steamship Line ... 456 

Queen s College ... ... 169 

Staff ... 170,285 

Expenditure ... 170,220 

Pupils' Fees ... ... 170 



Stone, 



244 

27, 527 



Pi. 



482 



Railways of the Colony 
Railw^ay, Demerara-Berbico, 

Fares and Time-Table 48J, 485 
Parcels Tariff ... 48S 

,, Demerara-Essequibo 

Time-Table, Fares and 

Freights 467, 468, 471, 483 
,, Demerara-West Coast 486, 487 



XXI. 



R— Contd. 



PAGE 



Railway, Dem. — West Coast, 

Freight rates... 49o 

Parcels tariff... 489 

Rainfall ... ... 93 

,, Statistics ... ... 604 

Rates of freight, Colonial 
Steamers .,. ...472-77 

Rations, Gold Diggers' ... 52 

Reading Rooms, Georgetown ... 568 
Reading Society, Berbice ... 569 
Receiver General's Depart- 
ment ... ... 282 

,, Expenditure. 220 

Refund of Customs Duties ... 417 

Register Office, General ... 289 

„ Expenditure ... 220 

,, Fees ... 361 

Registrar's Office ... ... 290 

,, Expenditure... 220 

Fees ... 335 

Registration Fees, Births and 

Deaths 289 
,, Marriages ... 289 

,, Postal matter 

318, 321 

,, Shipping ... 309 

Rents,small, Fecsfor recovery of 350 

Rent, storage. Govt. Bonded 

Warehouse ... ... 432 

Renewal of licences for Crown 
land ... ... ... 258 

Representatives, Financial 130, 134, 

154, 281 

Retail Spirit Licences ... 434 

,, Revenue from 219, 585 

Pi,evenue, Colony ... .,. 219 

3, Principal sources of... 584 
,, Statistics.. ... 584-5 

Revolver Licence ... ... 433 

Rhynland Roods ... ... 547 

Rice Industry ... 77, 227, 276 

,, Exports ... ... 444 

,, Imports ... ... 587 

Rivers of the Colony ... 17 

River Steamers ... 181, 464 

Roads ... ... ... 491 

,, In Mining Districts 493, 526, 541 
,, Expenditure on Public ... 220 
,, Maiirtenance of ... 491 

,, Mileage of Public ... 532 

J, Public, Demerara ... 532 

,, ,, Essequibo ... 536 

,, ,, Berbice ... 538 

Rock stone ... 21, 22, 520 

Rock, "Timehri" ... ... 37 

Roman Catholic Church 291, 299 





PAGE 


Roraima, Mount ... 8,9, 82, 88 


Royal Agricultural and Com- 


mercial Society ... 


... 568 


Royal Mail Steamers 


... 453 


Royalty— 




' Balata 


219, 312 


Charcoal 


... 312 


Clay, Sand, etc. 


... 312 


Firewood 


... 312 


Gold... 


... 309 


Gums 


... 312 


Orchids 


... 312 


Paling Posts and Staves 


... 311 


Sand 


219, 312 


Shell 


... 312 


Shingles 


219, 311 


Silver 


... 309 


Stone 


... 219 


Timber 


219, 311 


Vat Staves 


... 311 


Wattles 


... 312 


Rubber, Cultivation uf 


.. 231 


,, Licence to collect 


. . , 250 


,, Lease to cultivate 


. . . 253 


Rubber Experimental Station 


...16,48, 




231 


Rubber, Exports ... 


444, 589 


Rum — 




Duties... 


... 421 


Exports ,.,440, 442, 


588, 590 


Licences 


... 434 


Revenue from ... 219, 


585, 590 


Rumshop Licence ... 


... 434 


Rupununi River 


32 


a 
o. 




Sacred Heart, Church of 


... 300 


Saffon Trust, de ... 


... 172 


Sand, Permit to obtain 


... 253 


Sailing directions ... 


... 581 


Saint Andrew's Church 


... 298 


St, Stanislaus College 


... 170 


Salaries, Public Officeis' 


... 281 


Sale of Crown Land 


... 245 


Salt, Imports 


... 587 


San-San-Kopai 


25 528 



Sand and Clay Belt, British 

Guiana ... ... 6 

Santa Rosa Mission... ... 55, 67 

Savannah, Lands of B. Guiana.. 60 

Savings Banks — 

Treasury ... 282,549 

Post Office .,. ,., 550 

Sawmills '... ,.. 276 

Scholarships — 

British Guiana ... 170 

Mitchell ... ... 171 



ifXii. 



S — Contd. PAGE r 

Scholarships — {Cont\l. \ 

Percival ... ... 172 i 

Piimary ... ... 172 ] 

Schools, Industrial... ... 169 

„ Private ... 170,180 
Schools, Grants to Primary ...159, 168 

Schooner or Sloop Licence ... 430 
Science and Agriculture, 

Department of... ... 289 

,, ,, Expenditure 220 

Scotland, Church of 298 

Scrip transfer, Stamp dutv ... 423: 

Sea Wall, Esplanade " ... 179 i 

Searching Records, Fees — { 
Department of Lands and 

Mines ... ... 312 

General Register OfiSce ... 362 

Registrar's Office ... 336 

Seasons in the Colonv ... 90, 92 

SebaHill ...' ... 50 

Secmity Bond, Fee for ... 424 

,, ,, Stamp duty ... 337 

Serinamu ... ... 25 

Servants, domestic... ... 581 

Service Messages ... ... 514 

Sewerage of Georgetown ... 175 

Shanks' Canal Commissioners... 565 

Shell, Permit to obtain ... 253 

,, Royalty on ... ... 312 

Shingles, Exports ... 443, 589 

Royalty ... 219, 311 

Shipping... ... ... 446 

,, Registration fees ... 369 

Statistics... 448,580 

Shop Licences ... ... 434 

Sierra-Ararakai Mountains ... 14 

Sight-seeing ... 182,519 

Single bottle licence ... 433 

Siparuni River ... ... 34 

Skeldon, Parish of ... ... 297 

Slavery ... ... 74, 75,114 



Small Rents Recovery, Fees 

Societies... 

Soils, Fees analysis 

Solicitors Fees 

Specific duties of Customs 

Spirits, Duties 
,, Imports 
,, Licences 
,, Shop Licence 
,, Revenue from 

Spirituous Liquors, Licence 

Sprostons' Dock 
,, Steamers 

Stabroek 

Stabroek Market ... 



350 
... 668 
... 378 
329, 332 
399, 437, 
438 
... 420 
... 439 
433, 434 
... 434 
. . 585 
... 433 
... 582 
404 
73, 173 
, J77 



PAGE 

St. Andrew's Church ... 298 

St. Philip's „ ... 295 
Stamp Duties — 

Affidavit ... ... 421 

Agreement ... ... 421 

Antenuptial Contract ... 422 
Apprenticeship Articles ... 422 
Attorneys-at-Law (Oath) ... 427 
Bankers' Cheque ... 422 
Barristers-at-Law (Oath)... 427 
Bills of Exchange ... 422 
Bills of Health ... 423 
Bills of Lading ... 423 
Bills of Sale or Mortgage... 423 
Bills, Cancelment ot ... 423 
Bills, Transfer or Assign- 
ment of ... ... 423 

Bills, Private ... ... 427 

Bonds or Debentures ... 424 

Charter Party ... ... 423 

Chemists or Druggists 

licence ... ... 426 

Conveyance or Transport... 423 

Declaration ... ... 421 

Deeds ... ... 424 

Governor's Legalization 

Certificate ... ... 423 

Lease ... ... 424 

I Legacy duty ... ... 425 

i Letters of Decree ... 423 

Marriage Licence ... 426 

Mortgage ... ... 423 

Notary Public (Oath) ... 427 

! Passports ... ... 427 

Power of Attoi'ney ... 424 
Promissory Notes 422, 427 

Private Bill ... ... 427 

Provisional Permits ... 427 

j Receipts ... .. 427 

Succession duty 427 

i Sworn Clerk (Oath) ... 427 

' Testamentary duty ... 428 

Transfer of Scrip or Stock 423 

'' Transport ... ... 423 

i Stamps, Revenue from ... 219 



181 



Statistics — 

Area cultivated and uncul- 
tivated ... ... 596 

Area Crown Lands sold 

and licensed ... ... 597 

Cane cultivation, Area in . : . 599 

Ciiminal ... 602 

Education ,.. .. 603 

Expenditure and Revenue.. 584 



Exports, Value of... 
Quantities 



586, 590 
,.. 588 



XXlll. 



S— Contd. PAQR 

Statistics — ( Cont'd.) 

Immigration ... ... 600 

Imports and Exports, 

Valueof ... ... 586 

Imports, Food, Quantities 
and value ... ... 587 

Judicial ... ... 602 

Lands, cultivated and un- 
cultivated ... ... 596 

Lands, Crown, Grants and 

licences ii<sued ... 598 

Lands, Crosvn, area sold 
and licenced ... ... 597 

Medical- 
Dispensaries ... ... 606 

Diseases and Deaths ... 607 
Hospitals ... ... 606 i 

Mining — ' 

Claim licences ... 594 

Diamonds declared ... 595 I 
Gold obtained ... 595 | 

Labourers registered . . . 594 j 
Prospecting licences ... 594 j 
Population Returns ... 605 

Postal — I 

Letters and Papers ... 591 l 
Money Orders ... 592 i 

Parcel Post ... ... 593 I 

Telegraph ... ... 591 i 

Prisons ... ... 602 1 

Rainfall ... 94, 604 | 

Revenue and Expenditure 584 I 

,, Principal Sources of 585 
Shipping ... 448,586 

Telegraph ... ... 591 

Tonnage ... ... 586 

Vital Statistics ... 605 

Steam Communication, — 

with United Kingdom 451, 

453, 456, 457, 463 

,, with New York 452, 456, 1457, 

460, 461 

,, with Canada 452,4.56,461 

,, Local (Inland and 

Coastwise) 464etseq. 
Steamer Services,, Local 181, 464 

Bartika Service ... 465 

Berbice River Service ... 466 
Demerara River Service ... 467 
Essequibo (Suddie) Service 464 
Essequibo (Upper) ... 467 

Ferry Set vices ... ... 476 

Georgetown-Berbice Service 465 
Launcb Services ... 470 

North West Service ... 467 

Surinam and St. Laurent 

Service ... ... 477 



PAilE 

Steamer Services, Local- 
Special rates for Visitors... 479 
Steamers, Lines of — 

Armstrong Line ... 457 

Colonial Steamers ... 464 
Compagnie Generale Trans- 

atlantique ... 457 

Direct Line ... ... 456 

East Asiatic ... ... 463 

Koninklijke W. I. Mail ... 460 

Liverpool Line... ... 457 

Pickford& Black ... 461 

Quebec Steamship Line ... 456 

Royal Mail ... ... 453 

Stipendiary M^igistrates ... 290 

,, ,, Districts .., 305 

,, Expenditure 220 

„ Fees ... 349 

Stone, Licence to quarry ... 252 

Stones, Precious — 

Lieence to mine for ... 309 

,, to trade in ... 434 
Storage rent, Govt. Bonded 

Warehouse ... ... 4.32 

Storage, Revenue from ... 219 

Store, Shop and Office licences. 429 

Subventions _ ... ... 220 

Succession duties ... ... 427 

Sugar Industry ... 225,275 

Area in cultivation ... 599 
Exports 440, 441, 442, 588, 590 

Estates and Proprietors... 541 

Fees for analysis ... 379 
Statistics ... 588, 590, 599 

Supenaam River ... ... 35 

Super Cargo's Licence . . 434 

Supreme Court ... ... 302 

Surgeon General's Department.. 285 

,, Expenditure. 220 

Surveys of Crown land ... 256 

Surveyors, Land, Fees ... 312 

Certificates... 314 



Tables of Exchange 545, 546 

Table of Exemptions from duty 413 
Table of Specific duties ... 399 

Takutu River ... ... 57 

Tapakuma Creek ... ... 53 

,, Lake ... ... 54 

Tavern or Hotel Licence ... 433 
Taxes- 
Acreage Tax ... ... 418 

Colonial Taxes... ... 418 

Licence duties. 426, 429, 430, «« seq. 
Light duties ,., ... 420 



XXIY. 



T Contd. 


PAGE 


TAxen— {Cont'd.) 




Match duties ... 


... 421 


Municipal Taxes 


187, 189 


Rum duties 


... 421 


Spirit duties ... 


... 420 


Shipping Fees ... 


... 369 


Stamp duties ... 


... 421 


Storage Rent ... 


... 432 


Tonnage duties... 


... 418 


Tea, Imports of 


... 587 


Teachers, School, Trainin 


gof... 167 


Appoin 


:ment 


and D 


ismis- 


sal of 


... 163 


Tebokn Falls 


24 


Telegrams, Inland ... 


325, 513 


,, Service 


... 514 


,, Press ... 


326, 517 


Telegraphs (Ocean),.. 


... 449 


,, (Inland) 


... 513 


,, Revenue 


... 210 


,, Statistics 


... 591 


Telegraph Coy., West 


India 


and Panama 


... 449 


Telegraphic (inland) communi- 


cation 


... 513 


Telegraph Orders, Inland 


323, 512 


,, Statistics 


... 591 


Telegraphy, Wireless 


... 449 


Telephone Service ... 


178, 517 


Charges... 


... 326 


,, Revenue.. 


... 219 


Temperature 


92 


Temple Bar Fall ... 


34 


Testamentary duties 


... 428 


Timber, Industry ... 


... 261 


,, Exports 


443. 588, 590 


,, Royalty 


... 311 


Revenue ... 


... 590 


'• Timehri " Rock, pictiire writing 37 


Tobacco, Duty on ... 


409-411 


., Imports ... 


... 439 


Licence ... 


... 434 


Revenue from 


... 439 


Toddy licence 


... 432 


Tonnage dues 


... 419 


,, Revenue ... 


... 219 


,, Statistics ... 


448, 586 



Tools and Implements for Gold 
Mining ... ... 529 

Tourists, Information for, 477, 519, 520 
Town Council, Greorgetown 173, 175, 

186, 561 

,, New Amsterdam. 188, 562 

Towakaima Falls ... ... 43 

Towing, Rates for ... ... 375 

Trade, distribution of 438, 445 



Tram Car Licence ... 
Tramways, Electric 
Transfers of Licences 259, 

Transports ...181, 239, .521, 

Transport Fees 

,, Stamp duty 
Travel and Transport 181, 

Travplling Expenses, Marshal's 

,, Witnesses 

Treasury Department 

,, Expenditure 

,, Savings Bank 
Tributers, Mining Industry 
Trotman Fund 
Tumatumari 
TiTmatumari Tiger Creek Trail 



PAGE 

430 
491 
315 
524 
336 
423 
.521 
345 
353 
282 
220 
549 
233 

P.77 



29 

493 



u. 

United States of America, 

Trade with 438, 441, 442, 445, 447 
Ursuline Convent School ... 170 

V. 

Vaccination, Fees for ... 358 

Vegetables ... 206, 580 

Venezuelan-Guiana boundary ... 69 

Verweezing, Act of... ... 338 

Veterinary Surgeons, Registra- 
tion of... ... ... 359 

Veterinary Surgeon, Govern- 
ment, fees ... ... 358 

Victoria Law Courts ... 178 
Villages... ... 63,184 

,, Department (Local Gov- 
ernment Board) ... 289 
,, Expenditure ... 220 
Visitors, Special Steamer rates 477 
Vital Statistics ... ... 605 

Volunteers, Militia and ... 288 

,, Expenditure 220 
Voters, Qualifications — 

Court of Policy ... 156 

Financial Representative... 1.56 

Town Council, Georgetown 186 

Do. New Amsterdam 188 

w. 

Wages ... ... 523,579 

Waiamu Landing ... 27,527 

AVaini River ... 40,83 

Wakapau Creek ... ... 54 

Wakenaam Island ... ... 22 

Wall, Sea, Esplanade ... 179 

Wallaba Timber ... 262, 266 



XX.V. 



AVartimuri Mission ... .- 55, 67 

Waraputa Cat. ... ... 20 

WaratukCat. ... ... 80 

Wards of Georgetown ... 18<) > 

Waters, Fees for analysis ... o78 ' 

Waterways ... ' ... 494 

Waterworks, Georgetown ... 176 

Water Supply, G^^orgetown ... ^ 176 

,, ,, Commissioners .564, 565 

Weighers and Gaugeis, Fees ... •'^66 

,, ,, „ Licence 4;-»5 

Weights anil Measures ... 544 

AVesieyan Metho<i ist Church ... SOO 

West Coast Missionary District 302 

West Coast Railwaj' ... 482 

Fares ... ... 487 

Freights ... 490 

Parcel Tariff ... 489 

Time Table ... 486 

West India Committee ... 562 

W.I. and Panama Telegraph 

Company ... ... 449 

Wharfage, Col, Bonded Ware- 
house, Fees ... • ... 366 
Widows and Orphans' Fund ... 575 
Wild Birds, Protection of ... 582 
Wills, Fees for drawing ,. 337 



Wine and Malt Licence 

AVines and Spirits' Dutv 

,, Imports 

,, Licences. 

,, Revenue 

Wirele-is Telegraphy 

Wismar 

Witnesses, Fees, 



. 433, 
..219, 

.'.'48, 
Magistrate's 
Court ... 
, , (J ]■ i m i n a 1 

Court 351, 
,, Travelling Expenses 
" AVoodsi<ie " School 
Wood-cutting Licences 
Wolgar ... 
WonotoboFall 



Y. 

Yakontipu Mountain 
Yarikita Creek 
Yupukarri 



z. 



435 
420 
4.39 
435 
585 
449 
467 

352 

352 
353 
170 
248 
22 
37 



9 

47, 52 
33 



Zeelnndia, E'ort 



HANDBOOK OF BRITISH 
GUIANA. 



GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY. 

(% C. Wilgress Anderson, F.G.S., F.B.G.S., Forestry Officer 
and Government Surveyor.) 



Situation and Extent. 

The name " Wild Coast " was given over four centuries 
ago by the earliest European explorers to the eastern and 
northern parb of the South American continent which 
stretches for over 1,000 miles from the delta of the Orinoco 
river to the mouth of the Amazon river. 

The region which extends inland from the " Wild 
Coast " as far south as the Amazon river and its confluent the 
Rio Negro, embraces an area calculated to contain about 
690,000 square miles, and has, since the days of Sir Walter 
Kaleigh, been known as " Guyana," or " Guiana." 

In modern maps however the name Guiana has been 
restricted to include only the central portion of this large 
territory which is situated to the north of the Lower Amazon 
basin, and which borders on the Atlantic Ocean. This cen- 
tral part is now divided into the colonies of British, Dutch, 
and French Guiana which ai'e the only European possessions 
on this great continent. 

Of these three colonies the most westerly is that of 
British Guiana, which extends from the limits of Venezuela 
easterly to those of Dutch Guiana, and from the Atlantic 
Ocean southwards to the borders of Brazil, the extreme 
limits of which touches the parallels of 0°41' (source of the 



Essequibo Kiver) and 8° 33' 22" north latitude (Punta Playa) 
and the meridians of 56° 20^ (on the Courantyne river) and 
61° 23' 24.7" west longitude, (source of the Wsnamu river.) 
British Guiana has a seaboard commencing at Punta 
Playa about 18 miles to the west of the Waini River and 
trending thence in a south-easterly direction to the mouth 
of the Courantyne river, a distance of about 270 miles. The 
depth from the sea southwards varies from about 540 miles on 
the west of the colony to about 300 miles on the eastern side. 
The area, now that the boundaries with Venezuela and 
Brazil hav^e been settled and demarcated, is calculated to be 
90,277 square miles, which, in extent, is equal to the combined 
size of England, Scotland and Wales. 

General Topographical Features. 
In its physical configuration, the surface of the colony 
presents two broadly marked unequal divisions, each exhi- 
biting distinctive and characteristic features of its own. 

The northern and smaller of the two divisions comprises 
a low-lying flat and partly swampy alluvium belt or plain 
which extends along the entire length of the seaboard and 
forms the coastlands ; and a broader and slightly elevated 
tract or belt of country, undulating and hilly in some parts, 
which follows behind the alluvial coastlands and stretches 
right across the colony. Together they constitute but a 
small part of the colony, occupying only about one-twelfth of 
its total area. 

Beyond these belts southwards the country rises between 
the river valleys, which are in many parts swampy, and, as it 
approaches the sources of the larger rivers, attains a height 
of about 900 feet above the sea-level at the source of the 
Takutu river, the western boundary'', and about 400 feet above the 
sea at the source of the Courantyne river, the eastern boundary. 
This elevated hinterland, which forms the southern and 
greater of the two divisions, embraces about eleven-twelfths 
(l^i) of the area of the colony. 

Its surface is greatly diversified by hills and valleys ; it 
contains all the principal mountain ranges, also several irregu- 
larly distributed smaller ranges, and, in addition, in its southern 
and eastern parts, there are many scattered and isolated moun- 
tains none of which exceed 1,500 feet in height above the 
sea level. 



One of the striking features that catches the eye on look- 
ing at a map of the colony, is the many large river.s by which 
the country is traversed, and the very immerous tributaries 
and branch streams, locally called " creeks," by which it is 
copiously watered. Together these form a vast network of 
waterways which, in the absence of roads, furnish a ready, if 
sometimes difficult, means of access to the interior lands of 
the colony. 

A peculiar feature of the rivers in the North-Western part 
of the colony is the many inland waterways which connect 
them, one with the other, and by which it is possible to pass 
inland from one river to another by boat, and, in the case; of 
the Mora passage, by steamer. This feature is also to be found 
in many of the rivers of the Orinoco system to which belongs 
the Amacura river, the upper part of which forms the boundary 
between the colony and Venezuela. 

The most notable instance of these navigable natural 
inland waterways is that of the Cassiquiari Canal, which con- 
nects the waters of the Orinoco with those of the Amazon. 

The very numerous rapids, cataracts and water-falls by 
.which all the larger rivers of the colony are obstructed above 
the tidal influence, form another distinctive feature in the 
topography of the country 

Many of the falls are of innmense height and size, the 
most notable being that of the Kaieteur described under Potaro 
river in this chapter, and the highest are those that descend the 
perpendicular cliffs of Mount Roraima and Mount Kukenaam. 

Of the many mountain ranges those of the Pakaraima 
group, or massif, form the most prominent feature in the con- 
figuration of the colony. 

This great central mass consists mostly of flat-topped 
mountains which form elevated and more or less extensive 
undulating plateaus each rising above the other in successive 
terraces of about 1,000 feet in height to an elevation of about 
3,500 feet above sea level, intersecting which there are many 
ranges of over 4,000 feet above sea level, and, rising above 
all these heights, the isolated plateaus of Mount Roraima and 
Mount Kukenaam which attain an altitude of over 8,000 feet 
above the sea. 

The ever verdant and sui'prisingl}^ brilliant tropical vege- 
tation must also be considered as one of the interesting features 



4 

of tlie colony, almost the whole of the diversified surface of 
which, speaking comparatively, is covered with dense indi- 
genous and mostly exuberant primeval forest, yet in some 
parts of the lowlands there are broad open grass-covered 
flats and wide lagoons or so-called " floating savannahs," as the 
surface of the water they contain is almost entirely hidden by 
coarse grass sedges and aquatic plants. In the elevated hinter- 
land even more extensive undulating grassy plains or savannahs 
are to be found and also mountainous grass-clad country. 

Taking into account all the various features that have 
been generally indicated here, it must necessarily follow that 
in its scenery this colony affords very great contrasts. The 
tourist who visits our shores, judging from the flat and settled 
coast-lands, leaves with the impression that British Guiana is 
merely a mud -flat, not entirely above sea level, yet the 
traveller who has penetrated any considerable distance into 
the vast and less accessible hinterlands, cannot but help being 
greatly impressed by the brilliant tropical vegetation of lofty 
trees, tangled lianas, and graceful palms, the hilly nature of the 
country, the many mountain ranges and curiously shaped 
mountains, the elevated undulating plateaus, the extensive 
interior savannahs, and the very numerous cataracts and water- 
falls of surpassing beauty which occur on the upper parts of 
the larger rivers and their tributaries. 

The Atlantic Ocean. 

The change in the colour of the sea-water from a clear 
ocean blue to that of a dirty yellowish-grey, indicates that the 
shores of the Guianas are being approached, long before it is pos- 
sible to discern the low fringe of forest w4iich borders the flat 
coast lands, the monotony of which is relieved only here and 
there by the tall chimneys of the sugar factories of the colony. 

There- is reason to believe that the mud which discolours the 
sea and is deposited on the shores, is brought by the ocean 
currents from the Amazon, as it is certainly not derived from 
the rivers of the colony, for when in flood or during neaps the 
water in their tidal parts is clear, compared to its turbid and 
muddy condition during springs. 

From the coastline the ocean deepens very gradually and 
at low tides extensive mud-flats and sand-banks are exposed, so 
that large vessels cannot obtain access to the shores except 
they enter by the rivers, and then only at high tides for the 



entrances to all the rivers are obstructed at distances varying 
from 10 to 15 miles from their mouths by muddy bars. 

Coast-lands. 

The flat and comparatively narrow plain or belt which 
forms the coast-lands is to a considerable extent slightly below 
the level of ordinary spring tides which flood the unprotected 
parts. It consists of a fluvio-mariue deposit, composed of various 
coloured clays with intermediate layers of sand and peat, the 
latter being locally known as " pegass," and rises gradually in 
its extent inland at distances varying from 10 to 40 miles, to 
about 10 or 12 feet in height above the high water mark. Its 
greatest inland depth is attained in the eastern parts of the 
colony along the Berbice and Courantyne rivers 

The margins of this formation, both along the sea and river 
estuaries, are covered with a dense forest growth consisting 
principally of Mangrove {Rhizophora Mangle, L.) and Courida 
(Avicennia nitida) which in their manner of growth form 
natural sea defences, the mangrove abounding mostly along 
the western and the courida on the eastern parts of the coast. 

Behind this growth are flat grassy savannahs mostly inun- 
dated during the rainy season, intersj)ersed in the higher parts 
with " reefs" or belts and patches of mixed forest, and in the 
lower and swampy places with abundant growths of Aeta (Mau- 
Titia flexuosa), Manicole {Euterpe edulis) and Troolie [Manicaria 
saccifora) palms, whilst in other parts the land is covered with 
dense jungle. 

It is along the outermost part of the coast-lands which 
extends from the Pomeroon to the Courantyne, that almost the 
whole of the population and cultivation of the colony is con- 
centrated. 

Situated on this comparatively narrow strip are the two 
towns of the colony, nearly all the villages, and with but few 
exception all the sugar estates, roads and railways, etc. The 
soil on this depressed land is rich and fertile, and can be pro- 
fitably cultivated, despite the disadvantage of drainage which is 
both difiicult and expensive, for not only has the salt water 
to be kept out by sea-walls, dams, and fascine work, in front, 
but the cultivated areas must also be drained and protected by 
a system of dams and trenches to prevent them being swamped 
by the fresh water which, during the rainy season, accumu- 
lates and inundates the low-lying lands behind them. 



6 

Under these conditions the upkeep of roads extending along 
the coast and lower river reaches, is also exjDensive, conse- 
quently the plantations were laid out by the Dutch in very 
long and narrow parallelograms each having their fagade on 
the sea coast or river banks. 

By the aid of sluices or " kokers" the water is discharged 
from the drainage canals during the low tides, and also kept 
out at high water, but in many cases, during heavy weather,- 
steam pumps have also to be employed for this purpose. 
The Sand and Clay Belt. 

Behind the coast-lands, a slightly elevated and undulating 
belt of country stretches backwards to where the underlying 
rocks come out on the surface, and extends right across the 
entire breadth of the colony. It is composed of arinaceou3 
and clayey sedimentary soils derived from the disintegration 
of the various country rocks in situ. Along the sloping front 
it is elevated about 50 feet, and as it extends inland, it rises in 
certain places to hills of 180 and 200 feet in height above the 
sea, but the general height of this tract may be considered as 
varying from about 60 to 100 feet, which is also about the 
height above sea level of the sand dunes by which it is 
traversed in parts. 

The width of this belt varies considerably ; in the North 
West District it ends at a distance of from about 40 to 50 
miles inwards from the sea, between the Waini and Essequibo 
rivers it only reaches from 20 to 30 miles inland from the coast, 
and to the eastward of the Essequibo river it increases rapidly 
in width as it approaclies the Berbice and Courantyne rivers in 
the vicinity of which it can be traced behind the coast-lands for 
over 100 miles inland from the sea. 

The low f)arts intervening between the hills and the sand 
dunes are usually swampy, often extensive, and are covered 
with a dense growth of bush and small trees. Grass-covered 
dunes occur on the bf^nks of the Berbice and Courantyne rivers 
where the land is elevated and undulating. 

Between the rivers flowing to the eastward of the Esse- 
quiVjo there are long comparatively narrow stretches of arid 
sand which can only support a stunted vegetation of spreading 
bushes and shrubs locally known as " Moories," but the greater 
part of this belt is clothed with high forest containing a great 
variety of useful and valuable timber to obtain which wood- 



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cutting operations have for a long time been carried on on this 
belt in the three counties of Essequibo, Demerara and Berbice, 
a« the rivers and their tributaries there afford easy transporta- 
tion. On the sand-hills there are large areas of Wallaba 
forests (yE^jerua falcata and Jenmani), a wood constantly in 
demand, on the hill slopes in certain parts the much sought- 
after Greenheart {Nectandra Rodioei) grows, and in the valleys 
and along the river margins amongst the palms and other 
forest trees, the Mora [Dimorphandra Mora, Bentli.) is con- 
spicuous and flourishes abundantly. 

The cultivated areas in this part of the colony are not only 
small both in number and extent, but also very scattered. 

Mountain Ranges. 

The principal mountain ranges of the colony are : — 

(1.) The great and extensive Pakaraima Mountain mass 
which includes the Merume and many other subsidiary ranges ; 

(2.) The Imataka, only spurs of which enter the colony ; 

(3.) The Kanuku Mountains ; 

(4.) The (so-called on maps) Sierra Akarai ; 

In addition to these there are several smaller ranges of 
less importance and many isolated mountains and hills. 
The Pakaraima Mountains. 

The great mass of mostly flat-topped ranges and mountains 
together with their numerous offshoots, are known as the Paka- 
raima and occupy the greater part of the most western portion 
of the interior of the colony, stretching as they do, south- 
wards from the Cuyuni river, to within 30 miles upwards from 
the mouth of the Ireng river, and. eastwards from the western 
limits of the colony to that portion of the Essequibo river 
lying between its tributaries the Potaro and the Rupununl 
riverSj while certain spurs continue even further eastwards 
right across to the Courantyne river. 

The greater bulk of this mountain mass forms a series of 
terraces and consists of more or less broad or narrow undulating 
plateaus, whicli rise successively at varying distances, one above 
the other, with bold and often perpendicular sandstone escarp- 
ments var3^ing in height from 1,200 feet or less to as much as 
2,000 feet in the central parts. 

Many of these plateaus are traversed by spurs extending 
from the more elevated parts, and in the plateaus deep gorges 
have been eroded in many parts by the rivers which take their 



8 

rise in the upper heights, forming in their descent numerous 
large water-falls some of which are of stupendous height and 
marvellous beauty. 

Of the many great gorges, that of the Kaieteur is pre- 
eminently the most notable for its size and beauty, but there 
are many others such as those on the Ireng river which also 
command admiration. 

These mountains attain their greatest heights of over 8,600 
feet above the sea level, on the flat-topped mountains of Roraima 
and Kukenaam, portions of which only are situated within the 
limits of the colony. These two most remarkable mountains 
rise over 5,000 feet above the surrounding hilly country, and 
form small isolated plateaus with perpendicular sandstone cliffs 
of about 2,000 feet in height above their sloping sides, the 
larger being that of Mount Roraima which is about 15 square 
miles in extent and roughly triangular in shape, the south- 
eastern side being six and a half miles long and the length of 
the south-western about three and a half miles, the southern- 
most point of which terminates in a somewhat acute angle. 
Although as seen from below, the top of Mount Roraima has 
the appearance of being quite flat — and it is to a considerable 
extent so, — yet on it there are many curiously weathered cliffs 
over 150 feet high, and very many weird and grotesquely shaped 
rocky masses of 50 feet or more in height. 

This most interesting mountain forms a gigantic boundary 
mark, for on it the boundaries of British Guiana, Venezuela 
and Brazil, meet at a common point. 

The top of the Roraima plateau has already to some 
extent been explored. It was first ascended by Sir Everard 
im Thurn, C.M.G., and Mr. H. I. Perkins, I.S.O., and since 
then by several parties amongst whom may be mentioned 
Messrs. Quelch and McConnell, Mr. E. Cromer, and the British 
and Venezuelan Boundary Commissioners among whom was the 
writer, yet there still remains many unsolved problems to 
interest and attract further explorers, and many further rich 
discoveries for botanists. 

Mr. im Thurn (now Sir Everard) in his book " Amongst 
the Indians of Guiana" states " that the vegetation around the 
" base (of this mountain) is extraordinarily rich and interesting," 
also, that " there is a great reward in store for the 
" traveller, whether he be botanist or ethnologist, who, having 



Pl-ATR 15. 





VIEW DOWN THE KAIETEUR GORGE 

FKOM THE 

KAIETEUR FALL, POTARO RIVER. 



Photo by C. TV. Anderson, 



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" sufficient pecuniary means will first gain experience of the 
"ways of travelling in that part of the world." Several 
collectors have from time to time visited this mountain 
to obtain supplies of the rare and beautiful orchids which 
are to be found on its slopes for the conservatories of 
Europe. 

The hilly country surrounding Mount Roraima and Mount 
Kukenaam forms the highest of the more extensive plateaus of 
the Pakaraima mountains, its average altitude above sea 
level being about 3,500 feet, and as the plateau is entirely 
forest clad on the northern side of these two mountains, it is 
therefore only from the savannahs on their southern sides that 
effective and extensive views of them can be obtained. 

From this savannah most glorious views are to be had of 
Mount Roraima and Mount Kukenaam, which rise above the 
surrounding hilly country with bare vertical walls of dark red- 
dish sandstone, in contrast with which the dazzling white 
lines which occur on them at varying intervals, mark the 
perpendicular descent of each of the many water-falls which drop 
over their precipitous heights of 2,000 feet to their verdant 
forest-clad slopes below, but such views are usually only to be 
seen in the afternoon when the heat of the sun has dispersed the 
great masses of clouds which in the earlier part of the day 
completely envelop both these mountains. 

Extending north-west in the locality of Mt. Roraima, 
there are many relatively smaller, and partly isolated sand- 
stone mountains, which, on account of their exceptionally 
curious and grotesque shapes, are remarkable. 

The most interesting and highest of these are Mt. Iwalka- 
rima or " Monkey Mountain, " Mt. Eluwarima, Mt. Ilutipu 
and lastly Mt. Waiakapiapu or " silk cotton tree stump, " so 
called by the Indians from its supposed similarity in appear- 
ance to such a stump, and which resembles a large obelisk 
with a truncated head. Most of these rise to about 7,000 feet 
above sea level and from their precipitous cliffs many water 
falls descend. 

Further east of Mt. Roraima are the comparatively 
smaller mountains of Wei-assipu or " catch the sun mountain" — 
a miniature of Roraima — next Mt. Yakontipu, which has an 
altitude of 7,120 feet above the sea, with successive small 
terraces of sandstones on its steep slopes of igneous eruptive 



10 

rocks, and lastly the rounded shap e mountain called Maringma 
beyond which a large and well-defined range extends westwards 
to the source of the Ireng river and forms the watershed 
which constitutes the boundary between the colony and Brazil. 

In the vicinity of, and betw^een, the Cuyuni river and its 
tributary, the Ekereku, the flat-topped Maurugaru mountains, 
about 1,000 feet high, form the northernmost range of the 
Pakaraima mountains. Diminishing hilly spurs extend from 
this range as far eastwards as Mfc. Macapa and Mt. Otumung, 
both of which hills slope to the river and are about 300 feet 
high. Other hilly spurs stretch even further eastwards down 
the Cuyuni river which they approach near the cataract of 
Akaiwong, and form the Waikuri range of hills which vary 
in height from 300 to 350 feet above the sea. 

Situate and extending between the Kukui and the Kako 
rivers in the upper Mazaruni basin, there is another long flat- 
topped range with precipitous cliffs, known as the Hiamatipu 
mountains on which at times are to be seen shining spots of 
light undoubtedly caused by the reflection of the sunlight from 
water falling over bare exposed surfaces of rocks. 

The Mazaruni river takes its source in, and its upper 
course almost completely encircles, the long and important 
ranse known as the Merume mountains. The most elevated 

o 

part of this range extends from the sources of the Mazaruni 
and Merume rivers in a north-westerly direction as far as the 
Kabury river, and it also exhibits the striking flat-topped 
features peculiar to the mountains of the Pakaraima group 
to which it belongs. Elevated plateaus spread from this 
range eastwards as far as the Teboku falls on the Mazaruni 
river and the Amaila fall on the Kuribrong river, and south- 
wards to the Ireng and Potaro rivers. 

Rising above these plateaus between the sources of the 
Kuribrong and Ireng rivers and at the head of the Potaro 
river, is the conspicuous mountain mass of Ayanganna the 
summit of which is serrated with great jagged rocks and 
estimated to be about 5,000 feet high. 

In the country between the upper Ireng and Potaro rivers 
there are many partly isolated mountain heights such as those 
of Wokomung and Kamana on the banks of the former river, 
and along those of the latter, Salieng, and Akobenang, the 
last mentioned having an altitude of 2,300 feet above the sea. 



11 

with vertical cliffs of diabase which almost entirely encircles 
its flat-topped surface. 

The southern and eastern plateaus of the Pakaraima moun- 
tains are also traversed in many parts by many smaller ranges 
and these are also more or less flat-topped. In the country to 
the south of the Potaro river and west of the Ireng river, pro- 
gressing in the direction of the interior, the first most noticeable 
of these smaller ranges are the isolated range called the 
Kowatipu mountains which are about 5,000 feet in height, the 
next is the range which forms the Kako ridge in the vicinity 
of which the country is extremely rugged, and further beyond 
are the Tawailing mountains with an altitude of 2,000 feet 
above sea level, their southern escarpment consisting of 
vertical cliffs of dark red sandstone rising 500 feet above their 
lower slopes which extend right down to the northern banks 
of the Ireng river in the vicinity above its junction with the 
Echilebar river, in which locality both these rivers have eroded 
deep gorges. 

Continuing thence southwards in the country adjoining the 
Ireng river, the next range of importance forms the Tawaparu 
heights at an altitude of 2,200 feet above the sea, their 
southern edge being known by the name of "Ariwa." Near 
to these are the Kara-kara mountains which consist mostly 
of diabase and porphyrite. Beyond in the same direction are 
the Tewailing and Kawarieng ranges about 1,800 feet in 
altitude above sea level, and at the extreme south the Tirke 
mountain range at the foot of which the flat and extensive 
hitherland savannahs commence. 

In the eastern plateaus to the south of the Potaro river 
the heights of Kurungiku and Akorabi form the limits of the 
Potaro basin on this side, and further south are the Kwonga 
mountains from which many of the head waters of the Sipa- 
runi river descends. 

Another large and extensive range extends between the 
Potaro and Siparuni rivers in the direction of the Essequibo 
river the banks of which it approaches between the Mowassi 
and INIuruwa rivers, where it narrows considerably and forms the 
ranges known as the Twasinki, and the Kamuti or Takwari 
mountains, and also the ranges of hills which continue across 
and to the eastward of the Essequibo river. 

An important but small range, rising about 1,500 feet 



12 

above sea level, is that known as the Konawaruk mountains 
which divides the waters of the lower Potaro tributaries from 
those of the Konawaruk river, and which traverses one of the 
richest gold districts in the colony. 

The Makarapan mountains rise conspicuously above the 
flat savannahs on the northern banks of the Eupununi river, in 
the vicinity above its junction with the Rewa or Illiwa river, 
and although detached, this range may be considered as an 
out-lier belonging to the Pakaraima group of which it forms 
the southernmost extremity. 

Commencing in close proximity to the Makarapan moun- 
tains, a comparatively long and low range of the Pakaraima 
extends about midway between the Siparuni and the Rupununi 
rivers in a north-easterly direction, and gradually diminishing 
in height to a hilly range, it crosses the Essequibo river below 
Achra-Mukra rising again on the eastern side of the river 
to form the range known as the Maccari mountains which 
continues across to the Itabru and Christmas Cataracts on the 
upper Berbice river, where it forms sandstone mountains about 
700 feet or more in height, spurs of which break up into hilly 
ranges trending further eastwards across the Berbice river as 
far as the C urantyne river. 

The Pakaraima mountains may be said to form one of the 
most extensive and gigantic sandsi»one formations on the globe. 
They are for the greater part covered with high primeval 
forests, but along the north-western parts there are some small 
isolated savannahs, and open hilly plateaus occur to the 
south of the Kopinang, — a tributary of the Potaro river, 
while to the west of the Ireng river, there are large areas of 
grass-clad country, the river valleys and certain hill slopes 
only being wooded. On the greater heights the forest is 
stunted and very dense whilst the surface of the highest 
elevated parts, such as Mt. Roraima, consists mostly of bare 
expanses of rock. 

C. B. Brown, in Part 1 of his Reports on the Geology of 
British Guiana, dated 1873, in describing these mountains, 
writes : " The scenery amongst these mountains — where the 
" view is wholly unobstructed by the dense forest which 
" clothes all the other mountains, and the greater portion of 
" the sandstone table-land — is grand, varied, and beautiful 
''' in the extreme. Peaks and ridges of every variety and 



13 

" form are grouped together, packed one behind the other, 
" fading away in the distance, their sides being clothed with 
*' grass and clusters of little dark green groves, with here 
" and there large frowning masses of rock far up their 
"heights. Nestling between them comes level-bottomed grass 
" covered valleys, containing small streams near which lie belts 
" of wood." 

The extensive mountains and plateaus of the Pakaraima 

mass are but sparsely inhabited by a few tribes of Aboriginal 

Indians whose villages are widely scattered over various parts 

and connected one with the other by rough and narrow tracks. 

The Imataka Mountains. 

The main range of the Imataka mountains is situated in 
Venezuela and forms the watershed between the southern 
tributaries of the lower Orinoko river and the upper northern 
tributaries of the Cuyuni river. Only certain spurs of this 
range enter the north-western part of the colony where they 
spread out in hilly ranges, between the rivers of the North- 
West District, and extend beyond them as far westward as the 
lower Essequibo river. 

Of these spurs, the principal and most important is the 
westernmost one, — the others being merely offshoots, — which 
forms the watershed between the rivers on the eastern side 
flowing directly to the Atlantic Ocean, and the tributaries on 
the western side which flow to the Orinoco and Cuyuni rivers. 

The northern part of this range is somewhat semi-circular 
in shape ; commencing at the head of the Amacura river, it 
encloses the head waters of the Barima and Barama rivers 
which take their sources on it, and, as far as the source of the 
Akarabisi river, it forms a part of the western boundary of 
the colony. 

The altitude in this part of the range varies considerably ; 
at the source of the Barima river it is 950 feet, and at that of 
the Barama river 1,600 feet above the sea level, but in many 
parts it does not rise more than from 500 to 600 feet in height, 
and in the vicinity of the sources of certain of the more 
easterly, the Barama streams aud the Atha river, the range 
is broken by a swamp common to the streams on both sides. 

This spur continues to form the northern limits of the 
Cuyuni basin as it extends, with diminished height, and many 
hilly oifshoots, from the Akarabisi river eastwards to the 



u 

sources of the Waini river and its tributaries, where it bears 
the name of the Kutuari-Waparu mountains, and thence south- 
easterly to the sources of the Groete Creek on the Essequibo 
river, wliere it rises to an altitude of about 700 feet above the 
sea and forms a range called the Blue Mountains, the lower 
spurs of which extend further eastwards to the banks of the 
Essequibo and Mazaruni rivers where they terminate at Saxa- 
calli point on the former, and at the Penal Settlement on the 
latter, of these two rivers. 

All these mountains and hilly ranges are entirely forest- 
clad, and consist of archean rocks whicli are much weathered and 
decom230sed in most parts. The hilly ranges which divide the 
upper parts of the rivers and streams of the North-West Dis- 
trict are auriferous and form one of the most extensive gold 
fields in the colony. 

The Kanuku Mountains. 

The Kanuku Mountains, few of which exceed more than 
2,000 feet above sea level, are situated in the central part of 
the great savannah plain which spreads southwards from the 
foot of the Pakaraima mountains, ^vhich plain they divide into 
two nearly equal areas. 

Commencing near the Takutu river in the vicinity of the 
rapids below the Sauri-wau river, they form a chain of pictur- 
esque mountains, mostly rounded or cone-shaped and entirely 
forest-clad, which siDread out in the surrounding flat savannahs 
as they continue in a westerly direction across to the Rupununi 
river where their wooded slopes border the banks of that 
river for some miles below its tributary, the Tuluk-wau. A con- 
tinuation of this range advances eastwards to the Kwitaro, and 
forms irregular ranges of hills which progress in much the same 
direction to the Essequibo river which they cross above the 
great cataract of King "VVilliaia IV., beyond which they 
also continue as far as the mouth of the New^ River on the 
Courantyne river where they terminate. 

These mountains are uninhabited and but little explored, 
but recently the high forests with which they are clothed has 
been to some extent exploited in search of the bullet trees, 
i^Mimusoi^s globosa), the latex of which yields the substance 
known as balata. 

The Sierra-x\karai Mountains. 
The so-called Sierra- Akarai Mountains are situated along the 



15 

extreme wouthern limits of the colony. They extend from the 
source of the Essequibo to that of the Courantyne, and form the 
watershed between the head waters of these two rivers of the 
colony and those flowing southwards in the Amazon basin. 

This range which appears on the map to spread out on the 
western side of the colony and to split up into a number of 
shorter ranges, is practically unexplored. All that is known of 
the Sierra- Akarai range is from the reports of Sir Robert 
Schomburgk, who twice crossed the watershed it forms (vide 
Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of LondtDn, vol, x of 
1891) and according to his accounts the Kaiawaka mountains 
— shown on his map as situated between the upper reaches of 
the Essequibo and its last large tributary, the Camoa or Wang- 
uwai — form the highest parts of this range, having an altitude 
estimated at from 3,000 to 4,000 feet, while at the source of 
the Courantyne river he found the altitude of the watershed 
there to be only 400 feet above sea level. 

One of these ranges extends from the source of the Takutu 
river on the summit of Mount Wamuriak Tawa, 1,480 feet 
above sea level^ to Mount Win-Tawa the next adjoining high 
mountain, and thence in a series of low hills to the more eleva- 
ted parts at the source of the Essequibo river, forming together 
with the main watershed range which continues thence east- 
wards to the source of the Courantyne river, the boundary 
between the colony and Brazil. 

The branch range just described, probably includes the 
high Wassari or the Ussari Mountain of Schomburgk, which is 
situated in the vicinity of the source of the Kassi-kidju river, 
one of the upper confluents of the Essequibo river, and which 
appears to be but little wooded, the greater part being either 
bare or grass clad. With this exception the remote country 
traversed by these mountains is entirely forest- clad and being 
so difficult of access is only inhabited by a few wild Indian 
tribes living in the same primitive condition as when South 
America was first discovered. 

The Sierra- Akarai, which does not appear to be known 
to the natives by this name, forms the western extremity of 
the so-called " Tumac-Humac " range which separates the 
Guianas from Brazil, and which is now being explored by the 
Dutch, who in their last reports state that they are also un- 
known by that name to the natives. 



16 

Ranges and Mountains of Less Importance. 

Amongst the many smaller, isolated, and irregularly distri- 
buted ranges and mountains of the colony, the following may 
be noticed in the order they occur, progressing inland from the 
coast. 

The Maburima or Aruka Range 
are the nearest to the coast, from which they are distant about 
10 miles as the crow flies, and consist of several separate hills 
about 200 feet in height above sea level, which stretch from 
the head of the Aruau river in a north-easterly direction along 
the western banks of the Aruka river to the vicinity of its 
junction with the Barima river. 

The best known of these mountains is that of Issororo 
on which the Government Experimental rubber station is 
partly situated. 

About 25 miles to the south-east of this range, low hills 
occur on both banks of the Barima river at Mt. Everard and 
Mt. Terminus. 

The Arisauru Mountains 
are situated in forest country, about 85 miles inland from the 
coast, and extend from Kwopanna on the Essequibo river to 
below the Malali rapids on the Demerara river where they 
terminate at Tiger hill, their altitude being about 800 feet 
above sea level. 

The Omai Hills 
are about 15 miles to the south-west of the Arisauru range and 
are situated on the western bank of the Essequibo river. 
They take their name from that of a poisonous spider which 
the Indians consider they resemble in appearance when seen 
from the river. They are remarkable on account of the very 
rich deposit of gold discovered on certain of their hill slopes 
and valleys, and have an altitude of from 250 to 300 feet 
above sea level. 

The Yaya Mountains 
are a small range on the eastern banks of the Essequibo river 
opposite Omai, and are also auriferous in parts. 

The Benhori-Bumoko Range and Mabura Mountain 
are situated below Waraputa cataract and form an irregular 
range crossing from the Essequibo river to the Great Falls or 
" Oruru-marali " on the Demerara river. Mabura mountain — 
about midway between the two rivers — has an altitude of 



17 

about 800 feet above sea level. Over the Demerara river 
along the easterly bend below Kumaparu a series of hills on the 
right bank form a continuation of this range ; the two best 
know^n of these are Deriri hill and Mecropai hill, their respective 
altitude being 350 and 200 feet above sea level. 

Wahmarah mountain on the eastern bank of the Deme- 
rara river below the junction of the Itaburu creek, is another 
of the apparently isolated heights, and is but little known. 

The Rarawaiming or Carawaimentow Mountains 
give rise to the head waters of the Kwitaro river, an eastern 
tributary of the Rupununi river. They have been but little 
explored, buc their highest peak, according to Sir Robei't 
Schomburgk, rises about 2,500 feet above the plain, the level 
of which in this vicinity is stated by C, B. Brown in his geolo- 
gical reports to be 895 feet above sea level. 

In the hinterland savannahs between the Takutu and 
Rupununi rivers and to the south of the Kanuku mountains 
a number of small isolated ranges and hills occur. 

Proceeding southwards, the most notable of these ranges 
are the small but conspicuous mountain pile of Seriri with its 
three peculiar horn-shaped peaks, Mount Pinniyette, near the 
source of the Sauri-wau river, the small ranges of Kusad and 
Tamutan, and lastly the rounded shaped mountain of Shuna. 
To the east of these in the similar open country between the 
Rupununi and Kwitaro rivers there are similar heights such as 
Mt. Towatuwan, about 6 miles east of Dada-nawa on the Rupu- 
nuni, and further south Tomboro mountain. 

When the hinterland of the colony has been more explored 
and correctly mapped, many other small ranges and mountains 
will for a certainty be discovered^ and very probably some of the 
mountains and heights now regarded as isolated will be found 
to form the higher points of more or less continuous ranges. 

Rivers. 

The largest of the many river-systems of the colony taken 
in their order of precedence according to their size, are : — 

(1.) The Essequibo river, and its principal tributaries the 
Mazaruni, Cuyuni, Potaro, Siparuni and Rupununi. 

(2.) The Courantyne, and its tributary the New River. 

(3.) The Berbice, and its tributary the Canje. 

(4.) The Waini, and its jDrincipal tributaries the Barama, 
Imotai and Arawapai. 



18 

(5.) The Bariniaj and its principal tributaries blie Aruka, 
Kaituma, Anabisi, Whanamaparu and Whanna. 

(6.) The Demerara river. 

(7.) The Amacura river. 

All these rivers flow to the Atlantic Ocean and in addition 
the following smaller ones, viz. : — 

The Pomeroon and Moruka, in the north-western part of 
the colony, and, in the south-eastern part, the Boerasiri, 
Mahaica, Mahaicony and Abary. 

Besides these there are the Takutu river and its tributary 
the Ireng which meet together at 3.34' north latitude and form 
the south-western limits of the colony. The Takutu flows 
thence to the Rio Branco, a tjibutary flowing into the Rio 
Negro which is a confluent of the Amazon river. 

In their lower parts all the rivers which drain into the 
Atlantic Ocean are subject to tidal influence, the rise and fall 
of the tide, which at springs amount in height to about 18|- 
feet, jDroducing very strong currents in their lower reaches, 
where the waters are discoloured and muddy. 

Above the lower tidal reaches the surface of the Avater in 
the majority of these rivers and their tributaries appears more 
or less intensely black in colour, and, when smooth, reflects the 
vegetation and other objects along the banks with surprisingly 
distinct clearness ; but when examined in a glass the water has 
only a slight brownish tinge, otherwise it is quite clear and fit 
for drinking and other purposes. 

The wonderful reflection so caused forms one of the most 
charming features in the scenery of these rivers, and where 
they traverse the flatter parts, helps to relieve the otherwise 
extensive and monotonous unbroken line of forest-clad banks. 

All the larger rivers above the tidal influence are impeded 
at intervals by numerons rapids, cataracts, and falls, that render 
their navigption, — which can only be accomplished in most of 
these parts by boats — both difiicult and dangerous. Between 
these obstructions there are intervals of smooth water of vary- 
ing distances, and on one or two of the longest of these steam 
launches are run with advantage, affording an easy means of 
access to certain of the gold-fields of the interior. 

In those parts on the Essequibo river and its larger tribu- 
taries the Mazaruni, Cuyuni and Potaro, and on the Courantyne 
river, where a series of rapids and cataracts occur and obstruct 



19 

their courses, the waters of these rivers are spread out and 
form lake-like expansions often 2 or 3 miles in width, which are 
studded with innumerable islands of varying size, and masses of 
exposed rocks, many of which stand conspicuously above the 
water and sometimes assume grotesque shapes. 

Between these islands and rocks, the waters rush and swirl 
more or less violently, forming intricate channels in all direc- 
tions which vary in depth and width according to the condition 
of the seasons. 

In dry weather when the waters of the rivers are at their 
lowest, many of these rocky channels contain no water, but dur- 
ing inundations, in the rainy season, the waters rise from 25 to 
30 feet and almost entirely cover the rocky parts. 

In contrast to the Essequibo, Demerara, Berbice, and 
Courantyne rivers, all of which rivers have a general northerly 
course to the Atlantic Ocean, and also to the Mazaruni and 
Cuyuni rivers, both of which in their courses flow generally to 
the eastwards, approaching each other until they meet together 
and join the Essequibo river, — all the rivers of the North- 
Western District have a distinct and common feature in that 
each of them at first trends from the source with a general 
easterly^ then north-easterly course, and then curves round to 
an opposite direction and assumes that of a general north- 
westerly one. 

The smaller rivers in the north-eastern part of the colony 
take their rise in the slightly elevated belt of sand and clay, 
and flow thence in a northerly direction almost entirely through 
the low-lying alluvium const-lands to the ocean. Of these the 
Mahaica, Mahaicony, and Abary, are the longest and being navi- 
gable for small craft almost up to their sources, they afford an 
easy means of transport and have, therefore, attracted the atten- 
tion of a large number of East Indian, Portuguese, and other set- 
tlers, who have taken up grants of Crown land for agricultural 
purposes and established small farms along their banks. The 
Boerasirie is the smallest of the rivers which empty into the 
ocean, and beyond the limits of the sugar estates, which 
adjoin its lower parts, its water is conserved and utilized to 
supply the plantations along the western coast of Demerara. 

The two smaller rivers of the north-western portion of 
the colony are each described separately. 

In the following separate descriptions of the other rivers 



20 

of the colony, a short account is first given of their courses and 
their principal tributaries starting from their sources do>\n- 
wards, and supplemented afterwards by a few remarks on the 
points of interest to be seen in ascending them as far as they 
are navigable. 

The Essequibo River. 

The Essequiboj fche largest and longest of the rivers in the 
colony, rises in the Akarai mountains in 0*^ 4=1' north latitude 
at an elevation of about 850 feet above sea level, and flows 
thence in a north-easterly direction to its junction with the 
Kuyuwini in 2° 16' north latitude where it is about 180 yards 
in width. It then pursues a comparatively straight general 
course in a northerly direction to the Atlantic Ocean which it 
enters at the 7th parallel of north latitude, after flowing a 
distance, including windings, of over 600 miles. Its drainage 
basin, together with those of its many large tributaries, com- 
prises considerably more than half of the whole area of the 
colony. It is joined at Bartica by the Mazaruni, a tributary 
whicli is itself joined at Kartabu — 5 miles above Bartica — by 
the Cuyuni river, the combined waters of these three rivers 
forming below the junction of the Mazaruni, the estuary of the 
Essequibo, with a width of three and a half miles, which 
expands to a width of fourteen miles at the mouth, and con- 
tains three large islands — the longest about 12 miles long — 
and also many smaller ones. 

The upper course of the Essequibo river is obstructed by 
many long series of cataracts and falls and is practically un- 
navigable as far down as Murray's cataract, about 8 miles 
below King William IV cataract, the most formidable of all 
the obstructions. Thence to the rapids of Rappu and Ackra- 
mukra^ below the junction of the Kupununi river, there are 
long stretches of smooth water, only occasionally interrupted 
by small rapids. Below Ackra-mukra, the rapids of Shim- 
jumper and Kalakuri form intricate channels as far down as 
Kurukupari cataract below which a stretch of smooth water 
extends to about five miles below^ the mouth of the Siparuni 
river. Thence downwards to the foot of Waraputa cataract, 
the course of the river is obstructed by many rapids and large 
cataracts which form a maze of channels. The largest and 
most formidable of these are the falls of Itanime, Batiwa, 
Yukuribi, Saya, Akaiwatta, Habakuia, Haiowa and Waraputa. 





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Only a very few rapids occur in the river from tlie foot of 
the Waraputa fall to about mid-way between the mouth of the 
Potaro river and Omai, where the small rapids known as 
Akuru-malali, Kuratoka, and Kumaka expend across the river, 
and these are ascended by steam launches when the water in 
the river is sufficiently high. For 49 miles downwards from 
Omai the river is usually navigable for launches as far as 
Rockstone. Opposite Rockstone the river is divided into two 
channels by Gluck ^Island — nearly seven miles long — below 
which a last series of large and dangerous rapids extend 
for over six miles, the largest being those of Itaballi, Marihi, 
Taminada and Aritaka. These rapids end at a point about 20 
miles distant above Bartica, called Kumaka Serima which is the 
highest navigable point for small steamers on the lower Esse- 
quibo river upwards from the mouth. 

The largest and most notable of the tributaries of the 
Essequibo river, placed in the order they occur from its source 
downwards, are :— 

On the Western Bank — (1) The Wanguwai or Camao ; (2) 
the Kassikidju or Yuawari ; (3) the Kuyuivini ; (4) the Rupu- 
nunij and its tributary the Rewa or lUiwa ; ('S) the Siparuni, 
and its tributary the Burro-burro; (6) the Murawa; (7) the 
Mowasi ; (8) the Konawaruk ; (9) the Potaro, and its tributary 
the Kuribrong ; (10) the Omai; (11) the Mazaruni, and its 
tributaries the Cuyuni and Puruni, etc. ; (12) the Tiger Creek ; 
(13) the Groete Creek, and its tributaries the Black Creek and 
White Creek; (14) the Arrawarri ; 15) the Supenaam ; (16) 
the Ituribisi. 

On the Eastern Ba7ik — (1) The Wapuau; (2) the Mata- 
ruki ; (3) Ortuhar; (4) the Akaiwanna ; (5) the Moco-Moco ; 
(6) the Irlakaboura ; (7) the Makauria ; (8) the Bonasika. 

As will be seen, not only are the tributaries on the eastern 
bank less numerous, but they are also insignificant as compared in 
size to those on the western bank, the majority of which are large 
rivers, several of them ranking amongst the largest in the colony. 

This is to be accounted for by the close proximity to the 
Essequibo river of the rivers in the eastern part of the colony 
which in their approximately parallel courses, successively, 
according to their respective lengths, restrict the drainage area 
of the eastern basin of the Essequibo to a comparatively very 
narrow strip of country. 



22 

For over 20 miles upwards from the mouth the river is divid- 
ed into two main channels by the large and flat islands of Leguan, 
Wakenaam, and Hog Island. Fort Island, situated opposite the 
middle on the eastern side of the last mentioned island, was 
once the seat of government of the colony. On it there 
are a large, Dutch building and the remains of an old fort. 
Above Hog Island, between the smaller islands, views of the 
entire width of the rivers are obtainable. Opposite the 
mouth of the Groete Creek, the Blue Mountains may be seen 
away to the south-east rising above the forest-clad banks, the 
flat monotonous line of which is broken and relieved further 
up by the small grass-clad hilly clearings at the quarries of 
Dalli and Wolgrtr. 

At the extreme end of the estuary and admirably situated 
near the junction of the Mazaruni river, is the small and 
important settlement of Bartica, its sandy shores contrasting 
pleasantly with the dark river water. Above Bartica, the 
Essequibo river has a width of nearly two miles and contains 
many islands, its banks form many great curved bays which 
end in more or less pronounced points. 

Twelve miles above Bartica the river suddenly contracts 
to a width of about a quarter-of-a-mile forming a short and 
narrow reach called " Monkey Jump " beyond which it again 
expands to even more than its former width. 

In describing these parts Mr. im Thurn writes : " The 
'scenery was characteristic. The sheet of water some four 
' miles in length Rvd from two to three in width, was closed at 
' either end by a curve in the course of the river. The smooth 
' and lake-like water was broken in some half-dozen places by 
' projecting rocks on which there was, perhaps, a bush or two, 
' or at least some long waving grass. In one place a school 
' of white river porpoises were splashing up the water. The 
' banks framing the scene were everywhere clothed with a 
' dense mass of trees, the foliage of which passed in varied and 
' rounded curves down to the edge of the water. These trees, 
' really of enormous height, seemed but a low even-topped, far 
'extending bush." — Vide "Among the Guiana Indians," 

A railway leads across from the steamer terminus at 
Wismar on the Demerara river to Rockstone, opposite the 
lower end of Giuck island on the Essequibo river, and affords 
a safe and easy means of access to the navigable upper parts of 



23 

the Essequibo above the first series of rapids on that river. In 
the river reaches above Gluck island there are also many small 
islands and rocks, and in the dry season extensive sand-banks 
are exposed, which are all as clearly reflected by the smooth 
polished dark surface of the water as if in a mirror, and com- 
bine to enhance the river scenery. 

Near Moco-Moco point, about 19 miles above Rockstone, 
the first views are obtained of the Arisaru range the flat-topped 
portion of which rises above the surrounding forests. At 
Ararapira, Arisaru, and Akenna exposed rocks extend from the 
points so named right across the river, forming strong currents 
or " streams." 

Higher up at Kumaparu a path leads across to a point on 
the Demerara river where that river approaches nearest to 
the Essequibo river. In the westerly bend of the river above 
Kumaparu point the gold-fields situated on the western bank 
at Omai and Kumaka, are the lowest on tlie river, and in the 
same bend, at the small rapids of Kumaka, Kuratoka, and 
Akuru-malali, the river is split up into many channels by a num- 
ber of islands. 

In the driest seasons when the river-water is low, these 
rapids cannot be ascended by launclies beyond Akuru-malali 
and a short overland portage must then be made to the top of 
this rapid, above which smaller launches run to the Potaro 
river. On approaching the Potaro mouth looking up the 
longer stretches of the river, the distant mountain heights and 
plateaus of the western Pakaraima ranges may, in clear weather, 
be seen rising above and clearly oiitlined against the ele- 
vated horizon over the high masses of forest vegetation which 
everywhere line the river banks. 

The Mazaruni River. 

Of all the rivers the Mazaruni has the most singular course. 
Rising in the table lands of the IMerume mountains at an 
altitude of 2,400 feet above sea level (according to the geolo- 
gical reports of C. B. Brown) it runs eastwards for some miles, 
and then flows for some distance southwards towards the 
Ayanganna mountain ; curving thence round to the west it 
turns from its junction with the Haieka river in a north-west- 
erly direction as far as its junction with the Kamarang river, 
and thence in a northerly direction to the Piamali falls. In 
this part of its course many lofty falls occur. Thence the 



24 

course is south-easterly to the mouth of the Teboku tails in 
north latitude 5° 45' 39", where the river turns and flows to 
the north-east through comparatively level country to join the 
Essequibo river. 

Below Piamah falls bars of rock cross the river and form 
numerous series of rapids as far down as within ten miles from 
its mouth. The length of the river along its much curved 
course and many windings is not less than 345 miles. 

Of the many tributaries flowing into the Mazaruni river, 
the largest and best known taken in their order downwards, 
are : — ■ 

On the Right Bank. — (1) The Oweang ; (2) the Nembaru; 
(3) theMiamou; (4) the Carabung ; (5) the Aping; (6) the 
Merume, whence a path leads across the semi-circular upper 
course to the Oweang ; (7) the Karamang ; (8) the Semang, the 
head waters of which approach the iCuribrong river ; (9) the 
Issano ; and (10) the Kaburi, below which the tributaries be- 
come proportionately reduced as the drainage area of this bank 
diminishes towards the junction with the Essequibo. 

On the Left Bank. — ^1) The Haieka, the sources of which 
approach those of the Ireng river ; (2) the Kukui, and its 
tributaries the Mang and the Ataro ; (3) the Kako, and its 
many tributaries, sources of which are on Mt. Roraima and 
the sandstone mountains in that vicinity ; (4) the Kamarang 
which extends to the Orinoco watershed ; (5) the Issenaro ; (6) 
the Putareng ; (7) the Wenapu or Enachu ; (8) the Morabisi ; (9) 
the Puruni, and its tributary the Kartuni ; (10) the Takutu ; 
and (11) the Tupuru. 

At its junction with the Essequibo river the Mazaruni is 
about a mile in width, above which it decreases to about 
half-a-mile opposite the Penal Settlement, beyond which it 
widens again to nearly its previous width at the junction of the 
Cuyuni river. The innumerable islands in its lower courses 
form a maze of channels many of which are obstructed by 
numerous rapids and cataracts. 

Amongst the largest of these are the Marshall, Kester- 
brake, Mapituri, Warimambo, Crab Fall, Maripa, Popikai, 
Tupeku, Parawakas, Kaburi, Haiowa, Makari and Itaki. At 
Kaburi there is a portage for boats, and a Government Station 
is situated on the right bank of the river at Itaki, about seven 
miles below the mouth of the Puruni river. From Turesi Fall as 




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far as Teboku Fall there are long reaches of unbroken water 
along which, in the vicinity of Morabisci river, a series of hills, 
each topping the other, begin to appear over the forest as the 
river is ascended. 

At Teboku, the river suddenly contracts from over half a 
mile in width to a narrow channel of about 100 yards between 
steep hills which slope right down to the water. In several of 
the reaches extending northwards above Tiboku, the remark- 
able peak called Banakari can be seen rising conspicuously, and 
in the westerly reaches further above the high forest-clad 
Merume mountains and table lands appear away in the distance 
to the westwards. On these mountains, here and there the 
bare rocky surface of a cliff is exposed, on one of which a fine 
silvery thread reflects the sunshine and marks the descent of a 
high waterfall. 

For several days journey up the river above this point, 
fine views of these mountains are obtainable, sometimes in 
front, or on the right or left, and sometimes behind according 
to the course of the river. Other less conspicuous mountains 
are also to be seen in this part of the Mazaruni river, which, 
next to the Potaro river, affords some of the most beautiful 
river scenery in the colony. 

At Enachu, Serinamu, and San San Kopai on the left bank 
of the river^ paths lead to the diamondiferous areas and work- 
ings in the vicinity of its tributary the Putareng river. At the 
Isenaro river, about a mile-and-a-half above the mouth of the 
Miamou, near the beginning of the sandstone formation on 
the northern bank, the highest and last of the auriferous areas 
on the river are known by the name of Haimaraka, and have 
yielded large and rich returns of gold. Beyond this point the 
upper Mazaruni has been but little explored. 

The largest of the many waterfalls in its upper courses are 
those of Piamah, Aruwai, Sericoeng, and Chi-Chi, which are 
described by C. B. Brown in his Geological Report on this river 
dated 1873. 

The Cuyuni River. 

The Cuyuni river rises in Venezuelan territory through 
which it flows for a considerable distance before entering the 
colony in latitude 6° 42' 41" north and longitude 61° 08' 
west, at which point it is joined by its tributary the Wenamu, 
and whence it continues with a general easterly course in 



26 

which several large bends occur as far as the Tinamu Fall, 
where it turns and pursues a south-easterly direction to its 
junction at Kartabu point, with the Mazaruni river. 

It traverses a hilly, but comp-iratively low part of the 
country, but its course of about 246 miles, measured along 
the curves aad bends within the colony, is nevertheless 
obstructed by numerous rapids and many cataracts which form 
seriouib impediments to its navigation. 

The largest and most important of the tributaries of the 
Cuyuni within the colony following the river downwards, are — 

On the Southern Bank. — (1.) The Wenamu ; (2) the Eke- 
reku ; (3) the Urluowra ; (4) the Koamo or Comang ; (5) the 
Otomung; (6) the Waiamu ; (7) Quartzstone Creek; (8) the 
Arimu, and lastly (9) the Oko, situated about midway between 
the top of the first rapids and Arawak-Matope. 

On the Northern Bank. — (1) The Akarabisi ; (2) the 
Takutu ; (3) the Wapai; (4j the Iroma ; (5) the Kopang; (6) 
the Kutuau ; (7) the Tupuru ; (8) the Mariwa, and lastly (9) the 
Ecrebisi which enters opposite to the Oko. 

For five miles above its mouth the Cuyuni river is naviga- 
ble for launches to the foot of the first series of large rapids 
and cataracts where the tide ends, and which obstruct its 
course for over three miles upwards ; to avoid the dangerous 
navigation of these rapids, the Karaaria road has been con- 
structed along the northern bank of the river, as far as they 
extend. The largest rapids of this series are those of Akaio, 
Tuwarong, Matope, Arikabusa-Mama and Kamaria. 

The smooth stretch of river above them is navigable for 
launches up to where it ends at the foot of the cataract of 
Arrawak-Matope, which is situated about nineteen miles from 
the mouth of the river, and where there is a portage over 
which boats can be easily hauled to the top of tlie cataract. 

A Government Station with a Warden in charge is located 
on the right bank of the river just below the Arrawak-Matope 
cataract, in the vicinity of which paths lead inland to most of 
the important gold-bearing areas which are now being worked 
on the Cuyuni river. 

Just above Arrawak-Matope are the three rapids of 
Simeri, Mutosse, and Takkarri, all on the southern side of the 
river which is here divided into two channels for some eight 
miles upward, first by many small islands, and then by the 



27 

single large one of Swarima. Nearly opposite the middle of 
this island the Arimu creek enters the river. Up the Arimu 
creek, about two miles from its mouth, there is a low fall near 
which there are depots and shops which supply provisions to 
the gold-diggers by paths leading thence to the gold-diggings. 

Immediately above the mouth of the Arimu creek is the 
small rapid of Maritout, the last of the series in the channels on 
this side of the river, and in the channel on the opposite or 
norch-eastern side of Swarima island, the series of small rapids 
known as the Ariwa or Mariwa end. Just above the upper end 
of Swarima island a small rapid known as " Stop-ofF" extends 
right across the river. Above " Stop-ofF" there is placid water 
again to the foot of the Tinamu Fall, which is situated about 33 
miles from the mouth of the river. To surmount this fall a 
shore portage is usually used. About three miles above Tinamu 
fall the river narrows to about 300 yards in width at Tagina 
point, and in the next three miles above Tagina point, it 
gradually expands until it becomes nearly a mile in width ac 
the Paiyuka rapids. At Quartzstone landing on the right 
bank, about 51 miles from the mouth of the river, there are 
depdts and shops from which paths lead in to the Waiamu and 
Quartz Stone gold placers. In the southerly bend about 12 
miles above Quartz Stone and near to each other, are the small 
rapids of Popekai and Topekai, and about three miles above 
them, the Mopay rapid, between which rapid and the mouth of 
the Waiamu creek, the large Kopang creek enters the river on 
its western bank. From the Waiamu landing and depots about 
two miles below the mouth of the Waiamu creek, and about 72 
miles from the mouth of the river, paths also lead to the placers 
already mentioned on the southern side of the Cuyuni river. 
About four and a half miles above the Waiamu landing and near 
the end of the Waikuri hills, the *' St. John's" landing and gold 
placers are situated on the southern bank and are the last and 
highest to be met on the river. At about six miles above St. 
John's landing, the smooth course of this part of the river is 
interrupted by the Waikuri rapids, and also at seven miles 
above these rapids where the Akaiwong or Wakupang fall 
extends between several small islands right across the river. 
Above Akaiwong there is a placid stretch of river, broken only 
by a few very small rapids in the vicinity of the Anaripia 
Itabu, extending for nearly nineteen miles, as far as the 



28 

Peinkamarika rapids. About two miles above Peinkamarika 
the most formidable " Devil's Hole'" series of rapids commence 
and extend for over three miles upwards where they terminate 
in the Arramarri or "Devil's Hole" fall, situated about 125 
miles from the mouth of the river. At Devil's Hole there is a 
portage on a small island near the southern bank of the river. 
Abo re " Devil's Hole," the highest of the rapids and cataracts 
which occur at varying intervals across the course of the river 
as far as it extends in the colony, are : — 

(1) the Amamuri series of rapids; (2) the Kanaima itabu 
rapids and Kanaima fall ; (3) the small Makapa rapids ; and 
lastly (4) the Ohnopi, and Eterinbang cataracts, the last men- 
tioned being about four miles below the mouth of Wenamu 
river. 

The northern bank of that portion of the Cuyuni river 
which extends for a distance of about seventy-three miles from 
the mouth of its tributary the Akarabisi, (situated about 173 
miles above the mouth of the river) to opposite the junction of 
its tributary the Wenamu river, forms, together with the courses 
of these tributaries as far as each of their sources, a part of 
the vyestern boundary between the colony and Venezuela. 

The Potaro River. 

The Potaro may be called a river of great waterfalls, and 
its wonderfully diversified and beautiful scenery far surpasses 
that of any river in Guiana. 

It is said to take its rise on the Ayanganna mountain 
situated in the vicinit} to the east of the meridian of 60° and 
between the parallels of 5° 20' and 5° 25' of north latitude. 

From its source the river first flows in a south-easterly 
direction to the Makwaietuk fall, the top of which is elevated 
about 1,900 feet above sea level, and beyond which the river 
is unexplored. From this fall the Potaro river has a southerly 
course as far as the junction of the Kopinang river just below 
which the two long sloping falls of latuk and Aruataima occur 
in it, their combined height being about 420 feet. After 
descending these falls the river curves round to the eastwards 
for a distance of about six miles below them, where it is 
joined by its tributary, the Arnick. Below the Arnick, the 
river assumes a general northerly direction in which it flows 
smoothly with a very sinuous course along the foot of a higher 
plateau on its western side, and on the top of an elevated table- 



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land, about 1,200 feet above sea level, as far as the Kaieteur fall, 
where in its descent of nearly 800 feet from tliis table-land, 
at about 60 miles upwards along its course from the Essequibo 
river, it forms the most beautiful and largest of all the water- 
falls of the colony. 

Between the Kaieteur fall and the mouth of the Kuribrong 
river, the Potaro river pursues a general north-easterly course, 
which is varied with several rounded curves. For about four 
miles from the foot of the Kaieteur fall, the river consists of a 
series of cataracts which terminate at Tukeit, and below Tukeit 
its course is interrupted in three different places, at varying 
intervals apart. The first of these obstructions is formed by 
the Waratuk or Kuyarituk cataract, about five miles below 
Tukeit, the next by the Amatuk fall, and the last by the 
Pakatuk falls and Cobanatuk series of I'apids which obstruct 
the river in the vicinity just above the junction of its tributary 
the Kuribrong. Below the junction of the Kuribrong the 
Potaro river finally changes its course to tliat of a general 
easterly one, and fourteen miles below this point it is traversed 
by the large cataract of Tumatumari beyond which the river 
continues, with a width of about 250 yards, for a distance of 
ten miles where it eventually enters the Esse({uibo at a point 
about 130 miles along the course upwards from the mouth of 
that river. 

In its downward course tlie principal tributaries of the 
Potaro river are ; — 

On ilie Left Bank of iha River. — (1) The Wure-mure ; (2) 
the Uevvang; (3) the Kuribrong river, which is said to have 
its source near that of the Potaro, and which in its descent 
from the same taVjle-land as the Kaieteur fall forms, at Amailah, 
a partly sloping but very nearly as high a waterfall as that 
one. 

On the liight Bank of the River, — (1) The Kopinang river; 
(2) the Chesnapowu ; (3) the Arnick ; (4) the Amakwa ; (5) 
the Maniparu ; (6j tlie Mahdia and (7) the Tiger Creek. 

At Tumatumari, to the foot of which cataract launches 
ascend from the Essequibo river, the Warden of the district 
has liis quarters and otlice, and there are also other buildings 
connected with the gcjld industry scattered along the southern 
bank of the river, near the portage which leads to the top 
of the fall, above which smaller launches are run to the Potaro 



30 

landing 11 miles above, where a waggon road commences and 
extends southwards to the Potaro-Konawaruk gold-fields. 

The four formidable Pakatuk falls above the Cobanatuk 
rapids must be portaged by boats in ascending the river, and 
their top, which is about 29 miles up from the mouth of the 
river, can be reached by a path from the Potaro Road. 

At Amatuk, a fall of over 30 feet in height and about 
42 miles up from the mouth of the river, there is a portage of 
about 440 yards on the northern side. Between Amatuk and 
Tukiet, about 7 miles above the former fall, the otherwise 
smooth river is broken by the Waratuk or Kuyarituk cataract. 

Just below Tukiet cataract, beyond which boats cannot 
proceed^ a j^ath leads up the very steep forest-clad slope on 
the left bank of the river to the top of the Kaieteur plateau, 
and over the top of the plateau to the smooth water nearly a 
mile above the top of the Kaieteur fall where the river is again 
navigable for boats as far as the next set of falls at Aruataima. 

The Amatuk fall marks the commencement of the sand- 
stone formations through which the Kaieteur gorge extends 
for about 16 miles as the crow flies in a south-westerly 
direction, and gradually narrows in width until it terminates 
at the Kaieteur fall in a complete amphitheatre with cliff-like 
walls of 800 feet in height. 

Magnificent views of the sometimes bare or partly forest- 
clad sandstone cliffs rising over 1,000 feet are to be had in the 
curved reaches of the river within the gorge, in describing the 
scenery of which in his book "Amongst the Indians of Guiana," 
Sir Kverard im Thurn writes : — " It was at Amatoo (Amatuk 
" that is, on first entering the Kaieteur ravine, that we 
" reached the most beautiful scenery of that beautiful river. 
" If the whole valley of the Potaro is fairy-land, then the 
" Kaieteur ravine, is the penetralia of fairy-land." 

The perpendicular height of the Kaieteur fall is 741 feet, or 
nearly five times the height of Niagara. The width varies from 350 
feet in the dry season to 400 feet in the rainy season and the depth 
of water passing over similarly ranges from a few feet to 20 feet. 

The river, even in very dry seasons, has a depth of 35 feet 
about a quarter of a mile above the fall. The face of the fall 
is composed of sandstone with a capping of harder conglome- 
I'ate beneath which the falling waters have by their back splash 
scooped out a cave-shaped hollow. 



Frontispiece,'] 



Plate 1. 




KAIETEUR FALL, 

POTARO RIVER, ESSEQUIBO, BRITISH GUIANA. 

The perpendicular heigiit of the fall is 741 feet, or nearly five times the height 
of Nia°-ara. The ^viclth varies from 350 feet in the dry season to 400 feet m the 
rainy season, and the depth of water passing over similarly ranges from a few 
feet to 20 feet. The river, even in very dry season, has a depth ot Sb feet 
about a quarter of a mile above the fall. The face of the fall is composed ot 
sandstone with a capping of harder conglomerate. 



31 

From the pool at the foot of the fall the water rushes 
violently to fall again and again over a series of many large 
cataracts which succeed each other and extend at intervals 
right down to Tukeit. 

On his first visit to this fall during the dry season in 
October, 1878, 8ir Everard im Thurn (the author last quoted) 
thus describes it : — 

"Crossing the savannah we soon reached the Kaieteur 
" cUff. Lying at full length on the ground, head over the edge 
'' of the clifif, I gazed down. 

" Then, and only then, the splendid and, in the most 
" solemn sense of the word, awful beauty of the Kaieteur 
" burst upon me. Seven hundred and fifty feet below, encircled 
" by black boulders lay a great jwol into which the column 
" of white water, graceful as a ceaseless flight of innumerable 
" rockets, thundered from my side. Behind the fall through 
"the thinnest parts of the veil of foam and mist, the great 
" black cavern made the white of the water look yet more white. 

" My first sensations were of a terrible and undefined fear. 
" Those who visit the fall will understand this. When some of 
" the men hurled down one of the big Bromeliads, the act 
" seemed to cause me unbearable pain; I had as soon have 
" hurled myself over as have allowed a repetition of the act just 
" then. Gradually, however, these painful feelings gave way to 
'' others of intense wondering delight ; and the whole scene, the 
" gigantic weird fall, the dark and slippery places below, the 
'' grass-covered rocks at the gate of the amphitheatre, and 
" beyond that the bright and thickly wooded valley of the 
" winding river visible for many miles, were revealed never 
" to be forgotten," 

In his next visit to the fall in March, 1879, when the river 
was in flood, at the end of a rainy season, he again writes the 
following description from the same place. — 

" It w^as a very different scene from the last time. Then 
" it was beautiful and tenible ; but now it was something 
" which it is useless to try to describe. Then a narrow river, 
" not a third of its present width, fell over the cliff in a 
" column of white water and was brought into startling promi- 
" nence by the darkness of the great cave behind, and this 
" column of water before it reached the small black-pool 
" below had narrowed to a point. Now an indescribable 



32 

*' almost inconceivable — vast curtain of water — I can find no 
" other phrase — (some 400 feet in width) rolled over the top of 
" the eliif, retaining its full width until it crashed into the 
*' boiling water of the pool, which filled the whole space below; 
" and at the surface of this pool itself only the outer cave was 
" visible, for the greater part was beaten and hurled up in a 
" great high mass of surf and spray." 

To this the writer must add the beautiful rainbow effects 
around the fall which enhance the scene on a fine day when the 
sun shines brightly and is fairly high in the heavens. 

The Rupununi River. 

The Rupununi River rises in the hilly country about 
30 miles to the west of the Karawaimeng mountains, in 
which its tributary the Rewa or Illiwa and the Kwitaro, a 
branch of the Illiwa, both take their rise. 

From its source the Rupununi follows an irregular norther- 
ly course as far as the Mora creek where it turns sharply and 
continues with a sinuous course in an easterly direction until it 
joins the Essequibo river in latitude 4° 2' 52'' north and longi- 
tude 58° 33' 53" west. 

During the rainy season it gives access to the elevated 
hinterland grass-clad plains or savannahs, but in the height of 
the dry seasons the river becomes very shallow, its course 
being impeded by many sand-banks. During this time it can 
only be ascended with great difiiculty and much loss of time and 
sometimes not at all. 

Its uppermost part flows between isolated mountains in 
partly forest-clad and partly savannah country as far down as 
Dada-nawa in the vicinity of its tributary the Arakwai. 

Opposite Dada-nawa boats can be portaged across the flat 
savannah to the upper reaches of the Sauri-wau river by which, 
and in this way, the Takutu river can be reached from Dada- 
nawa in three days. 

Below Dada-nawa the Rupununi river flows through mostly 
flat but sometimes undulating savannah country over which ex- 
tensive views can be obtained, embracing many of the Kanuku 
mountains and other isolated ones. The banks become steep 
and wooded as the Kanuku mountains are approached, between 
ranges of which the Rupununi river flows for some miles, and 
continues wooded between these ranges and below them as far 
duwu as the Cliowid or Urua rapid, which forms the last of the 



:5:; 

tiumerous rapids that obstruct its upper course above this 
point. 

In the vicinity of the Chowid rapid, large sand banks fill 
former channels of the river and in some parts they form small 
islands covered Avitli dense thickets of bush and prickly 
palms. 

Further down, on approaching Yupukarri — where there is 
a Macusi Indian village whence paths lead to the Indian vil- 
lages on the Takutu river and northwards as far as those in the 
vicinity of Mt. Iloraima — savannah again occurs, and the banks 
are flat and low, being often fringed with low bushes and 
sometimes inundated. 

The surrounding country between Yupukarri and Annai is 
mostly open savannah with isolated wooded patches scattered 
here and there. 

Below Yupukarri the vegetation bordering the river con- 
sists of low trees, prickly palms and a variety of bamboo armed 
with sharp thorns called " rappu." During the rainy season, the 
banks on tliese lower parts are almost completely inundated. 

Numerous large ponds and inlets occur and form a con- 
spicuous feature in the river along these lower parts, and in 
some of them the Victoria Regia lily flourishes. 

In the lower reaches, looking northwards, hne views are to 
be obtained of tlie grass-clad and partially wooded Makarapan 
mountains, around which the river circles in short reaches. 

About 22 miles from its mouth the Rupununi river is 
joined by its largest tributary the Illiwa or Riwa, and thence 
to its junction with the Essequibo river it has a width of about 
200 yards. 

The principal tributaries met in descending are : — 

On the left Tianh.—'{\) The Makadud; (2) the Kamika- 
riba;(3) the Morui-Wau ; (4) the Mapuru; (5) the Atawa; (6) 
the AAvarri-kuru itabu and river ; (7) the Benoni ; (8) the Mora ; 
and (9/ the Kwatamang. 

On the Right Bank— {I) The Bakurua ; (2) the Awarra- 
wau ; (3) the Waipopo ; (i) the Arrakwai ; (5) the Kati-wau or 
Sand creek; (6) the Mapari ; (7) the Urua or Chowid; (8) the 
Kuratoka ; (9) 'the Simoni; (10) the Kurawash ; (11) the Tumu- 
lau, Flearmush or Bat creek; (12) the Rewa or Illiwa river 
with its tributary the Kwitaro river ; and (13) the Makapa inlet 
and creek. 



u 

The Smaller Rivers of the Kssequibo River System. 

Of the smaller tributaries of the Essequibo river, the fol- 
lowing may be noticed here : — 

(1.) — The Siparuni River is situated between the Potaro 
and Rupununi rivers and enters on the western bank of the 
Essequibo river about 170 miles upward from its mouth. 

The Siparuni takes its sources on a mountain range of the 
Pakaraima group, to the westward of its mouth and in the 
vicinity of the head-waters of the Arnick, a tributary of the 
Potaro river, and has a very curved course. 

About 6 miles up from the Essequibo river, the Siparuni 
river is joined on the southern side by a river nearly as large as 
the Siparuni itself, called the Burro-burro, the head-waters of 
which approach the Rupununi river in the vicinity of its tribu- 
tary the Mora, at the easterly bend of that river. 

The navigation of both the Siparuni and Burro-burro 
rivers is much impeded by the many rapids and cataracts which 
occur along both of their courses, and they are only used by 
balata-collectors to obtain access to the bullet-tree forests of 
this part of the colony. 

(2.) — The Konaivaruk River has its sources on the eastern 
side of an off-shoot range of the Pakaraima mountains which 
rises about 15 miles to the eastwards of the Kaieteur fall on the 
Potaro, to an altitude of about 2,500 feet above sea level. 

From its source the river takes a general north-easterly 
course to the Essequibo river which it joins about four miles 
above the mouth of the Potaro river. 

It is navigable for boats and gives access to the gold-fields 
situated on both sides of its banks, but like all the inland rivers 
of the colony, it has many rapids and cataracts along its course 
which render its ascent both troublesome and tedious. 

About two miles from its mouth a high bar of rock, about 
40 feet high when the river is dry, extends across the river and 
forms a fall called " TemjDle Bar" to the top of which boats 
must be portaged overland. At the top of this fall small islands 
divide the river into several channels. 

Above " Temple Bar" the names of the rapids or falls that 
have to be negotiated in ascending the river, together with 
their approximate distances in miles from the mouth of 
the river, as given in figures in the brackets after each 
of their names, are: — Tacuba falls (7); Long fall (12) j 



35 

South fall (14), and the beginning of Itabu fall and inlands 
(17), beyond which the river is uninterrupted and navigable 
for some miles above " Two Mouth," about 26 miles up from 
its mouth, where the river divides into two branches nearly 
if not equal in size to each other. 

In the vicinity of " Jordan's landing," about four miles 
below " Two Mouth, " paths lead to the placers on both banks 
of the river and also from a point about 4 miles up the northern 
branch above " Two Mouth." 

Dredging operations for gold are now being carried on 
in the lower river reaches above Temple-bar. 

The Groete Creek is a small tributary which rises on the 
Blue mountains and flows through the forest-clad country on 
the western bank of the estuary of the Essequibo, into which it 
falls about 14 miles below Bartica. It is of importance for 
on its two tributaries, the Black Creek and the White 
Creek, both of which enter it near each other on the right 
bank, about 5 miles up from its mouth, the nearest gold-fields 
to the coast are situated. 

Tlie Siopenaam river takes its rise near the source of the 
Pomeroon river on the range of hills which forms the northern 
limits of the basin of the lower Cuyuni river. It has a very 
sinuous course of about 35 miles in length as the crow flies, 
and flows in an east-north-east direction through the forest- 
clad country, situated between the Pomeroon river and the 
Lower Cuyuni river, and to the westward of the estuary of the 
Essequibo, into which it falls at a point on the western side 
opposite the middle of the island of Wakenaam. The Supe- 
naam river is of importance as it furnishes a ready means 
of access to the forests of the locality in which it is situated. 

The P'liruni river. — Of the many tributaries of the Maza- 
runi river, the Puruni river is at present the most important on 
account of the gold-bearing areas now being worked in the 
country on both sides of it, and to which it affords access. 

It rises in that portion of the Pakaraima mountains which 
extend easterly between the Cuyuni and Mazaruni rivers in 
the vicinity to the west of the meridian of 60° west longitude, 
and has an easterly course down to a point about four miles 
above its tributary the Mara-Mara, where it turns and con- 
tinues with many bends in a general south-south-east direction 
to the Mazaruni river. 



3(i 

Above Mara-Mara at the Paiyuka cataract it is joined by 
the Kartuni river the head waters of which rise from the same 
mountains to the northward of the source of the main river, 
and about five miles south of the Amamuri rajDids on the 
Cuyuni river. 

The Puriari river is another large tributary which has its 
sources near those of the Arimu river on the Cuyuni and flows 
thence with a southerly course, to a point about three miles 
above the mouth of the Puruni river which it enters on the 
left bank. 

In ascending the Puruni river its comparatively narrow 
width between the tall forest which continuously lines its 
banks prevents any possibility of a view of the surrounding 
country being obtained from the river. It is only on certain 
reaches that the tops of two or three hills can be seen, and 
the scenery, therefore, is very monotonous. 

In the lower reaches of the river above the mouth of the 
Puriai'i river, three large rapids called Thomas fall, Long 
fall, and Stop fall are met at varying distances apart, the 
last being about 20 miles up from the mouth. Above these 
the river is clear of farther obstruction to beyond Mara-mara. 

At the following four landings, where paths lead from the 
river to the gold-workings, buildings and shops are erected, 
viz. : — 

(1) Taparu landing, about 9 miles up on the right bank; 
(2) "Jackass" landing on the left bank about 26 miles up ; (3) 
Peters' Mine landing on the right bank about 35 miles up ; and (4) 
Mara-Mara landing on the left bank about 41 miles up from 
the mouth of the river. 

A road leads from Kartabu Point at the junction of the 
Cuyuni and Mazaruni rivers to th:' Peters' Mine on the right 
bank of the Puruni river which is there crossed by a bridge 
over 200 feet in length. 

The Courantyxe River. 

The Courantyne river, which ranks second in size amongst 
the rivers of the colony, and forms the eastern boundary be- 
tween it and Dutch Guiana, rises in 1° 48' 30" north latitude 
about 140 miles to the east of the Essequiho river, the water- 
shed which separates its head-waters from those of the rivers 
flowing to the Amazon system being only about 400 feet above 
the sea level. 



37 

From the source it flows in a north-north-westerly direc- 
tion approaching the Essequibo river to within a distance of 
from 25 to 30 miles near the 4th parallel of north latitude, 
thence it has a north-north-easterly course to the Atlantic 
Ocean into which it discharges its waters by an estuary about 
seven miles wide and containing many islands. 

The upper courses of the Courantyne river are traversed 
at intervals by numerous rapids and many large cataracts as 
far down as Timehri rock in latitude 4° 40' north — so called 
from the ancient heiroglyphic or picture writings engraved on 
its surface — below which the river is navigable for sailing craft 
and the smaller river steamers. 

The three largest series of cataracts which occur on the 
river are, King Frederick William the IV cataract, just below 
the mouth of the New River in latitude 3° 30' north, Aritapu 
or Lord Stanley's cataract, in latitude 3° 59' 16" north, and 
the great cataracts of Mawari Wonotobo, in latitude 4° 21' 30" 
north which extend over five miles in length and at the top of 
which the river is about 900 yards wide. 

The principal of the few large tributaries of the Couran- 
tyne river, from its source downward, are : — 

On the Western Bank or in the Colony — (1) The Aramatau 
nearest the source ; (2) the New River, the sources of which 
approach the head-waters of the Essequibo. 

On the Eastern Banh in Dutch Guiana, the Nickerie river 
enters at the mouth of the Courantyneriver. 

From the sugar estates of Springlands and Skeldon near 
the mouth, the river banks on the British side are low-lying 
and occupied by small farms as far up as Orealla, about 52 
miles from the mouth, where sand-hills about 60 feet high 
occur and extend southwards as far up as Epera, about 
35 miles above Orealla, as measured around the almost com- 
plete circle which the course of the river describes to the east- 
ward of these two places, but which, as the crow flies, are only 
11 miles apart. Both at Orealla and Epera there are Indian 
reserves and missions. 

Beyond Epera the river is uninhabited except perhaps in 
the highest parts and only traversed by boats as far up as the 
mouth of the New River in certain seasons by the balata 
collectors. 



38 

The Berbice River. ' 

The source of the Berbice river has not as yet been deter- 
mined but it is i3robably situated In the vicinity of the 3rd 
parallel of north latitude, about midway between the Couran- 
tyne river and the Essequibo river. 

It may be said to have a general course thence in a north- 
by-west direction as far down as Yowanna cliffs at the mouth 
of the Yuwakuri creek, about two miles above which the first 
rocks on the river appear, whence it changes its course which fol- 
lows a general north-north-east direction to the Atlantic Ocean. 

At its mouth the Berbice river is divided into two channels 
by Crab Island, the width there being about three miles from 
bank to bank. Its tortuous course, through the alluvial coast 
lands and the sand and clay belt, is navigable by shipping craft 
and steamers for a longer distance up than that of any of the 
other rivers of the colony, the steamer terminus being nearly 
opposite the mouth of the Ituni creek and just above that of 
the Wikky creek, about 88 miles up from the mouth of the 
river. 

Beyond this point in the dry seasons the river becomes 
very shallow, its bed being filled by many broad and extensive 
sand banks, but during the rainy seasons its course is uninter- 
rupted as far up as the first rapids at Marlissa, about 165 
miles from the mouth, Boats can proceed beyond these 
rapids without having to be portaged, for about five miles 
more to the foot of the Itabru cataract in 4 ° 49' north lati- 
tude. Between Itabru cataract and the Christmas falls, in 4° 
4r° 45" north latitude, the river channels are obstructed by 
many masses and ledges of rock which form a series of rapids 
and low cataracts. 

Above these two falls the river runs at an altitude of 
about 175 feet above sea-level with a sluggish current, the 
banks being more or less flat and swampy, and in the narrow 
upper parts elevated about 200 feet above sea level, its 
course is much impeded by " tacubas" or fallen trees. 

Below Itabru, as far down as Yowanna cliffs, and in its 
highest parts above the Christmas falls, the many inlets and 
lake-like ponds or lagoons into which the river expands at its 
bends on both banks, form a striking feature of the upper 
Berbioe river. In some of these inlets on the uppermost 
river reaches, the now famous and largest of lilies, the 



39 

Victoria Regia, grows luxuriantly, and it was in certain of the 
uppermost of these inlets that this lily was first discovered by 
Sir Robert Schomburgk. 

The largest of the many tibutaries of the Berbice river 
taken downards, are : — 

On the Left Bank— {I) The Yuwakuri. (2) the Ituni, (3) 
the Wironi, and (4) the Abary Itabu, which connects with the 
head waters of the Abary river. 

On the Right Banh.—{\) The Kuruduni, (2) the Wikki, 
and (3) the Canje Creek or River. 

Commercially, the Berbice river ranks second in im- 
portance amongst the rivers of the colony, as it also has a 
sufficient depth of water to admit of large vessels visiting the 
port and chief town of the County of Berbice, New Amster- 
dam, which is well laid out on the eastern bank of the river 
about five miles from its mouth, and about a mile above the 
junction of the Canje creek. Opposite New Amsterdam, on 
the western bank of the river, there is the railway terminus of 
Rosignol, and the large sugar plantation of Blairmont, beyond 
which a public road extends for four miles up the river. Along 
the eastern bank a public road extends about 10 miles above 
New Amsterdam, and the banks, for over five miles above the 
town are occupied by sugar plantations. There is also a 
solitary one at Mara about 25 miles up the river. Otherwise 
the low-lying banks of the lower Berbice river, clothed with low 
trees and bordered along their muddy slopes by Moco-Moco 
(Caladeum Arboreum) and bush, continue unbroken on both 
sides as far up as Bartica and are but sparsely cultivated. At 
Bartica, about 46 miles up on the eastern bank of the river, where 
the land is raised about 15 feet above the water, the forest gives 
way to an open grass-clad stretch of " savannah" which com- 
mences there and extends nearly as far as the ruins of the old 
Dutch fort and town of Nassau, the former capital of Berbice, 
about four miles above Bartica. Grass-clad downs or savan- 
nahs also occur between the Wironi and Ituni rivers or creeks, 
behind the fringe of forest which borders the river. About a 
mile below Marlissa rapids there is a pretty cascade on the 
Iduriwaddi creek, and at the Marlissa rapids the surface of 
some of the larger granite rocks are carved with old picture 
writings somewhat similar to those at Timehri on the Cour- 
antyne, and at Waraputa on the Essequibo river. 



40 

From Itabru, as far up as the Cliristmas Falls, the river 
flows along the eastern base of a flat-tojDped sandstone range, 
which rises at no great distance from it, with mural precipices 
in parts, to an altitude of from 800 to 900 feet above sea level. 

The Canje Creek or River. — Is the largest of all the tribu- 
taries of the Berbice river between wliich and the Courantyne 
river it takes its source about 15 miles to the westward of 
Orealla on the latter river, and flows with a tortuous course in 
a general northerly direction entirely through the low sand and 
clay, and alluvial belts, to its junction with the Berbice river. 

About 8 miles up from the mouth of the Canje creek, canals 
situated on the eastern bank supply fresh water to, and also pro- 
vide an easy means of transportation from, the " Creek " to the 
sugar estates of Albion and Port Mourant on the Courantyne 
Coast. 

The Canje creek is navigable for small steamers or vessels 
as far up as the junction of its tributary, the Ikuruwa creek, on 
its right bank about 51 miles from the mouth, and like its 
parent, the Berbice river, its banks as far as and beyond this 
point are low, fringed with moco-moco and bush, and clothed 
with forest in which a number of small clearings show where 
the land is cultivated or occupied. 

About 12 miles above the Ikuruwa mouth the forest-clad 
banks are broken on the western side by several miles of open 
grass-clad country, and also in certain parts of the higher 
reaches by the long but comparatively narrow stretches of 
savannah country which extend on both sides above this point 
behind the strips of forests which border the river banks, right 
up to its course. 

The Ikuruwa creek, which is the largest of the tributaries 
of the Canje, forms a small lake or lagoon near its source and 
about 10 miles to the east of the main river. 

The Waixi and Bahama Rivers. 

The position of the source of the Waini river has not as 
yet been definitely determined, but it may be said to take its 
rise in the vicinity where the meridian of 59*^ 30' of west longi- 
tude crosses the comparatively low range \^hich extends from 
the Imataca mountains and forms the northern limits of the 
Cuyuni basin. 

The uppermost course of the river has a general north- 
jiorth-easterly direction as far down as its small tributary the 



41 

Cuyarow, where it curves round and continues westwards to 
the junction of the Barama river. Thence the river takes a 
general northerly course downwards to the Luri creek, about 39 
miles up from the mouth, and below that tributary it finally 
flows to the Atlantic Ocean in an approximately west-north- 
westerly direction and more or less parallel to the coast-line, 
between which a narrow strip of land extends and gradually 
diminishes to a point at the mouth of the river. 

Throughout its whole course it flows entirely through 
forest-clad country. 

A little above the junction of the Imotai river, a huge dyke 
of granite, about 200 yards in width, crosses the Waini river and 
forms the Kasatu or " Canister" falls which are about 20 feet 
high. 

Hills approach the river in its course below these falls, at 
many places. During the dry season the river becomes very 
shallow and its course is much impeded by rocks as far down as 
the head of the tide, at Anapari, where the banks are elevated 
a foot or two above the river. 

Above the junction of the Barama river the left bank of 
the Waini river attains an elevation of 15 feet above the highest 
tide, and extends eastwardly and southwardly as a level table- 
land {vide page 36 of Brown and Sawkins' Geological Reports 
from which these details are extracted.) 

The Waini river has a width of about two miles at the 
mouth, and from the mouth it is navigable for steamers for a 
distance of about 53 miles upwards, as far as the junction of 
the Barama river. 

The Mora passage forms a deep and navigable water-way, 
about 7 miles in length, on the southern side of the Waini 
river about three miles from its mouth, through which steamers 
can pass into the Barima river at Morawhanna. 

Rocks first appear in the river at the small island, known 
as Granite island about a mile below the mouth of the Bara- 
manni river or creek, which enters the river about 53 miles 
from its mouth. Rocks again occur in the river between 
three or four miles above Granite island. 

The nearest high land to the coast on the Waini river is 
situated on its eastern bank, about a mile below the junction of 
the Barama river, and consists of some low detached hills. The 
highest of these hills is the solitary one known as " Hill Rise," 



42 

which rises conspicuously above the others and attains a height 
of 65 feet above the river. At " Hill Rise " a steam saw mill 
has been erected. Below these hills, the banks on both sides 
of the Waini river are flat and swampy, and subject to inun- 
dation at high tides which seldom carries the salt water beyond 
50 miles from the mouth, and the few patches of cultivation 
scattered along these lower parts have to be empoldered or 
protected by dams to prevent them from being flooded. 

The upper reaches of the river are to some extent navigated 
by boats, when the water is sufiiciently high, to explore the gold 
areas situated thereon, and to collect balata from the extensive 
forests of this part of the colony. 

The principal tributaries which join the Waini river taken 
downwards along its course, are : — 

On the Left Bank. — (1) The Imotai ; (2) the Barama river ; 
(3) the Morebo through which water ways connect with the 
Barima river and admit of boats passing to that river ; and (4) 
the Mora passage already described. 

On the Right Bank. — (l)The Arawapai, the nearest to the 
source of the Waini; (2) the Baramanni, \vbich affords in its 
upper parts access to the Maruka river ; and (3) the Luri which 
has its source near the sea. 

The Barama River. 

The largest of the many sources of the Barama river is 
situated where the parallel of 7'' 14' of north latitude crosses 
the spur of the Imataca mountains which forms the watershed 
between the Cuyuni basin and the rivers of the North West 
District of the colony. 

From its main source, about 800 feet above sea-level, the 
first waters of the Barama river descend in a long sloping 
water fall to the lower levels of the surrounding country. Thence 
the river has a general easterly and tortuous course, in 
which several large curves occur, as far down as Kokerite 
where it approaches nearest to the Imotai river, one of the head 
tributaries of ihe Waini river. Below Kokerite it suddenly 
curves round with many twists and turns in a northerly direction 
as far as the Wori or Huri creek, and continues thence with an 
east-north-easterly course to its junction with the Waini river. 

The Barama river throughout its whole course flows entirely 
through forest-clad country, and its banks as far up from the 
mouth as the Wori creek, where the tide ends, are flat and swampy. 



43 

Above the Wori creek, the banks rise for a couple of feet 
or more above the ordinary level of the river and it is onl}^ at 
long intervals apart that the hills approach the river sides. 

The Towakaima fall, situated a little to the east of the 
meridian of 60° west longitude, is about 15 feet high and forms 
the first large obstruction to the navigation of the river. Small 
launches are run during the rainy season, when there is suffi- 
cient water in the river, as far up as the foot of this fall around 
which there is a portage on the right bank of the river. 

On the opposite side of the river to the portage, the 
Barima-Barama road passes through the Mazawini and Takutu 
gold-fields and continues, for a distance of about 29 miles, to 
Arakaka on the Barima river. 

About ten miles above the Towakaima fall and just above 
the mouth of the Aunama river, the Aunama fall forms a low 
barrier across the river. From the mouth of the Aunama 
river on the southern bank of the Barama river, paths lead to 
the gold-bearing areas now being worked, between that river 
and the Cuyuni river. 

In tlie uppermost parts above the Aunama fall, the Barama 
river splits up into a number of more or less large branches 
which take their rise on the same watershed range on which its 
principal source is situated, and which flow through country con- 
sisting of small ranges of hills with intervening large swamps. 

The gold-fields on the Mazawini and Takutu creeks may 
also be reached by paths from Mazawini landing on the left bank 
of the river, about 5 miles below the Towakaima fall as the 
crow flies. Below Mazawini there are " landings" from which 
paths lead to other gold workings on the Barama river, viz. : — 
at lanna near the Aramanta creek on the right bank ; at 
the mouth of the Taki creek on the left bank ; at Kokerite on 
the right bank where the river turns northward, and from 
which place there is a path to the Imotai, a tributary of the 
Waini river; and lastly at the mouth of the Wori or Huri 
creek on the left bank of the river. 

The Barama river is subject to sudden floods, but in the 
height of the dry season it becomes very shallow in places and 
is much obstructed by fallen trees or " tacubas. " In the 
upper parts the mora trees (Dimorphandra Mora) which line 
the banks and are nearly two hundred feet in height, frequently 
fall right across the river. 



44 

The largest and best known of the many tributaries of the 
Barama river, from its upper parts do\^ nwards are ; — 

On the Left Bank. — (1) The Mazawini, (2) the Takutu, 
(3) the Morabaikuru, (4) the Yeatunna, (5) the Taki, and (6) 
the Wori or Huri, (7) the Anaturi, (8) the Wibrack, (9) the 
Karrowabanna. 

On the Bight Bank. — (1) The Massowah, (2) the Aunama, 
(3) the Nusaina, (4) the Arawini, (5) the Aramanta, (6) the 
Waikara^bi, (7) the Epiai. 

The Barima River. 

The source of the Barima river is situated in latitude 
7^ 28' 24'' north and longitude 60^ 41' 31" west, at an altitude 
of 950 feet above sea level on the watershed range of the 
Imataca mountains which forms a part of the western boundary 
of the colony. 

From its source the Barima river descends the steep moun- 
tain slopes in a series of waterfalls, and from the foot of these 
mountains, its sinuous course follows a general easterly direc- 
tion as far as its tributary the Koriabo, about 116 miles up- 
wards from the mouth, whence its course is approximately a 
north-north-easterly one to a point about 8 miles below the 
Maruiwa creek, and about 80 miles above its mouth, where the 
river curves round to the north-west in w^hich direction it con- 
tinues for about 10 miles before it finally pursues an ap- 
proximately west-north-westerly course to the Atlantic ocean. 
Measured along its winding course, the Barima river has a 
length of not less than 240 miles. 

At the mouth of the M'ururuma creek on its southern bank 
about five loiles below Morawhanna, and about 48 miles from 
its mouth, the Barima river leaves the colony and flows through 
Venezuelan territory. 

Starting downwards from its source the largest and most 
important of the many tributaries of the Barima river, are : — 

On the Bight Bank. — (1) The Kaliaku, (2) the Rocky 
river, (3) the Five Star Creek, (4) the Whanna river, (5) the 
Arawatta, (6) the Arakakaparu, (7) the Arakaka, (8) the 
Maniparu, (9) the Koriabo, and (10) the Maruiwa, which con- 
nects with the Sabaina and gives access for boats to the Waini 
river -yift its tributary the Morebo, (11) the Mora passage, a 
water way connecting the Barima.and Waini rivers and naviga- 
ble for steamers, 



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45 



On the Left Bank. — (1) The Whanamaparu river, (2) 
the Morowasinda creek, (3) the 8ebi or Sibai creek, (4) the 
Anabisi river, (5) the Kaituma river, (6) the Aruka river, and 
(7) the Mururuma, which forms part of the western boundary of 
the colony. 

An interesting feature of the river is the Mora passage, 
(described on page Jf.!) by which steamers reach the Barima 
river via the Waini river. 

The settlement of Morawhanna is situated just above the 
junction of the Mora passage, on the right bank of the Barima 
river, and aVjout 52 miles up from its mouth ; opposite Mora- 
whanna on the same bank of the river is the Government 
Agency where the Government Agent of the North West 
District resides. 

As far up as Mount Everard, the river banks are low, 
swampy, and subject to inundation, being below the level of 
high tides. The influence of the tide does not extend beyond a 
few miles Vjelow Koriabo, and the salt water never reaches any 
part of the river within the colony. 

From the steamer terminus at Mount Everard, about 42 
miles above Morawhanna, the Barima river is navigable for the 
greater part of the year as far up as the foot of the Mekorerusa 
fallS; the first that occur on the river and about 116 miles above 
Morawhanna. 

Launches ascend the river regularly from Mount Everard 
to Arakaka, a distance of about 67 miles, except at certain 
periods during the dry season when the upper parts of the river 
become too shallow to permit of them proceeding further than 
Koriabo, about 22 miles above Mount Everard, and on these 
occasions the river above Koriabo is only accessible by boats. 

The settlement of Arakaka, situated at the mouth of the 
Arakaka creek on the southern bank of the river, about 109 
miles above Morawhanna, is the centre of the principal gold- 
bearing area of the North West District. The Warden of the 
district is stationed at this settlement where there are also a 
police station, hotel, shops and other buildings. The Barima- 
Barama road commences at Arakaka and forms a good cart road 
which traverses the rich Arakaka gold-fields for about five 
miles beyond which point it forms a good foot-path leading to 
the Mazawini gold-fields and the Barama river, where it termi- 
nates at the Towakaima falls. 



46 

At Mekorerusa fall, there is a good portage for boats on the 
southern bank. Above this fall the upper part of the Barima 
river is much impeded by rapids and cataracts which occur at 
varying intervals along its course, the largest being those of the 
Harrison fall or " Hell's gate," about four miles below the 
mouth of the " Five Star" Creek, and the Baramba fall about 
two miles above the mouth of the Bocky river. 

Smaller gold-digging settlements or landings are situated 
along the right bank on this part of the Barima river at 
Arawatta, " Five Star " landing, and Jimbo landing^ at dis- 
tances of about 17 miles, 35 miles, and 40 miles respectively, 
above the Mekorerusa fall. 

The Kaituma Bive?' is the largest of the tributaries of the 
Barima river, and from its head-waters in the hilly country 
between the Amacura head and the Whanamaparu, a tributary 
of the upper Barima river, its course is more or less parallel 
to that of the Barima river as far down as a point about 10 
miles above its mouth, below which point it continues in a 
northerly direction, with an average width of about 75 yards, 
and joins the Barima river about 10 miles above Morawhanna. 

The tide ends about a mile or two above a point about 38 
miles from its mouth, where^ on the riglit bank, there is a path 
leading across to Arakaka on the Barima river, and up to 
this path the Kaituma river is navigable for small launches, 
its width there being about 60 feet. 

Below this point the river flows entirely through low-lying 
country, and its flat and swampy banks are subject to inunda- 
tion at high tides. 

On the left bank of the river, about 24 miles from its 
mouth, an "itabu" or w^aterway connects it with the Aruka river, 
through wdiich small boats may pass at high- tide. 

Above the point where the Arakaka path commences, the 
river splits up into many more or less small channels or " itabus" 
nearly as far up as the foot of the first falls which occur about 
ten milf^s above that point. In this upper part, the river be- 
comes very shallow and is so obstructed by fallen trees that 
except in flood, it can only be ascended by boats wdth great 
difficulty and loss of time. 

The largest tributaries of the Kaituma river are :— 

On its Left Bank, the Sibai creek, about 28 miles from the 
mouth of the river, and. 




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On its Right Bank the Anabisi, which enters the river 
almost opposite the mouth of the Gravel creek and about 27 
miles from its mouth. In its upper parts the Anabisi creek 
flows through long stretches of swampy or "floating savan- 
nahs." 

The Aruka River takes second place amongst the tributa- 
ries of the Barima river, on the left bank of which it enters 
about five miles above Morawhanna. It is situated in the low 
alluvial country to the north and west of the lower part of the 
Kaituma river, and its general course is approximately parallel 
to that of the lower course of that river. 

The Aruka is almost entirely a tidal river, its low, flat, and 
swampy banks, being inundated at high tides, except at a few 
places in its upper parts above the mouth of its tributary the 
Aruau, where low sand hills or reefs, about 30 feet high, 
approach the river banks at two or three places. 

In the vicinity of its tributary the Tssororo creek, which 
enters the river on the left bank, about 8 miles from its 
mouth, the Kaituma river approaches quite near to the foot of 
the Maburima or Aruka range of hills which extend down- 
wards along its western bank from below the Aran creek, and 
in sight of which range it continues to flow for a distance of 
about five miles below Issororo. 

x^lmost opposite to the Issororo creek, and a few miles 
distant on the right bank, there is the solitary hill of Hioaina. 

The Aruka river is navigable for small launches up to the 
mouth of its tributary the Kwara creek, about 16 miles above 
its junction with the Aruau creek, at which point it is about 
100 feet wide, and where it divides into two streams, each 
about 60 feet in width. Of these two streams, the one turning 
to the southwards is the Kwara creek which is connected 
by an " itabu" or waterway with the Kaituma river. 

The two largest tributaries of the Aruka river aie both 
situated on its left bank, the higher being the Aruau, which 
enters about 20 miles up from the mouth of the river, and near 
the head of which there is a portage for boats over three-quar- 
ters of a mile long leading to the head of the Yarikita creek, by 
using whif?h boats are taken into the Amakura river, and the 
lower the Koriabo, which enters about 10 miles from the mouth 
of the river, and the upper part of which is connected by an 
"itabu" with the Aruau. 



48 

Below the Government Rubber Experimental Station at 
the Issororo creek, the low banks of the Aruka river are to a 
considerable extent cultivated. 

The Demeeara River, 

The head waters of the Demerara river are situated about 
midway between the Essequibo and Berbice rivers and take 
their rise in latitude about 4^^ 38' north, on the small range 
known as the Maccari mountains. 

Throughout its entire length of over 200 miles including 
its numerous bends, from its head waters to the Atlantic 
ocean, the Demerara river has a general northerly course to the 
east of, and approximately parallel to, that of the Essequibo 
river. 

Although commercially it is the most important and best 
known of all the rivers of the colony, yet, as compared with 
some of them, the Demerara is but a small river. As the 
greater depth at the bar admits of large vessels entering this 
river with more security and ease than is the case with any 
of the other rivers of the colony, Georgetown, the capital and 
principal port of British Guiana, has been established on the 
eastern bank at its mouth, where the river has a width of about 
three-quarters of a mile and furnishes a safe harbour for the 
many large steamers and sailing vessels which frequent the 
Port. 

The Demerara continues to be a sutBciently deep river as 
to be navigable for smaller sea-going steamers for about 80 
miles upwards from its mouth, where, about three miles above 
Akaima hill, sand-banks occur and form shallows in the river. 
Sailing vessels such as barks or brigs, etc , can be towed as 
far up the river as this point to load timber, large supplies of 
which have for many j^ears been obtained and exported from 
the valuable forest country through which the river flows. 

Wismar on the left bank, about 65 miles up the river from 
Georgetown, is the terminus of the colonial steamers which 
ascend the Demerara river daily. From Wismar a railway 
runs across to Rockstone, above the first rapids on the Esse- 
quibo river. 

Above Wismar, small launches run regularly twice a week 
to the foot of the Malali rapids, about 104 miles from George- 
town, and where the influence of the tide ends. 



49 

The Malali rapids, which form the first obstructions to the 
navigation of the ri^ver, may be considered as the dividing point 
between the lower and upper parts of the Demerara river. 

They consist of a number of small rapid??, irregularly distri- 
buted over a distance of 2f miles around the loop -shaped course 
which the river takes where they occur. There is a difference of 
9 feet in level between the top and foot of the series, and across 
the neck of land between these two points, on the right bank of 
the river, there is a portage or road about | of a mile long. 

On the lower IJemerara river, for a distance of nearly 20 
miles from Georgetown, the low and flat lands on both sides of 
the river are extensively cultivated, and there are several sugar 
plantations on both banks, the two furthest up the river being 
Plantation Diamond, the largest in the colony, situated on the 
right bank of the river, about 8 miles up from Georgetown, and 
Plantation Wales almost opposite it on the other bank. 

Public roads extend from Georgetown along and near the 
river for distances of 9 miles up on the eastern bank, and 13 
miles up on the western bank. 

Of the three islands which the river contains and which 
are situated between 15 and 22 miles upwards from its mouth, 
at varying distances apart, the middle and smallest, known as 
2 or Borsselen island, is of interest as on it in 1753 the first 
capital of Demerara was laid out. 

The flat forest-clad lands bordering the river, form low 
banks, the monotonous lines of which are broken only at a few 
places where sand hills approach the river. These lands, which 
extend for a distance of 77 miles upwards from Georgetown, were 
granted, before the English took possession of the colony, to pri- 
vate individuals, and are but indiflerently cultivated in small 
patches here and there along the river banks. 

The " Sand hills" approach the river on its left bank 
above the mouth of tho Kamuni Creek, and about 28 miles 
above Georgetown, in the shape of sand cliffs which do not 
exceed 70 feet in height above the sea. 

At " Dora," on the right bank, about three miles above 
the " Sand hills," and at Berlin, about 36 miles from Georgetown 
on the left bank, sloping hills of sand rise to a height of about 
60 feet above the river. At the Indian mission of Dalgin, about 
53 miles up the river from Georgetown, the hills rise higher, 
and above this mission in the vicinity of Wismar and Chris- 



50 

tianburg, the country becomes hilly. Other hills rise directly 
from the banks at Akaima, and also at Muritaro, about 84 miles 
up the river from Georgetov^n, where the river is but slightly 
affected by the tides. Above Muritaro the river scenery becomes 
more diversified with hilly ranges and numerous rocks. 

Seba hill, which rises about 18 feet above the river on the 
eastern bank, about 91 miles from Georgetown, was once the 
official residence of the post-holder of Demerara. 

In one of the Journals of " Timheri" (once published 
locally by the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society) the 
Editor, Mr. J. J. Quelch, B.Sc, succinctly describes this part 
of the river as follows : — 

" The features presented by the lower portions of the river, 
" as in the tidal waters of the colony generally, are extremely 
" monotonous, the slightly elevated tracts along the banks, such 
" as those at the Sand hills, Dora, and Three Friends (or Akaima) 
" where more or less abrupt clearings are met with, affording 
" quite a pleasing contrast with the general character. As one 
" travels on, the elevated tracts become more numerous rising 
" in some places into hills, and the aspect of the country is 
" correspondingly more pleasing, while some charming little 
*' spots, the site of small settlements, delight the eye." 

The ujDper part of the river above the Malali rapids, is 
again navigable for small launches as far up as " Kanaima-pu." 

About two miles above Kanaima-pu, and about 138 miles 
up the river from Georgetown, are the small Kumaparu 
rapids, above which rapids the course of the Demerara river 
approaches, at the end of a westerly bend, nearest to that of the 
Essequibo river with which river it is connected on its left bank 
by the Kumaparu path. 

About 8 miles above the Kumaparu path, the " Oruru 
Marali " or Great Falls form the principal barrier to the navi- 
gation of the river Demerara. 

These falls are about 35 feet in height, and the path which 
leads on the eastern bank from below to above the falls is used 
as a portage for boats. 

The " Oruru Marali " falls are very beautiful and have 
been thus described : — 

"The water is seen to come tearing and dashing down 
" through two main channels, forming a green islet in the 
*' centre, and on either side of these are two smaller channels 



51 

" down which the water also pours itself over huge rocks and 
" boulders, which are seen projecting themselves here and 
" there above the surging mass. The banks on each side rise 
" sharply into forest-covered hills which form a picturesque 
" framing for the foaming cataracts and rocky islands." 

Above the Great falls the river is again navigable for 
boats to the foot of the " Canister fall" where the river divides 
into two streams. The banks along this uppermost part are 
low and clayey, and the whole country becomes swampy, the 
forest growth being of the kind characteristic of such regions. 

The largest tributaries of the Demerara river, and the 
appoximate distances from its mouth at which they enter it, 
are : — 

On The Right Bank.— {1) The Itaburro, at 167 miles; 
(2) the Kuruabaru, at 126 miles ; (3) the Kamakabra, at 124 
miles ; (4) the Wainibisi, at 82 miles ; (5) the Kumaro, at 55 
miles ; (6) the Kaieruni, at 49 miles ; (7) the Hawraruni, at 24 
miles; (8) the Madewini, at 22 miles. 

On The Left Bank. — (1) The Manabadeen, at 93 miles j 
(2) the Wineperu, at 82 miles ; (3) the Tenabu, at 48 miles (4) 
the Kuliserabo, at 41 miles ; (5) the Haiama, at 28 miles ; and 
(6) the Kamuni, and its tributaries the Waratilla and Pokoraero, 
at 23 miles. 

Almost all these tributaries afford access to, and are used 
by wood-cutters as a means of transportation of timber from, 
the high and extensive forests which clothe the country on 
both sides of the river. 

The Amacura River. 

The head of the Amacura river is situated in latitude 
V 49' north and longitude 60° 21' 53" west on the watershed 
spur of the Imataca mountains. 

From its head, the river has a north-easterly course of 
about 47 miles, including bends, to the mouth of its tributary 
the Haiowa in latitude 8° 13' 04" north, and longitude 59° 56' 
39" west, and its course as far down as this point forms part of 
the western boundary of the colony with Venezuela. 

Below the mouth of the Haiowa creek the Amacura river 
flows entirely through Venezuelan territory, and has a north- 
westerly course of about 43 miles to the Atlantic Ocean which 
it enters near the eastern side of the delta of the Orinoco river. 

The Amacura river is navigable for steam launches as far 



52 

up as " La Lancha" about 62 miles from its mouth, where the 
river is about 75 feet wide. 

Beyond " La Lancha" the water runs with a very strong 
current and the river splits up at certain places into several 
narrow channels or " itabus," overhung by branches projecting 
from the forest which covers their banks and also those of the 
river throughout its whole course. These upper parts can only 
be ascended by boats. At San Victor, about 70 miles from the 
mouth, a ledge of gneissose granite forms a fall about 10 feet 
hiefh riffht across the river to surmount which boats must be 
portaged a short distance on a small island near the right bank. 

About four miles above " San Victor," the river is again 
obstructed by large rocks, on either side of which its divided 
waters descend in two small cataracts, and about a mile beyond 
these cataracts the long series of falls known as Juanita form a 
barrier to the further navigation of the river. 

At the foot of the Juanita falls, there are paths through 
the forests on both sides of the river, leading to its source and 
across to the Kaituma river. 

Above Juanita, the narrow course of the river is inter- 
rupted by several small cataracts and rapids, and further above 
at "La Horquita" the river is joined on the left bank by a tri- 
butary nearly as long as the main stream itself and known as the 
«« Pulvo de Oro." 

The largest tributaries of the Amacura river within the 
colony are — - 

(1) The Huyubaka, a little above San Victor : (2) the 
Yabahobaka, at La Lancha ; and (.3) the Yarekita, about 69 
miles up from the mouth of the Amacura, opposite the 
junction of which the river is about 40 yards wide. 

At the head of the Yarikita creek there is a portage 
nearly a mile in length, over which boats are transported to 
the head of the Aruau, a tributary of the Aruka river which 
flows to the Barima river. 

The Pomeroon River. 

The Pomeroon river drains that portion of the colony lying 
between the Essequibo river and the upper Waini river. 

It takes its rise in the hilly range which forms the north- 
ern watershed of the lower Cuyuni river, somewhere between 
the sources of the Tmotai and Supenaam rivers, and flows 
thence with a general north-easterly course to a point about 



53 

20 miles upwards from its mouth, and about five miles distant 
from the coast line, where the river changes its course and con- 
tinues in a north-westerly direction at a gradually diminishing 
distance from the coast-line to the Atlantic Ocean, into which it 
empties its waters about four miles to the south-east of the 
mouth of the Moruka river. 

The low Hat alluvial lands which form the banks of the 
lower Pomeroon river are amongst the most fertile lands in the 
colony, and the low-lying banks formerly inundated at every 
high tide, and once overgrown with mangrove forests {Rhizo- 
phora Mangle) have now been converted into a succession 
of well drained and flourishing agricultural farms extending 
almost as far up the river as Macassema, about 34 miles 
from its mouth. 

The Pomeroon is navigable for steamers up to and beyond 
Macassema, some miles above which place the tidal influ- 
ence ends, but the salt water seldom reaches further than 
about 6 miles upwards from the mouth of the river. 

The low sloping hills at Kabakaburi mission and at 
Macassema, about a mile apart, are both situated on the 
right bank just above the mouth of the Harlipiaka creek, and 
form the first high lands met in ascending the Pomeroon river. 

On the upper parts above Macassema, other slightly 
elevated tracts approach near to the river at certain intervals, 
but the river banks for the most part continue low and swampy 
as far up as the junction of the Shiruru creek. In the vicinity 
of the Shiruru creek, the river becomes so obstructed by fallen 
trees or tacoubas as to render its navigation by boats im- 
practicable, but it may be further^ascended in corials or Indian 
dug-outs. 

The forest-clad country on both sides of the river above 
Kabakaburi and as far up as its source, has been declared an 
Indian reservation by the Government. 

Taken in their order downwards, the largest tributaries of 
the Pomeroon are : — 

On the Eight Banh. — (1) The Aranamai, above Macassema, 
and (2) the Harlipiaka, about a mile below Macassema, and about 
33 miles from the mouth of the river. 

The Harlipiaka creek, together with its tributary the 
Tapakuma, form part of an inland water-way for boats from 
the Pomeroon river to Anna Begina on the Aroabisce Coast 



54 

situated to the north of the western side of the mouth of the 
Essequibo river. A water-path or canal connects Anna Regina 
with the large fresh water reservoir known as the Tapakuma 
lake, and on the southern side of the lake there is a short 
portage to the head of the Tapakuma creek. 

On the Left Bank. — {\) The Shiruru, and its tributary 
the Imanikuaru, above Macassema, (2) the Warapana, about 2 
miles below the junction of the Harlipiaku, (3) the Akawini, 
about six and a half miles above the mouth of the river, and 
(4) the Wakapau, about two miles above the mouth of the 
Pomeroon, the upper part of which flows through stretches 
of swampy savannah and is connected by an itabu or water- 
way with the Manawarai creek, a tributary of th e Moruka river. 

There are two Police Stations on the Pomeroon river, one 
at Pickersgill opposite the mouth of the Harlipiaku creek, 
and the other at Marlborough, on the left bank, about five 
miles above the mouth of the Akawini creek, where the 
resident magistrate of the district is stationed. 

The Moruka River. 

The Moruka river is situated on the coast-lands to the 
west of the Pomeroon river and is the smallest of all the rivers 
of the colony, flowing directly to the Atlantic Ocean. 

Its chief interest lies in that it forms a continuation of 
the inland waterway route for boats by which the rivers of the 
North West District of the colony can be reached from Anna 
Regina on the Aroabisce coast via the Pomeroon river. 

From its source near the sea the Moruka river flows inland to 
a swampy savannah known as the Moruka savannah, where itabus 
or water-channelSj which are navigable for boats except in 
very dry seasons, connect the river with the head of the Bara- , 
bara creek, the waters of which flow via the Biara creek into 
the Baramanni, a tributary of the Waini river. 

From the Moruka itabus the river continues for about four 
miles in a south-easterly direction, with many twists and 
turns, through stretches of savannah which terminate in the 
vicinity of its north-easterly bend at Santa Rosa mission ; 
but its general course is approximately parallel to the coast- 
line as far down as the mouth of its tributary the Manawarai^ 
about seven miles from its mouth, whence it pursues a north- 
easterly course and enters the Atlantic Ocean about four miles 
to the north-west of the mouth of the Pomeroon river. 



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At the Roman Catholic Mission of Santa Rosa, a low hill 
of laterite rises with a gentle slope on the left bank of the 
Moruka river. From the Moriika savannah downwards low 
sand dunes approach at intervals near to the right bank of 
the river. Being slightly elevated above the swampy country 
around, they afford homesteads to the many Arrawak Indians 
who inhabit these parts. 

The last of these sand dunes occurs at the English 
mission of Waramuri, about a mile above the mouth of the 
Manawarai creek, the banks between them and those on the 
lower part of the river being swampy and clothed with the 
characteristic vegetation that prevails on the western coast- 
lands of the colony. 

The Ireng River. 

The Ireng river, so named by the Macusi Indians, is also 
called by the Wapisiana tribe " the Mahu " by which latter 
name it is better known to the settlers on the Brazilian borders 
of the colony. 

It rises in latitude 5'^ 14' 37" north, about 40 miles to 
the eastward of Mount Roraima on the watershed range of 
the Pakaraima mountains, which extends between the Maza- 
runi and Amazon river systems. Flowing thence with a 
general southerly but irregular course, it joins the Takutu 
river in^latitude 3*^ 34' north. 

Throughout its entire length the Ireng river forms a part 
of the western boundary of the colony with Brazil. 

One of the most distinctive features of the Ireng river is, 
that in descending from its elevated source about 4,000 feet 
above sea level, and also in its subsequent descents over each 
of the step-like series of the Pakaraima table-lands, it has 
eroded through these plateaus, as many as five deep and dis- 
tinct gorges, which vary from a few miles to as many as 10 
miles in length, and all of which terminate in more or less 
large waterfalls. 

The uppermost of these gorges is about 8 miles in length 
and ends at the source of the river. The next below 
is about 10 miles in length and terminates at an exceedingly 
pretty and almost perpendicular fall, about 190 feet high, 
called the Kulutuik-Wena. Following the river downwards, 
the third gorge which is less than two miles in length occurs at 
Orindouk, where the river falls over hard red sandstone terraces 



56 

in three separate perpendicular drops, having together a total 
height of about 45 feet. The fourth is a narrow gorge, 
about 150 feet wide at the upper end, eroded by the river, 
for a distance of about two miles, through the conglomerate 
and sandstone beds which form a steep escarpment on the 
southern side of the Tawaihng mountains. In their descent, 
at the head of this gorge, the waters of the river form a 
slanting waterfall 250 feet high, called the "Jigger-jump- 
over " fall. 

The lowest of the Ireng gorges extends for over 10 miles 
in length below the " Corona falls" which consist of a number 
of cataracts formed by the water rushing down a hirge rocky 
slope over huge broken blocks of rock, to a large dark pool 
below. 

The level of the river at the top of the Corona falls is 
about 500 feet above the sea, and in the rOcky gorge below, 
a series of cataracts and rapids, again occur for a distance of 
over five miles downwards. As far up as the last of these 
cataracts, situated about 75 miles upwards from its mouth, 
the river is navigable for boats. 

Below the fifth gorge, in the vicinity of the mouth of its 
tributary the Yurora, the Ireng river leaves the Pakaraima 
mountains and flows through more or less flat savannah 
country right down to its junction with the Takutu river. 

The Ireng river near its mouth is about 500 feet wide, and 
when in flood although the Takutu river certainly appears the 
larger of the two rivers, the Ireng throws a larger volume of 
water all the year round, on account of the greater rainfall which 
occurs on the Pakaraima mountains on which it has its source. 

The lower Ireng river is navigable for small steamers, 
according to weather conditions, for a distance of 25 miles or 
more upwards from its mouth, and about 10 miles above the 
mouth of its tributary the Pirara. The swampy savannah at the 
head of the Pirara bears the name of " Lake Amucu." 

Between the first cataracts met in ascending the river, and 
the foot of the Orindouk falls, which points are about 60 miles 
apart in a straight line, there is a difl'erence in altitude of about 
1,600 feet, and consequently this part of the river, with the 
exception of certain short reaches of still water, is so much 
obstructed by numerous cataracts and rapids, that it ceases to 
be navigable. 



07 

Above the Orindouk falls, the river flows at an elevation 
of nearly 2,000 feet above sea level, and has a mean width of 
about 100 yards. Although many rapids occur in these upper 
reaches, they are navigable when in flood for small boats or 
Indian corials as far up as the mouth of the Sukabi river, near 
the cataracts below the Kulatuik falls. 

Below the mouth of the Chimepir river, which is most easily 
reached b}/ a path from the Chenaf)Owu on the upper Potaro 
river, the upper Ireng flows through undulating and hilly savan- 
nah country as far down as, and for some miles below, the Orin- 
douk falls, otherwise its banks are almost entirely forest-clad. 

The principal tributaries which enter the Ireng river on 
its left bank or within the colony, are : — (1) the Tangwona- 
mong, near the source ; (2) the Kakaparu ; (3) the Sukabi river, 
below the Kulatuik fall ; (4) the Chimepir ; (5) the Turn on g, 
below the Orindouk falls; (6) the Puwa ; (7) the Kowa ; (8) 
the Echilebar, in the eastern bend below the Tawailing moun- 
tains, (9) the Karakara, near the Korona falls; (10) the 
Yurora ; and (11) the Pirara, the last two mentioned flowing 
through the savannah country on the lower river reaches. 

The Takutu River. 

The Takutu river — known to the Wapisiana Indians as 
the " Pudu-wau," — has its source on Mount Wamuriak-Tawa, 
the summit of which is elevated 1,480 feet above the sea level, 
and situated in latitude l'^ 52' 7" north, at the western ex- 
tremity of the watershed range of the Sierra Akarai mountains 
which forms the boundary with Brazil at the extreme southern 
limits of the colony. 

From Mount Wamuriak-Tawa, the Takutu riv3r has a 
general southerly course and forms part of the western boundary 
between the colony and Brazil as far down as its junction with 
the Ireng river in latitude 3'^ 34' north. At this point the 
Takutu river changes its course with a sharp curve and flows 
through Brazilian territory to join the Rio Branco, a tributary 
of the large confluent of the Amazon river called the Rio Negro, 
near the mouth of which, in longitude 60^ west, the city of 
Manaos is situated. 

Between Manaos and the Takutu river, the only obstruc- 
tion to the navigation of these large rivers is the small series of 
rapids on the Rio Branco known as the Kara-kara-hi where there 
is a portage, above which, when the water is sufliciently high, 



58 

steamers ascend the Rio Branco, and proceed up the Takutu 
river, as far as the cattle ranches situated on both sides of 
its highest navigable parts along the frontier cf the colony. 

The width of the Takutu river, jusfc below ohe junction of 
the Ireng river, varies from about 800 feet in severe rainy 
seasons to about 60 feet in very dry seasons, when the water 
becomes very shallow and is sprea,d out in pools between per- 
pendicular banks about 30 feet high. 

During ordinary rainy seasons the Takutu river is navi- 
gable for small steamers to the foot of the Dowlar-pawa 
cataracts, about two miles below the mouth of its tributary the 
Sauriwau, and opposite the western end of the Kanuku moun- 
tains. 

Above this point the river is so impeded by numerous 
cataracts and rapids as to render its further navigation by boats 
impracticable, except during extraordinary floods, when the 
river becomes so swollen that all theso obstacles are com- 
pletely covered, and the flat savannah lands on both banks are 
then inundated for long distances inwards, almost as far up the 
river as they extend. On such occasions, the current in the 
upper parts of the river runs with such intense force and 
velocity, that boats can only ascend very slowly and with very 
great efforts. 

The Takutu river is essentially a river of the plains, and 
in this respect its general aspects contrast in a marked degree 
when compared with those of its tributary the Ireng river, 
which river traverses high and mountainous country. In the 
Takutu river there are no gorges, nor are there any very high 
waterfalls, except at the source where the water decends Mt. 
Wamuriak-Tawa in a very thin stream over a precipitous mass 
of bare rock. 

Over the open, extensive, and almost flat grass-clad plains 
on the lower parts of the Takutu river, above the mouth of the 
Ireng river^ the distant Pakaraima mountains are visible, and 
with the Kanuku mountains which approach nearest to the 
river, they form an effective background to the scenery. On 
the upper parts of the river^ where the grass-clad country 
becomes undulating and hilly in places, most charming views 
are obtainable of the many isolated mountains within the 
colony, and also of the ranges of the Kai-Irite or the moun- 
tains of the Moon in Brazil. 



59 

Above the mouth of its tributary the Mili-wau, the 
banks on the upper parts of the river are bordered by a fringe 
of forest. In the vicinity below the tributaiy called the 
Wamuriak-wau where the open country ends, a vast forest 
covers the country in every direction, and extends beyond the 
source of the river away towards the Amazon river in Brazil. 

The principal tributaries of the Takutu within the colony 
as far downwards as it forms the frontier, are : — (1) The 
Wamuriak-wau, where the savannahs end ; (2) the Balalawau ; 
(3) the Madari-wau ; (4) the Dardar-wau ; (5) the Mili-wau ; (6) 
the Rha-wau ; opposite the mouth of which the river has a 
width of about 100 yards ; (7) the Kati-wau or Scabunk ; (8) 
the Sauri-wau, near the head of which boats can be portaged 
over the savannah to the Rupununi river ; (9) the Muku- 
muku j and lastly (10) the Manari-wau. 

On the Brazilian side of the frontier, about two miles above 
the mouth of the Rha-wau, the Takutu river is joined by the 
Watu-wau, a tributary nearly as large as the river itself, and 
on the right bank, in Brazil, between its mouth and the junction 
of the Ireng river, it is joined by the Cotinga or " Kwating," 
a large river which has its source on Mount Roraima. 

THE FORESTS. 

The forests of British Guiana cover about 78,500 square 
miles of country, or about six-sevenths {^) of the whole area of 
the colony. They furnish a great variety of woods unsurpassed 
both in size, durability, and beauty. 

The forest resources of the colony are at present but little 
utilized, and so far they have been exploited only for the pur- 
pose of obtaining the latex of the bullet tree (Mijnusops 
globosa), which when co-agulated forms the substance com- 
mercially known as balata, and to a lesser extent for the india- 
rubber obtained from the indigenous tree known as the 
Sapium Jenmani. 

Only certain of the more accessible parts have as yet 
been touched, to obtain a few of the better known 
woods such as the greenheart (JVectandra Rodioti), the 
Wall aba {Eperua sp,), both of which have for many years been 

Note.— In the language of the Wapisiana Indians the suffix "wau" 
denotes " a river" and the suffix " tawa" a mountain. 



60 

exported, and more recently for the crtabwood [Carapa guyanen- 
sis)y an excellent furniture wood. 

When their resources are better known, more advertised, 
and means of transportation are provided to the much larger 
forest areas in the interior parts, which are now practically 
inaccessible on account of the rapids and falls which obstruct! 
the navigation of the rivers at varying distances from the 
coast, these vast and valuable forests will then form one of 
the largest assets in the wealth of the colony. 
The Savannah Lands. 

There are two distinct areas of savannah lands in the 
colony viz : — 

(1) Th3 Coast Land Savannahs situated on the more or 
less low-lying sand and clay belt and on the alluvial coast lands. 
Amongst these are included the slightly elevated country covered 
in parts with scrub and low bushes locally called " moories;" 
also the swampy or so called " floating" savannahs which 
during the greater part of the year are inundated and form 
lagoons the surfaces of which are covered with a high growth of 
coarse grasses and sedges, and 

(2) The Elevated Hinterland Savannahs, which include 
the grass-clad mountains. 

These two savannah areas are separated from each other 
by extensive intervening forests, and taken together they 
occupy about 11,700 square miles of country, or approxi- 
mately one-seventh (4^) of the whole area of the colony. 

On both these savannah areas, in the low^est marshy jDlaces 
the aeta palm [Mauritia flexuosa) is to be found growingin small 
scattered groups or in large jDatches or groves, and the many 
streams which water the savannah are in most cases bordered 
with a narrow fringe of woodlands. 

The Coast Savannahs. 

The savannahs situated in the North West District, occur 
only in isolated patches, or in stretches along certain of the 
creeks wdthin the surrounding forest clad country. Similar 
isolated, but slightly larger areas, are situated near the coast 
between the Moruka river and the western banks of the Esse- 
quibo estuary, where they do not extend much further south than 
beyond the Supenaam creek. It is in the eastern part of the 
colony that by far the most extensive areas of these savannah 
lands are situated, and where, in the country between the 



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Demerara and the Essequibo rivers, they extend between the 
forests to their furthest limits at a distance of about 130 miles 
inland from the coast. 

The coast land savannahs may be sub-divided into two parts 
of nearly equal areas (1) Those situated on the low flat alluvium 
coast lands which are swampy in parts and mostly fertile, and 
(2) those extending inland between the rivers to the east of 
the Essequibo river and forming somewhat elevated and undu- 
lating sand downs, which are njt at all fertile. Taken together 
they embrace about 5,800 square miles of country. 
The Hinterland Savannahs. 

The elevated savannahs of the colony are situated entirely 
in the western portion of the hinterland, and taken together 
they comprise an area of about 5,900 square miles, included in 
which are the many isolated patches of open grass-clad country 
which occur on the Pakaraima mountains. 

It is in the south-western parts of the colony, to the east- 
Avard of the Ireng and Takutu rivers and to the southward of 
the Pakaraima ranges, that by far the most extensive areas of 
these savannahs are to be found. 

The straight line which forms the boundary of the colony 
with Venezuela on the Pakaraima mountains cuts off, where it 
crosses the upper Kamarang river, a very small triangular- 
shaped portion from the expansive savannahs lands, elevated 
over 3,000 feet above the sea, which are mostly situated in 
Venezuela, where they extend along the foot of the high 
mountains on this part of the frontier, in a south-easterly 
direction to beyond the southern base of Mount Roraima. 
The small portion of this elevated open country, which falls 
within the colony is only about 120 square miles in area and 
terminates at the great falls on the Kamarang and Utshi 
rivers. 

The next considerable stretch of savannah is that situated 
on the eastern side of the Ireng river, which commences in the 
vicinity of the Chimepir river, and extends thence for a distance 
of over 50 miles in a south-easterly direction, to a few miles 
beyond the Echilebar river, where it gives way to an inter- 
vening but comparatively narrow arm of forest, Avhich projects 
from the forest-clad country on the eastern side of it, right 
across to the Brazilian frontier on the Ireng river. 

From the southern edge of this forest in the vicinity 



62 

of the Kara-kara river, a tributary of the Ireng river, a yet 
lai'ger expanse of savannah land extends southwards within the 
elevated basin of the Ireng river, to the foot of the Pakaraima 
mountains. 

The various areas of hinterland savannahs which have so far 
been described being all situated on the Pakaraima table-lands 
and heights, their undulating surfaces are consequently greatly 
diversified by numerous hills and gullies and also by many 
mountain ridges and correspondingly deep valleys. 

We now come to the movst extensive of the hinterland 
savannahs, which stretch from the southern base of the 
Pakaraima mountains southwards to within about six miles 
from the sources of the Takutu river, and from that river and 
the lower parts of its tributary the Ireng river, eastwards 
beyond the Rupununi river, to the western limits of the vast 
forest, which commences at varying distances westwards from 
the Kwitaro and Rewa rivers, and completely covers the whole 
of the south-eastern parts of the colony. 

This great expanse of open grass-clad country is inter- 
sected in its middle parts by the forest-clad range of the 
Kanuku mountains, between which range and the Pakaraima 
mountains the country forms a level plain, its flatness being 
interrupted only in certain parts, by a series of depressions 
usually containing water, and called by the Wapisiana Indians 
" Bowiyus." 

As viewed from the southern heights of the Pakaraima 
ranges, this verdant plain resembles a great green placid sea, 
over which about 45 miles distant and outlined in a delicate 
cobalt blue, the Kanuku mountains are visible and have the 
exact appearance of some far distant coast-line. The whole scene 
impresses the observer with the idea, that at some remote time 
this level part of the hinterland savannahs formed the bed 
of a large lake, and it may be that this suggestive scene 
gave rise to the legend of the mythical Lake Parima 
or Eldorado, the site of which was curiously enough placed 
just in this part of Guiana. 

To the south of the Kanuku mountains the savannah 
country is at first more or less undulating but in the more 
southerly part it rises in low successive hilly ridges between 
the many streams by which it is watered. The many short 
mountain ranges and solitary hills, all more or less forest-clad, 



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63 

which are scattered about the various parts of this most 
southerly stretch of the hinterland savannahs, form a 
characteristic feature which puts a finishing touch to the 
charming scenery in this part of the colony. 

In their reports to the Government on the geology 
of British Guiana published in 1875, the geologists in 
describing the extensive southern hinterland savannahs, thus 
picture them : " The scenery is truly beautiful. No park 

"in the world could exceed its natural beauty " "The 

** horizon is bounded by mountains at greater or less dis- 
" tances from west to north with trees forming a group, or a 
" lone tree here and there with a long belt at the base of a 
" mountain, in varied tints of bright and olive green. Blue 

" mountains cap one another until lost in the atmosphere, " 

*' the views from the savannahs, have a beauty and singularity 
" of their own, and it stirs one with a sense of boundless 
" freedom to stand upon a knoll midst one, and view the grassy 
" plain melting gradually as it were into the atmosphere." 

These grass-clad plains, in their less hilly and level parts, 
afford excellent grazing for cattle and already support over 
5,000 head mostly distributed in the vicinity on both sides of 
the upper Rupununi, and between that river and the frontier 
with Brazil. 

Although it is a recognized fact that these savannah lands are 
not sufficiently fertile for cultivation, yet there are many suitable 
spots on them, as for instance at Dadanawa on the Rupununi 
river, and certain others along the Takutu river, where, by 
ploughing the land, crops of cassava and other provisions can 
be raised in sufficient quantities for the requirements of a large 
number of settlers whose principal occupation would be that of 
herdsmen. 

The slopes of the smaller mountain ranges and solitary 
hills distributed over these savannahs are also capable of being 
Cultivated with advantage. 

THE COUNTIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES & SETTLEiAIENTS. 

Counties. 

British Guiana is divided longitudinally into the three 

counties of Essequibo, Berbice and Demerara. Each of these 

counties, before the British occupation, formed a separate 

golony named after the particular river along both banks of 



64 

which the earliest European settlements were founded. Their 
areas are therefore to a considerable extent proportionate to 
the lengths of the respective rivers along both sides of wljich 
they extend. 

Of the three counties, the westerly one of Essequibo is 
by far the largest. It includes the North West District con- 
taining about 8,000 square miles, and together with it, this 
county covers about three-fourths (f ) of the whole surface of 
the colony, being about 67,500 square miles in area. 

It occupies about three-fifths of the entire sea-board of 
the colony, along which it extends from the western limits at 
Punta Playa in latitude 8*^ 33' 22" north, and longitude 
59*^ 59' 48-5" west, to the Boerasirie creek, a distance of 
about 166 miles along the coast. 

In its extent inland from the coast to the southern limits 
of the colony with Brazil, the county of Essequibo comprises 
the whole of the country lying between the western boundaries 
of the colony with Venezuela and Brazil, and the eastern 
limits of the Essequibo river basin. 

The County of Berbice is the most easterly of the three 
counties of the colony. It has a sea -board of about 57 miles 
in length situated between the mouth of the Courantyne rivei 
and that of the Abary creek. Inland from the coast the 
county of Berbice extends right up to the southern borders of 
the colony with Brazil, being bounded on the east by 
the entire length of the Courantyne river, w^uch also forms 
the eastern boundary of the colony with Dutch Guiana, and 
on the west by the Abary creek up to its source, thence 
by the watershed between the Demerara and Berbice 
rivers, to the source of the Demerara river thence by 
the watershed between the Essequibo and Berbice rivers to 
the source of the Berbice river, and thence finally by the water- 
shed between the Essequibo and Courantyne rivers to its 
terminal point on the southern boundary between the colony 
and Brazil. 

Within these boundaries it embraces an area of about 
17,900 square miles or approximately one-fifth (i) of the whole 
of the area of the colony. 

The County of Demerara^ although the smallest of the 
three counties, is the most important, for in addition to being 
the most cultivated and populous, it contains the capital 






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and principal port of the colony. Being, therefore, the best 
known county, its name of Demerara is often but erroneously 
used to designate the whole colony of British Guiana. 

Situated between the westerly county of Essequebo and the 
easterly one of Berbice, the county of Demerara has a seaboard 
between the Boerasirie creek and the Abary creek of about 47 
miles in length. It occupies the somewhat wedge-shaped 
portion of the colony extending between the boundaries of the 
two counties on either side of it, and separates them from one 
another as far inland as the source of the Demerara river. Ifc 
embraces the entire basin of the Demerara river, also the 
country extending on both sides of this basin as far as the 
sources of the two creeks or rivers which form its boundaries 
on the coast-lands, and encloses an area of about 4,800 
square miles, being a little less than one-quarter (^) of the 
size of the county of Berbice. Taken together, these two 
counties occupy about one-quarter of the whole surface of the 
colony. 

Towns. 

There are only two towns in British Guiana, detailed 
descriptions of which are to be found in another chapter of 
this book. (Vide also Rivers.) 

Georgetown, the principal port and capital of the colony, 
has a good harbour and is situated at the mouth of the 
Demerara river on its eastern bank in latitude 6° 48' 48'' 
north, and longitude 58^^ 9' 52-5" west (at the Post Office.) 

The smaller town of New Amsterdam also affords a safe 
harbour for shipping, and is situated about five miles above 
the mouth of the Berbice river on its eastern bank in latitude 
6" 14' 59" north, and longitude 57^ 31' 03"-7 west (at the 
Public Buildings.) 

Villages and Settlements. 

Nearly all the villages and settlements of the colony are 
situated on the coast-lands, the largest and most important 
being distributed as follows, viz: — ■ 

In the Countv of Demerara. 

On the Sea Coast east of the Demerara Biver : (1) the 
Kitty; (2) Plaisance ; (3) Beterverwagting; (4) Buxton and 
Friendship; (5) Enmore ; (6) Golden Grove and Nabaclis ; (7) 
Victoria and Belfield ; (8) Ann's Grove and Two Friends j (9) 
Mahaica; (10) Mahaicony. 



66 

On the Sea Coast west of the Demerara River : (1) Vreed- 
en-Hoop ; (2) Den Amstel and Fellowship. 

On the East Bank of the Demerara River : (1) Albouys- 
town; (2) Agricola village or Jonestown; (3) Eccles and 
Bagotstown ; and (4) Craig village. 

On the West Bank of the Demerara River : (1) Kleyn 
Pouderoyen; (2) Goed Fortuin ; (3) Bagotsville orMindenburg 
and (4) Sisters village. 

In the County of Berbice. 

On the Sea Coast east of the Berbice River and Courantyne 
Coast : (1) Sheet Anchor; (2) Courtland and Fyrish; (3) Rose 
Hall ; (4) Letter Kenny and Bloomfield ; (5) Whim ; (6) Lan- 
caster; (7) Liverpool ; (8) Manchester ; (9) Ulverston and 
Alness ; (10) Maida ; (11) Brighton ; (12) Dead Tree Farm ; 
(13) Carnarvon and Friendship ; (14) Big and Little Massiah ; 
(15) Eliza and Mary and (16) Skeldon. 

On the Sea Coast west of the Berbice River : (1) Rosig- 
nol; (2) Cotton Tree; (3)Hopetown; (4) Bush Lot ; (5) Lich- 
field and (6) Belladrum. 

On the East Bank of the Berbice River: (1) Lonsdale; 
(2_) Kortberaad ; (3) De Kinderen. 

On the West Bank of the Berbice River : (1) Ithaca and 

(2) Sandvastigheid. 

In the County of Essequebo. 

On the East Bank of the Essequebo River : (1) Vergenoe- 
gen near Tuschen ; (2) Parika and (3) Hyde Park. 

On the Aroabisce Coast : (1) Spring Garden ; (2) Aurora 
village ; (3) Huis-t'Dieren ; (4) Riverstown and Adventure ; 
(5) Suddie ; (6) Maria's Lodge ; (7) Queenstown ; (8) Aber- 
deen ; (9) Henrietta, and (10) Danielstown. 

On the Island of Wakenaam : (1) Good Success ; (2) Maria 
Johanna ; (3) Rushbrook ; (4) Concordia, and (5) Zeelandia. 

On the Island of Leguan : (1) Kingston ; (2 J Amsterdam ; 

(3) Enterprise ; (4) Endeavour ; (5) La Bagatelle and (6) 
Phoenix. 

The distances along the public roads at which these 
villages and settlements are situated are given under the 
subhead " Road Mileage," in another part of this book. 

The largest inland settlements of importance on the 
rivers of the colony are : — 

Within the Tidal Influence. — (1) The settlement of 






67 

Bartica, admirably situated at the junction of the Essequibo 
and Mazaruni rivers ; (2) the Penal Settlement, pleasantly 
situated on some low hills on the western bank of the Maza- 
runi river below its junction with the Cuyuni river ; (3) 
Morawhanna, the principal settlement of the North Western 
District and situated on the eastern bank of the Barima 
river just above the junction of the Mora passage ; (4) 
Christianburg, situated on the western bank of the Demerara 
river and adjoining the steamer terminus at Wismar. 

Beyond the Tidal Influence. — (1) Rockstone, at the 
western terminus of the Demerara-Essequebo railway above 
the first series of rapids on the Essequebo river ; (2) the 
settlements at Tumatumari, and (3) at Potaro Landing, both 
situated on the southern bank of the Potaro river ; (4) 
Arrawak Matope, and (5) Quartzstone, both in the gold-fields 
on the right bank of the Cuyuni river ; (6) Mara-Mara, and 
(7) Peters Mine Landing, on the Puruni river ; (8j Arakaka, 
the most important and central settlement in the gold-fields 
of the North West District, situated on the southern bank of 
the Barima river about 109 miles above Morawhanna. 

The principal Indian settlements in the colony are :— 
In the more Accessible Inland Parts. 

On the Loiver Essequeho River. — (1) On the Indian 
reserve up the Ituribisi creek on the Aroabisce coast ; (2) 
Abanakari village, on the right bank of the Groete creek 
near its mouth. 

On the Demerara River. — (1) At Santa mission, on the 
Pokoraero Creek, a tributary of the Kamuni creek ; (2) the 
mission of Dalgin, _ about 10 miles below Wismar; (3) at 
Muritaro mission, about 18 miles above Wismar. 

On the Berhice River. — (1) At Hitia, on the left bank of 
the river whence a path leads to the Abary creek ; (2) on the 
right bank of the river just above the mouth of the Wikky 
creek, where there is an Indian reservation. 

On the Gourantyne River. — At the missions and Indian 
reservations at (1) Orealla, and (2) Epira, which are connected 
with each other by a path. 

On the Pomeroon River— {1) At Kabakaburi mission, on 
the right bank of the river above the mouth of the Harlipiaka 
creek ; (2) at Kokerite mission, up the Wakapau creek. 

On the Moruka. — At and around the English mission of (1) 



68 

Waramuri j and (2) the Roman Catholic mission of Santa Rosa, 
both on an Indian Reservation. 

On the Barama River. — (1) At Red Hill, below Arakaka ; 
and (2) at Arawatta, above the Mekorerusa falls. 

On the Barhna River. — (1) At Thomson's Hill; and (2) at 
Taki j both on the left bank. 

In the Hinteeland. 

On the Tipper Barama River \ (1) Konorah village, above 
the Towakaima falls ; (2) Aunama village, near the mouth of 
the Aunama river j and (3) Massowah village, in the locality 
near the head of the Akarabisi river. 

On the Tipper Cuyuni River. — Amamuri village, above the 
series of rapids similarly named. 

On the Mazaruni River. — (1) At Rumong-rumong river, 
on the left bank ; (2) at the mouth of the Aping river, on the 
right bank; (3) up the Putereng river, on the left bank; (4) 
near the mouth of the Paruima river, on the Kamarang river ; 
(5) higher up the Kamarang river, above its tributary the 
Takwa ; and (6) Amoko-Kopai village, on the Mang, a tributary 
of the Kukui river. 

On the TJppet Essequeho River. — (1) on the left bank at 
Kuratoka rapids ; and (2) at Apoterie, on the left bank, about 
a mile above the mouth of the Rupununi river. 

On the Upper Potaro River. — (l)near Kangaruma landing, 
above the Pakatuk falls ; and (2) Maken village, on the Arnik 
river. 

On the Lower Rupununi River. — (1) Kwaimatta village; 
and (2) Yupukarri village, connected with each other by paths 
which also lead to the other savannah villa.ges. 

Between the Rujninuni and Takutu River's south of the 
Kanuku Mou7itains, — (1) Shulineb village ; (2) the villages of 
Sikkir-fcun, and (3) Pila-nawa, both on the path from Dada- 
nawa to the head of the Sauriwau river ; and (4) lUemir village, 
near the source of the Rupununi river. 

On the Takutu River. — (1) Sauriwau-nawa village, near 
the mouth of the Sauriwau river ; (2) Shuna village, on the 
Mili-wau, a tributary in the vicinity of Shuna mountain ; and (3) 
near the mouth of the Balala-wau, the last village up the river. 

On the Ireng River. — (1) Owenteik or " Wandaik village," 
near the Echilebar river; (2) Karakara village, on the Kara- 
kara, a tributary of the Tipuru river ; and (3) Sisipelin, on an 



69 

upper tributary of the Kowa river. All of these villages are 
connected by paths with Holmia on the Chenapowu, a tributary 
of the upper Potaro river and also by paths with the villages on 
the lower Rupununi river ; (4) Mataruka ; and (5) Orindouk vil- 
lages, both connected by paths with the above villages and with 
(6) the Indian settlements in the vicinity of the mouth of the 
Chimepir river whence paths also lead to Holmia on the upper 
Potaro river. 

THE BOUNDARIES OF BRITISH GUIANA. 

ON THE WEST. 

The British Guiana-Venezuelan Boundary. — The boundary 
between the colony of British Guiana and the United States of 
Venezuela was " decided, determined and awarded on the 3rd 
" day of October, 1899, by the Tribunal of Arbitration con- 
*' stituted under Article 1 of the Treaty of Arbitration signed 
"at Washington on the 2nd day of February, 1897, between 
" Great Britain and the United States of Venezuela," and is 
therein described as follows : — 

" Starting from the Coast at Point Playa the line of bound- 
" ary shall run in a straight line to the River Barima at its junc- 
" tion with the River Mururuma, and thence along the mid- 
" stream of the latter river to its source, and from that point to 
" the junction of the River Haiowa with the Amakuru, and 
" thence along the mid-stream of the Amakuru to its source in 
'• the Imataka Ridge, and thence in a south-westerly direction 
" along the highest ridge of the spur of the Imataka Mountains 
" to the highest point of the main range of such Imataka Moun- 
" tains opposite to the source of the Barima, and thence along 
" the summit of the main ridge in a south-easterly direction of 
" the Imataka Mountains to the source of the Acarabisci, and 
" thence along the mid-stream of the Acarabisci to the Cuyuni, 
" and thence along the northern bank of the River Cuyuni west- 
" ward to its junction with the Wenamu, and thence following 
*' the mid-stream of the Wenamu to its westernmost sourcee, 
" and thence in a direct line to the summit of Mount Roraima." 

The British Guiana- Brazilian Boundary, — The transla- 
tion of the " Award of His Majesty the King of Italy, given 
"at Rome on the 6th of June, 1904, in the Arbitration pro- 
" ceedings for the delimitation of the frontier line between 



70 



Brazil and British Guiana," defines this southern portion of 
the western boundary of the colony as follows : — 

" The frontier between British Guiana and Brazil remains 
fixed by the line which starts from Mount Yakontipu, con- 
tinues in an easterly direction along the watershed to the 
source of the Ireng (Mahu), proceeds down the course of that 
river to its confluence with the Tacutu, follows the course of the 
Tacutu to its source, where it joins the line of frontier estab- 
lished by the declaration annexed to the treaty of arbitration 
concluded in London by the high contracting Powers con- 
cerned on November 6th, 1901. In virtue of that declaration, 
all that part of the zone in dispute lying to the east of the 
line of frontier will belong to Great Britain, and all that part 
which is to the west will belong to Brazil. The frontier along 
the rivers Ireng (Mahu) and Tacufcu remains fixed by the 
Thalweg^ and the said rivers will be open to free navigation of 
the two States bordering on it. When the rivers divide into 
several branches, the frontier will follow the Thalweg of the 
most easterly branch," 

ON THE SOUTH. 

The British Guiana-Brazilian Boundary. — By the " Treaty 
" between the United Kingdom and the United States of Brazil 
" relative to the boundary between Brazil and British Guiana, 
" signed at London on November the 6th, 1991," it was decided 
to " adopt as the frontier between the colony of British Guiana 
" and the United States of Brazil, the watershed line between the 
" Amazon basin, and the basins of the Courantyne and the Esse- 
" quibo from the source of the Courantyne, to that of the Taku- 
" tu," the southern terminal point of the western boundary of 
the colony as fixed by the Award of the King of Italy already 
mentioned. 

ON THE EASTo 

* The British Guiana-Dutch Guiana Boundary. — The 
boundary between the colonies of British and Dutch Guiana is 
formed by the Courantyne river from its mouth to its source on 
the watershed which forms the southern boundary, as already 
described, between the colony and Brazil. 



* Note— This boundary has not been fixed by Treaty. 



71 
HISTOEY. 



{By James Rodway^ F.L.S.) 

Guiana was the Indian name for the country between the 
two Rivers Orinoco and Amazon and was probably derived 
from the root-word for water, wina. This can be easily under- 
stood when we see that the River Wina was once known as 
the Guiania. The coast was first seen by Columbus in 1498 
and two years later by Pingon, but no Spanish voyager 
appears to have landed on the part now known as British 
Guiana. The early settlers in Trinidad described the country 
as flat and level with the sea ; nearly all inundated in the 
wet season. The inhabitants were numerous, consisting of 
three tribes, Caribs, Arawaks and Warows, the first two being 
continually at war with each other. The Caribs were noted 
cannibals and the country was marked on early charts as Canni- 
halor Terra. Whether these inhabitants were the first settlers 
in the country, or had driven out and taken the place of earlier 
tribes, is not quite certain, but from the evidence of pictured 
rocks and mounds of which they appear to know nothing, it seems 
possible that they had displaced an earlier migration. The evi- 
dence goes to prove that the first settlers were in the neoli- 
thic stage ; probably immigrants from Mexico or Yucatan ; 
for it can hardly be supposed that the arts of preparing cassava 
bread, hammock-weaving, making pottery and basket work 
and the use of the blow-pipe and Urali poison could have 
originated in isolated communities such as were seen by the 
Europeans. Some of the pottery from the mounds are orna- 
mented with grotesque figures like those so well known frorp 
Mexico and Peru. 

In the latter half of the sixteenth century the story of 
El Dorado incited many adventurers to explore the country, 
and in 1595 Sir Walter Ralegh went up the Orinoco in quest 
of the Gilded King and his wonderful city. Ralegh's book, 
the " Discoverie of Guiana," and the accounts of further voy- 
ages by his captains drew much attention and led to trading 
voyages by English, Dutch and French, with attempts at 
settlements on some of the rivers. It is recorded that the 
Dutch attempted to settle in the Pomeroon as early as 1580, 
but the most that can be said of this is that some trader 
probably entered that river and stayed for a short time. 



72 

There is a Spanish account of an attack on a small fort in 
the River Corentyne in 1613. This seems to have been the 
pioneer settlement in what is now British Guiana. The fort 
was captured, a tobacco plantation destroyed, and the trading 
goods such as knives, axes and trinkets carried oft. Whether 
the Fort Kyk-over-al was then in existence is doubtful, but it 
may be safely put down as existing in 1620. No attack was 
ever made upon this establishment by Spain and it ultimately 
developed into the centre of the Colony of Essequebo. At 
first, however, it was nothing more than a trading station, 
where European tools and trinkets were exchanged for ham- 
mocks, cotton, anatto, and, above all, tobacco, of which the 
Dutch had acquired a taste almost before any other nation. 

In 1621 the Dutch West India Company received a 
Charter under which it was entitled to all unoccupied terri- 
tory on the east of America and west of Africa, and con- 
sequently became proprietor of Essequebo and one of 
the great slave-traders of that period. Three years later a 
Commander was sent to Fort Kyk-over-al and at the same 
time a few settlers went to the River Berbice to found what 
afterwards became a second colony. Real settlers however did 
not begin to arrive for some time, both Essequebo and Berbice 
being nothing more than trading stations, the first for the Com- 
pany and the other for the mercantile house of Van Peere. 

In 1650 the Governor of Barbados founded a British 
Colony on the Surinam river and seven years later, probably 
on this account, the West India Company sub-let Essequebo to 
some enterprising people who started a settlement in the Pom- 
eroon River to which came a number of Jews including refugees 
from Brazil. A fair start was made, but before much could be 
done war was commenced between England and the Nether- 
lands and in 1666 both Kyk-over-al and Pomeroon were cap- 
ture d by an expedition from Barbados. When at the peace 
of 1667 Surinam was exchanged for what is now New York, 
most of the Pomeroon settlers went over to that colony so 
that for a time only the trading station of Kyk-over-al was 
kept up. A second settlement in the Pomeroon was destroyed 
by French corsairs in 1689; in 1708 Kyk-over-al submitted 
to pay a ransom to Captain Ferry and in 1712 Berbice 
was held by Jacques Cassard as security for a bill of exchange. 
At the beginning of the eighteenth century the establish- 



Platk 25. 




OLD ARCHWAY, 

KEMAINS OF OLD DUTCH PORT OF KYK-OVEK.-AL, BUILT ABOUT 
THE YEAB 1620. 



I 



73 

ments of Essequebo and Berbice had few settlers but some 
years later slaves were introduced and the foundations of real 
colonies laid. It was not, however, until 1740 when, at the 
instigation of Governor Gravesande, Essequebo was opened to 
all nations, with free land and ten years' freedom from taxes, 
that anything like a boom took place. The news of this con- 
cession having spread throughout the British West Indies, 
English settlers began to arrive in considerable numbers. 
Meanwhile the seat of Government had been removed to Fort 
Island and the coast-lands found very fertile as compared with 
those first occupied ; the result was that in five years all the 
best places had been granted and permission was given to 
settle in the unoccupied river Demerara. 

Berbice, although far behind Essequebo, had become a 
real colony with a population of 346 whites and about 4,000 
slaves, when in 1763 there was a rising of the latter who drove 
their masters from every plantation to take refuge at the 
mouth of the river. Some left for Demerara, only a few 
remaining with the Governor to await assistance from the 
mother country which did not arrive until nearly a year after 
the revolt commenced. From this time slave revolts on a small 
scale were reported at intervals, but nothing came near to that 
of 1763. Runaway negroes were hunted with Indians and never 
allowed to form communities as they did in Surinam. 

No real town existed in either colony ; there were some 
houses near Fort Nassau in Berbice and Fort Zeelandia, Esse- 
quebo, and in Demerara the offices were on a small island about 
twenty miles up the river, called Borsselen. In 1781 the colonies 
were captured by the British who in their short occupation of 
about ten months chose the site for a new town near the mouth 
of the Demerara ; tliis site was laid out by their French suc- 
cessors and ultimately when in 1784 the Dutch resumed possess- 
ion, it was named Stabroek, to become Georgetown in 1812. 
New Amsterdam in Berbice was laid out about ten years later. 

The capture by the British and then by the French allies 
of the Netherlands upset the easy-going Dutch authorities and 
resulted in a political crisis. The West India Company wanted 
to introduce changes which the colonists refused to allow. For 
two or three years no taxes could be collected ; petitions 
against the Company were sent to the States-General and in 
the end the renewal of its charter was refused in 1791 ; Deme- 



74 

rara and Essequebo came under State control and a Plan of 
Redress, the basis of the present constitution, was formulated. 

The troubles in Europe that followed the French Revolu- 
tion were naturally reflected in the colonies and when in 1794 
the Stadtholder took refuge in England " Liberty, Equality 
and Fraternity " came to the front. The Prince of Orange 
issued a circular letter to the Governors of all the Dutch 
colonies requesting them to consider the British as allies, and 
in May, 1795, a copy of this letter was brought to Demerara 
by the British man-of-war "Zebra." The then Governor, Van 
Grovestins, who sympathized with the Prince, could not get the 
Court of Policy to agree with this request, and not wishing to 
come under French rule, he left quietly on board the " Zebra." 
Some confusion followed on this clandestine departure and for 
some months a little Republic was constituted. However, the 
British were not content with the refusal of the Prince's 
request, and on the 27th of May, 1796, nine vessels arrived 
with the demand that the colony be placed under the protec- 
tion of the British Government. As there were no means of 
defence against such a force, nothing was left but to surrender 
on the best terms that could be obtained. Thus the two 
colonies of Demerara and Essequebo and Berbice, became 
British, and although restored to the Batavian Republic in 
1802 they were again captured ten months afterwards to be 
finally transferred to Great Britain at the Great Peace of 1 SH- 
IS for certain monetary considerations. 

The arrival of the British in 1796 made a great impres- 
sion ; capital and labour were introduced, estates were put 
under cultivation, and in three years the exports were increased 
to thrice the amount of the previous years. Cotton, coffee and 
sugar were the main products, and as high prices were realized 
there was quite a rush into the colonies. The coast was soon 
a line of cotton plantations, the mouths of the rivers were 
bordered by a fringe of coffee fields and here and there came a 
few sugar estates Slaves were imported to the number of 
five thousHud a year, and everything looked bright, when the 
first great blow came. The abolition of the slave trade in 
1807 checked further development and caused everyone to 
cry out for want of labour. Soon afterwards began the gradual 
abandonment of estates which has continued to the present 
day. Labour being insufficient to develop every plantation 



70 

slaves were brought from one to another and a process of 
concentration began. Coffee fell in price and sugar rose with 
the result that the latter cultivation was increased at the 
expense of the former. Then after 1820 came the downfall 
of cotton and this also tended to the advancement of sugar. 
Labour was always inadequate and no arrangements were made 
for a supply although as early as 1811 there was a project for 
the importation of Chinese coolies. The British Govern- 
ment did nothing but put obstacles in the way of either free 
labour or the transportation of slaves from the West Indies. 

Meanwhile the great agitation had been going on which 
ultimately led to the emancipation of the slaves in 1834. The 
energetic planter was stigmatised as an ogre, and when the 
great slave insurrection on the east coast of Demerara took 
place in 1823, the anti-slavery party used the results as an 
argument in their favour. They knew nothing of the actual 
condition of the slave nor could they understand that only a 
fool would injure valuable property. Even now few understand 
that the only real disability of the slave was his obligation to 
work nine hours a day and not to leave the plantation without 
a permit. His personal property was inviolate and he could 
leave it by will to whoever he chose; if wronged^ he could get 
redress by applying to the Protector of Slaves. Under these 
conditions, there was no poverty, very little crime, no Magis- 
trates and no police. The master treated his slaves as a 
schoolmaster of the time did his boys — gave them a sound 
thrashing when they did wrong and sent them back to their 
work. 

Down to 1831 Berbice was a separate colony under its 
own government, but in that year it was united with Demerara 
and Essequebo to form the colony of British Guiana. Having 
been hampered by a charter and the government of a mercan- 
tile body, the Berbice Association, it was never as progressive 
as Demerara. 

With the emancipation came ruin to many of the planters. 
The freedmen left some of the districts altogether and even 
where they remained very little work was done. The compensa- 
tion money was in most cases required to redeem mortgages, 
and little was left to pay wages. A few, however, kept up 
cultivation by paying more than they could afford and some of 
the freedmen with their savings during slavery and high wages 



76 

afterwards bought a great number of plantations which ulti- 
mately became the villages of to-day. 

Most of the old planters were ruined and half the estates 
were either abandoned or sold for what they would fetch — often 
less than the value of the old materials of their buildings. Ex- 
ports decreased to about a fourth, and when a little later the 
differential duties were altered, some of those who had kept 
on in hope of better times gave up the struggle. A few 
merchants in England to whom estates had fallen by foreclosure 
held them and began to look out for immigrants from other 
countries. Some Africans from Sierra Leone and freedmeu 
from captured slavers were introduced; then came the Madeirans 
and a small party of Maltese. None of these were, however, 
altogether satisfactory as labourers, although Madeirans 
became very useful colonists. East Indian and Chinese coolies 
were tried with better results, and after a hard struggle East 
Indian coolie immigration was put on a sound footing, with the 
result that the sugar exports rose steadily until they exceeded 
the highest totals of slavery days. The introduction of the 
vacuum pan and other imjDroved processes and machines also 
raised the quality of the product and Demerara sugar got its 
good name. Economy in every branch of growth and manu- 
facture was increasingly studied until sugar of the best kinds 
could be made at half the cost of the dirty-looking article 
which once sold in London at 100 shillings per cwt. Of late 
years the great drawback has been the Continental bounty 
system which encourages the sale of sugar in England at a 
price much lower than the cost of production. 

The general result of East Indian immigration has been 
very good ; the population of the colony has been increased 
from about 100,000 to 300,000 and some estates are able to 
realize fair profits. 

Strenuous eff'orts have been made of late years to do a 
little towards developing what one of the Governors called a 
" Magnificent Province." The discovery that alluvial gold 
could be obtained in paying quantities was made about 1880, 
and since that time placer washing has been carried on with 
good results. The settlement of the Venezuelan boundary 
question in 1899 has already produced some effect, and it is 
expected that with no question of valid titles, the once disputed 
territory will become of more importance. Diamonds have 



77 

been found in considerable numbers and will probably soon 
form a much larger item in the exports. 

The latest agricultural development is rice growing. The 
East Indian colonist is responsible for this and no doubt it will 
increase by leaps and bounds. A few years ago cargoes of 
rice were imported from India, now British Guiana has begun 
to export her surplus. 



GENERAL GEOLOGY. 



(% J. B, Harrison, C.M.G,, 3I.A,, F.LC, F.G.S., F.G,S.A., 
Director of Scitnce and Agriculture.) 

The Coast-lands. — The coast-lands of British Guiana form 
a plain of marine alluvium, interrupted in a few places in the 
North West of the colony by low hills of more or less 
decomposed country rock, as for instance, the Maburima, 
Santa Rosa and Macaseema hills. The alluvial plain is 
traversed by lines of sand-dunes which form low ranges seldom 
exceeding thirty to forty feet in height. The sands of these 
hills are of white quartz, and the grains, in the majority of 
cases, are well rounded, showing the wind-blown origin of the 
dunes. The alluvial deposits are of considerable but unknown 
thickness. They rest upon beds of pipe-clay or impure kaolin, 
and it is a matter of great difficulty to decide whether the 
borings for underground waters, which have from time to time 
been made in various parts of the coast-lands have been 
wholly in the alluvium, or have penetrated through these beds 
into the underlying residuary clays. In places the alluvial 
deposits have been proved for depths of over two hundred feet, 
and it is possible that in some districts their thickness far 
exceeds this. The borings show that the alluvial deposits 
consist of beds of more or less indurated marine muds 
and sands which have been laid down so as to form beds of 
clay, of mixed clay and very fine siliceous sand, locally known 
as " caddy, " and of siliceous sands varying much in texture — 
some beds consisting of sand of extremely fine texture, others 
of coarser grain, while others approach in character grits or 
fine gravels. Some of the beds contain considerable quantities 
of decomposing vegetable debris, and these beds when drilled 
into during deep well-sinking operations, have in some cases 



given off inflammable mixtures of gases containing marsh gas 
in considerable quantities accompanied by small quantities of 
petroleum, a decomposition-product of the organic matters. 
The geological age of these beds is uncertain ; the lower parts 
may be of late Tertiary or of Pleistocene age, while those 
now bordering the coast-line are undoubtedly recent. The 
sand-beds of these deposits where exposed in the cultivated 
parts of the coast-land, are known as " sand-reefs." These form 
in places oval patches of land raised a few feet above the 
general level of the surrounding argillaceous soils, and in 
others give rise to long narrow ridges somewhat raised above 
the general level of the land which they traverse. Their mode 
of occurrence indicates that they are purely local modifications 
of the alluvial deposits — sands separated from the mass of the 
marine silt by the action of local currents and of the waves — 
and thus the sand-beds form more or less lenticular masses 
occupying, as a rule, no great area, whilst their distribution is 
very similar to that of the beds of sand which are now 
forming on the shore of the shallow sea of the colony. 

The general evidence indicates that British Guiana occu- 
pies one of the most stable areas of the earth's surface — one 
which has been very slowly rising through long ages — this slow 
movement having given rise to the low rapids which usually 
mark the termination of the tide-way in the rivers, and possibly 
altered the contour of parts of the continent on which the 
colony is situated so as to change the main lines of drainage, and 
thus to make the Guiana rivers relativ^ely small streams trav- 
ersing the deeper jDarts of the valleys and water-courses eroded 
by their predecessors in earlier periods. During a stage in this 
slow upheaval the low hills already mentioned as occurring in a 
few places in the alluvial coast-land were in turn rocks and small 
islands in the shallowing sea which then surrounded them, as 
now they are surrounded by an apparently boundless expanse 
of forest. 

A remarkable feature in parts of the alluvial coast-land is 
the occurrence of extensive beds of peat. This is locally known 
as " pegass," and consists of the more or less altered remains of 
ferns, mosses and sedges, and of other marsh-loving plants. It 
resembles in its general characters the upper layers of vegetable 
matter whi?h are found in peat-bogs in temperate climates. As 
far as my observations go^ it is never as compact as is true peat. 



79 

This is probably due to the deposits of it being seldom more 
than from two to four feet in thickness, although in places 
they may be as much as 11 or 12 feet. 

As pointed out by Sir Charles Lyell in his " Principles of 
Geology," a large portion of the sand and clay of the alluvial 
deposits has been brought by currents from the Amazon 
river ; the burden brought by present rivers of the colony 
from the higher districts through which they flow having been, 
during recent periods, a very subordinate factor in the accumu- 
lation of this widespread formation ; although perhaps in earlier 
times, before the land had risen to its present level, the river- 
borne silt contributed more largely to the mass. 

The Residuary Dr^posits, — The alluvial strata extend to 
depths varying from five to, in places, as much as 
thirty-five miles from the coast-line, and rest upon beds 
described by C. B. Brown as " sand and clay deposits." This 
widespread formation may be seen for many miles along the 
courses of many of the rivers. The so-called valley-gravels and 
the sand and clay beds consist mauily of arenaceous, argilla- 
ceous, and laterite earths arising from the decomposition and 
detrition of granites and gneiss, of quartz-porphyrites and por- 
phy rites, and of horn blendic and augitic rocks. The clays 
vary from white and cream-coloured to dark -red or chocolate- 
coloured, according as they have been derived from acidic, 
non-ferruginous rocks or from basic, more or less ferru- 
ginous ones. The} are generally covered by varying thick- 
nesses of white, cream-coloured, yellow, or ochreous loams and 
sands ; the sands characterising the districts where the leaching 
and elutriation of the decomposed rocks by the slightly acidic 
soil-waters of the tropical forests and by the rain have 
been more intense. In places the sandy upper layers have 
been re-arranged by the action of flowing waters or of the wind, 
the sands and gravelly particles have been collected in hollows, 
or wind-blown dunes, the layers of which not unfrequently 
show false bedding. In the neighbourhood of masses of the 
more basic rocks the gravelly sands are in places cemented 
together by a limonitic cement, and form ferruginous sand- 
stones and conglomerates. Where the original rook, which has 
decomposed i7i situ, consisted of gneiss or of schist, with 
alternating layers of siliceous, feldspathic and ferro-magnesian 
minerals, the variously tinged and coloured layers of 



80 

sands, sandy clays, and more or less ferruginous earthy clays 
strikingly simulate stratified deposits showing current bedding. 
The laterites formed by the decomposition of the more fer- 
ruginous rocks are frequently covered by ironstone-gravel, 
attaining locally a considerable tliickness. The residual de- 
posits cover and hide the true country over vast areas of the 
lower-lying parts of the colony, and form the characteristic sub- 
soils and soils of the forest regions. 

The residuary deposits are not unfrequently traversed by 
long ranges of sand-dunes, giving rise to hills which as a rule do 
not exceed one hundred or one hundred and twenty feet in 
height, but in places, as in the case of the range traversed by the 
Demerara-Essequibo Railway, attain a height of somewhat over 
two hundred feet. The sand of which the upper parts of the 
hills consist is glistening white quartz sand, the grains of which 
are usually uniform in size over relatively large areas, the 
majority being well rounded, thus accentuating the wind- 
blown origin of the dunes. 

The residuary deposits cover the country on the plains 
of the lowlands and along the great river valleys and on 
the lower parts of many of the hills and mountains. The 
heavy, at times torrential, tropical rains have carved out of 
them deep ravines and valleys ; and the gravels, sands and silts 
derived from the eroded material have been laid down in the 
wider valleys and along the courses of parts of the rivers as 
fluviatile loams, gravels and sands. It is in these residuary 
deposits and in the gravels and earths derived from them that 
the readily available mineral wealth of British Guiana is found. 

A traveller journeying by the rivers, especially during 
the dry seasons of the year, will notice at, the numerous 
rapids and low cataracts which interrupt his voyages^ the 
rocks underlying the prevailing covering,*^. The rock usually 
exposed is gneiss, in varieties from massive, almost granitic in 
texture, to finely laminated ; and in places intersected by 
belts of granite, or traversed by dykes of basic rocks, often 
diabase. Where these dykes are numerous or extensive the 
neighbouring districts are traversed by ranges of hills or the 
general plain is dotted with hills the surfaces of which are 
covered with ironstone gravel. 

Tlie Sandstone, and ilie Diabase Intrusions. — Large areas 
of the interior of the colony are occupied by a thick 



Plate 10. 







GOLD DIGGERS' CAMP BELOW EAGLE MOUNTAIN. 

Photo by C. W. Anderson, 



81 

formation of sandstone and conglomerate. In common with 
the basal igneous rocks this is pierced and traversed by 
dykes of diabase. The diabase is of later origin than any of 
the rocks with the exception of the sedentary coverings and the 
iluvio-marine deposits. Its intrusions occur in belts, gene- 
rally stretching across the colony in a north-westerly and 
south-easterly direction. The intrusions vary from narrow 
dykes, only exposed in the courses of the rivers during very 
dry seasons, some being not more than from two to three feet 
across, to hills and to mountain ranges, some of which — 
for example, the Eagle mountain in the Mahdia district — 
exceed in height two thousand feet. The tops and sides of 
the hills and mountains, except where they have suffered great 
denudation, are covered with ironstone-gravel, while the lower 
parts of the districts in which diabase forms the country are 
covered by layers of laterite, frequently over one hundred 
feet in depth, which in places are interspersed with nests of 
secondary quartz, or traversed by veins and stringers of 
quartz, or less often, by lenticular sheets of secondary quartz, 
closely resembling, when cut through during mining 
operations, true quartz-reefs. The quartz in all these forms 
is not infrequently auriferous ; the metal being dispersed 
through it in a very irregular manner, especially in the 
larger lenticular layers, which in many parts are nearly, or 
even entirely, barren of gold, and in others are " bonanzas" 
carrying at rates from twenty to, in j)laces, several hundreds 
of ounces of the precious metal to the ton of the rock. Unfor- 
tunately hitherto these bonanzas have proved few and far 
between ; but there is no reason for assuming that they will 
not be found in many places in the enormous area of the 
laterite — deposits which up to the present has not been pros- 
pected. Gold also occurs as paint gold, as gold dust, and as 
nuggets of very varying sizes in the laterite. 

The sandstone and conglomerate series constitutes the 
greater portion of the Pacaraima mountains, and spreads west- 
wardly into Venezuela. Wherever it occurs it appears to be 
unfossiliferous, and we have no pakeontological evidence to 
indicate the geological period at which it was deposited. 

The only evidence available with regard to the geological 
period of its formation is that wherever its base has been seen 
it occupies an analogous position to the Torridon sand- 



82 

stones of the Scotch Highlands, to which the sandstone has 
a close resemblance in constitution. It lies invariably on the 
presumably Archean rocks of the colony, and its constituents, 
as far as they have been examined, show no signs of having, 
even in part, been derived from later rocks. 

The sandstone formation spreads eastwardly through the 
colony, crosses the Essequebo River in a low narrow belt at 
Comuti Mountain, gives rise to the Maccari Mountain in 
Demerara, and, crossing the Berbice River near Marlissa 
Rapids, is seen forming a low mountain range at Itabru near 
that river. It passes into Dutch Guiana across the Courantyne 
river near its union with the Cabelebo river, and also in its 
higher reaches. It consists of beds of coarse conglomerate, red 
and white sandstones of very varying texture, and in places 
of strata of red shale. 

Hills and mountains consisting of rather fine-grained 
gabbro occur in the sandstoce formation. The gabbro shows 
signs of metamorphism, in places being granulitic in structure 
and in others being changed to a considerable extent, either by 
the development in it from augite of a dark-brown secondary 
biotite, or by the pyroxene beiug altered from an almost colour- 
less mineral to a brown-coloured strongly dichroic one. The 
gabbro is thus distinguished from the later diabase which never 
shows signs of dynamic alteration. 

Messrs. Brown and Sawkins estimated the total thickness 
of the sandstone on the assumption that it is traversed by three 
layers of " greenstone " at about three thousand feet. As, how- 
ever, it is probable that some of the masses of the diabase, as 
for instance, that at Pvoraima, occur as laccolites, and during 
their intrusion have elevated great tracts of the sandstone 
country, probably the form-ation does not anywhere exceed in 
thickness that shown at Roraima — about two thousand feet. 
As a rule the sandstone lies nearly horizontally, dipping some- 
what to the north, and few faults are seen in it although in 
places near where diabase has intruded into it there are well- 
marked local disturbances in its dip. Many of the beds of 
sandstone of finer texture show well-marked current-bedding. 

Granite. — True granite with much orthoclase and with 
both white and black mica is not an abundant rock in 
British Guiana. The largest development of it is the great 
mass extending from Makauria Point on the Essequibo 




liJ 
> 

o 

CQ 

D 
GJ 
U 
(0 
CO 
UJ 



z 

< 

h- 
z 

o 



I- 

Z) 
D 



83 

to the south end of Karia Island on the Mazaruni, and to 
the foot of Akaio Eapid on the Cuyuni. Similar granites, but 
of more gneissose structure, occur at Granite Island and at 
Canayaballi on the Waini river, and on the Pomeroon river. 
These granites are the youngest of the basal igneous rocks of 
the colony, and may be in parts of more recent origin than 
the sandstone-formation. The granite always shows some signs 
of mechanical stress and of incipient metamorphism, although 
these are but little marked in the great Essequebo-Cuyuni- 
Mazaruni mass. 

Belts of granite with relatively abundant plagioclase- 
feldspar, and with only black mica, which may be in part 
replaced by hornblende, are of fairly common occurrence in the 
colony, traversing the porphyry and felsite rocks, the various 
schists, and the gneiss. These belts of rocks consist of 
granitite, but parts of the great Mazaruni granite-mass 
above mentioned pass by imperceptible modifications into 
biotite-bearing rocks of this class. As a rule the 
effects of dynamic metamorphism are far more marked in 
granilites than in the granites, and many of the belts of 
granitite traversing the country are markedly gneissose. 

From the masses of granite and from the granitite- 
dykes, veins and tongues of aplite, of muscovite-granite and 
of micro-granite penetrate and intersect the adjacent 
rocks. The belts of granitoidal rocks, being more resist- 
ant to weathering than are the gneisses, porphyries and 
schists, usually give rise to ranges of low hills or to isolated 
rounded hills, and where rivers have cut their courses across 
the belts their occurrence is usually marked by the presence 
of rapids or of cataracts. In addition to granitite, horn- 
blende-granitite or quartz-diorite is of frequent occurrence. 
In places augite is the principal ferro-magnesian mineral 
present, the rock there becoming an augite-granitite ; in 
others, though rarely, hornblende-granite passes into syenite ; 
while diorite is a rock of rare occurrence in the colony. 

Quartz-porjyJujries, Porphyrites, Felsites, Porpltyrods, and 
Sericite-schists. — Large areas of the colony are occupied by 
rocks belonging to this group ; massive members of which 
gradually and almost imperceptibly pass into foliated schistose 
ones, so that it is not possible in many places to demarcate 
one variety from the other. The foliation is due to dynamic 



84 

mefcamorphism. As a general rule these rocks yield compara- 
tively easily to weathering agencies, and the lower parts of 
the colony occupied by them consist of level plains or of 
somewhat undulating land. The schistose members of the 
group in places have a fissile or a slaty structure and 
weather into upstanding slabs. The finer-textured of the 
massive varieties are often of great hardness and tenacity, and 
where belts of rock of this description are crossed by the 
courses of the rivers, rapids and low cataracts occur ; and in 
these the rocks are angular and rugged — in very marked con- 
trast to tlie rounded masses which characterise rapids and 
cataracts caused by the rivers crossing belts of granite or 
bauds of granitoidal gneiss. In the elevated parts of the 
colony in which rocks of this group are found the surface of 
the country is often extremely rough, and consists of rugged 
ridges and mountains, with tabular masses, and in places with 
jagged pinnacles of rocks protruding from the earth; and these 
parts form a rough grass-covered country interspersed with 
patches of forest. Over the surface of the country patches 
of blocks of the country rock are often found, as are others of 
angular blocks of quartz, and of pebbles derived from the veins 
of quartz which are common in the altered members of the 
group. In some parts the quartz-porphyry or the felsite has 
been completely altered and converted into quartz-rock, this in 
places occurring as bands of quartz-schist. The finer-grained 
members of these silicified rocks are termed locally " jasper." 
The most commonly occurring rocks of this series are greyish- 
green in colour, but their colours vary from different shades of 
yellow to various ones of grey, green, brown, and black, while 
some are of shades of red ranging from pale dull red or 
brownish red to very bright red. 

The more basic members of this group of rocks 
are in parts much metamorphosed, giving rise to chloritic 
or actinolitic rocks, frequently of complex composition 
and of confused structure. These rocks are usually of various 
shades of green, and generally have a dull earthy appearance. 
In places chloritic rocks occur, which are of fine texture 
and have a markedly fissile structure : and these proba- 
bly are metamorphosed sedimentary rocks or volcanic tuffs. 
Closely connected with the rocks of this group are felsitic mud- 
stones and tuffs, which form in places layers in or below the 



85 

basal beds of the sandstone formation, but these are of very 
subordinate importance in the lower lying parts of the colony. 

The Gneissose Rocks. — Closely allied to the last-described 
rocks are these forming the basal rocks of the colony ; it is, in 
fact, possible that the quartz-porphyries and their allies are 
properly parts of the formation now to be described, and are a 
phase in the earliest geological history of the colony. Investi- 
gations in the geology of the colony lead^ however, to the opinion 
that the porphyries and their allies form a distinct phase in its 
earliest geological history, and represent a series of acidic lavas, 
both surface and deep-seated, the outflow of which over wide 
areas of the Guianas characterized a period subsequent to the 
formation of the basal gneiss ; outbursts, which the occurrence 
in places of tuffs and felsitic muds indicates, may not have ter- 
minated at the commencement of the sandstone and conglomer- 
ate period. The basal gneisses are older than the porphyries 
and the schists derived from them ; although in places schists 
belonging to the porphyry series appear to be intercalated with 
some of the more highly foliated members of the gneiss. 

Epidiorites and hornblende-schists ; almost massive quartz- 
diorites and amphibolites ; and more or less altered diabase- 
gabbros are found in intimate relationship with the acidic rocks 
which make up the mass of the fundamental gneiss. These 
represent the basic rocks of the complex which give rise by 
its metamorphism to the fundamental gneiss of the Guiana 
region. They are the most important source of gold in it. 

The gneisses vary in a gradual, and often in an 
almost imperceptible manner, from massive, almost granitoidal, 
rocks which offer little evidence of foliation, at times so slight 
as not to be noticeable in hand specimens, although more or 
less readily distinguishable in the field where the rocks are 
seen en masse, through others showing roughly marked apparent 
beddings, caused by some parallelism in the arrangement of 
their component minerals, to gneiss showing well-marked 
foliation. 

The constituents of the gneiss are arranged in narrow 
more or less parallel layers^ which in places are so bent, curved 
and contorted as to assume a damascened appearance like that 
sometimes noticeable on sword-blades or on gun-barrels ; whilst, 
although but rarely, in places the dark ferro-magnesian 
minerals are in curved folia streaming around unaltered ker- 



86 

nels of the acidic ones. In places the laminae are very thin, 
either parellel in their relationship one to another, or very- 
minutely crumpled and the rocks show the characteristics of 
crystalline schists. This schistose structure is far more 
common in the basic layers of the banded varieties of the 
gneiss than in the acidic ones, although instances of it occur in 
the latter. It also characterises some of the belts of the 
hornblendic rocks which traverse the gneissose country. 

A study of the gneiss, both in situ and in hand-specimens 
and in thin sections, shows that the gneiss has undoubtedly 
been derived from granitic rocks, varj^ing in their nature from 
aplite through granitite and quartz-diorite to basic rocks probably 
of a gabbro or diabase-gabbro type, by the action of dynamo- 
metamorphism, the degree of the mechanical and molecular 
alterations which they now exhibit being proportional to the 
intensity of the strains and other forces to which they were 
exposed during their deformation by earth-stresses. 

The commonest variety of the gneiss is a grey or pinkish- 
grey granitite-gneiss which in places changes into a white or 
light-pink aplite-gneiss, and in others to a darker-coloured 
hornblende-granitite-gneiss, and occasionally to dark-grey or 
greenish-grey quartz-diorite-gneiss, or to still darker-coloured 
diorite-gneiss. The granitite-gneiss in common with the other 
varieties of gneiss, but perhaps more frequently, is traversed 
by veins of aplite and of very coarsely crystalline pegmatite. 
In many places veins of pegmatite by gradual decrease of feld- 
spar and increase of quartz, pass gradually and almost imper- 
ceptibly into quartz-veins. As far as they have been examined 
quartz-veins of this character do not contain gold in payable 
buantities. 

In places, usually near intrusions of granite, the gneiss has 
undergone marked alteration, the ferro-magnesian minerals 
being c Uected together and forming great masses of a basic 
biotite-gneiss, or more often of hornblende-biotite-gneiss. These 
highly basic masses alternate with others of 'aplite-gneiss 
which frequently contain thin veins and small nests of green 
epidote. In a few places the banded varieties of gneiss 
cont in layers of finely foliated green-coloured epidote- 
hornbl en de-schist. 

The intensity of the dynamic metamorphism to which the 
original rocks were subjected having varied greatly, the degree 



87 

of scbistosity in the gneisses differs widely, and in sympathy 
with this so do the effects of weathering upon them and the 
character of the country in which they occur. 

Although the massive varieties of gneiss pass gradually 
into the more foliated kinds, this is not noticeable when the 
waters in the rivers are high : and then the only rocks seen 
belonging to this series through long stretches of the rivers 
appeal to - be, unless very carefully examined, massive 
granites. 

Thei'e is a well-marked difference in the weathering and 
the degradation of the foliated and the more massive varieties 
of the gneiss. The former yield readily to atmospheric 
influences and to the effects of the great differences in their 
temperature during the day, when in the dry seasons they 
are exposed to the rays of the sun, and during the night. 
They either split into small slabs and flat pebbles where the 
rocks are usually covered by the waters of the rivers, and only 
in the driest parts of the year are exposed to the sun in the 
daytime and to rapid radiation of their heat during the nights, 
or, where they are more constantly exposed to these influences, 
they undergo degradation and detrition to white, grey, or cream- 
coloured, or ochreous sandy clays ; which, in the parts below the 
usual level of the river, or otherwise protected from the action of 
the atmosphere and of that of percolating water, may retain the 
foliated structure of the original rocks, the positions of the 
more basic portions being indicated by lines and nests of rusty- 
looking ochre. The more massive kinds are far more resistant 
to weathering, and remain as great rounded masses standing out 
from the surfaces of the foliated varieties, or as rounded rocks 
where the main mass of gneiss has been degraded into ar- 
gillaceous products. Where bands of the massive sorts occur 
the country is traversed by low rolling ridges, while the foliated 
varieties of the acidic gneiss give rise to relatively low-lying 
plains. But the more basic members, such as the hornblende- 
schists, epidiorites and amphibolites, usually project from the 
gneissose plains, and give rise to elevations varying from low 
knobs to ranges of hills which, as, for example, the Blue Moun- 
tains in the lower Essequibo district^ attain to heights of 
several hundred feet. 

The strike of the foliation of the gneiss varies greatly in 
direction, and it trends in several directions even in corapara- 



88 

tively small areas — it may be, in places, north and south, whilst 
in others in the near vicinity it will be east and west. 

The general geological structure of the colony, in the 
districts not covered by the sandstone -formation, closely re- 
sembles that of the north-eastern seaboard of North America, 
and of the Brazilian seaboard of South America, north of Rio 
Janeiro. 

From the foregoing it is evident that the country is likely 
to possess numerous natural features of interest and impor- 
tance. Accordingly the courses of the rivers are interrupted 
by many cataracts and rapids and the rivers which traverse the 
sandstone-plateaus descend from them to the lower lying 
Archean land by high water-falls of which the finest is the 
Kaieteur on the Potaro. The plateaus are terminated in 
many places by mural cliffs of great height and having the 
structure characteristic of clifis caused by the action of sub- 
aerial denudation on horizontal or slightly inclined strata. 
Where the plateaus have been forced by laccoliths, sills and 
beds of intrusive diabase to great heights, the sandstone gives 
rise to mountains the upper parts of which are bounded by 
mural precipices as at Roraima. The rivers have cut deep val- 
leys in places in the sandstone-plateaus, many of which are, as is 
the Potaro valley, of surpassing beauty. For descriptions of 
these and of other natural phenomena the reader is referred to 
Brown tk Sawkins Geological Reports, the works of Schomburgk, 
im Thurn, Jenman, Quelch and of other explorers. 

The only minerals of economic imj)ortance which have 
been found in the colony in quantity are gold and diamonds. 
The gold is found widely diffused in the districts occupied 
by the Archean rocks, but usually only in payable quantities 
near intrusions of basic rocks. The basic rocks belong to at 
least two periods : (1) those of the gneissose formation, proba- 
bly originally gabbro and diabase, but now quartz-diorite, 
epidiorite, amphibolite or hornblende -schist ; and (2) the un- 
altered diabase which is of later origin than the sandstone- 
formation. 

The former rocks give rise to the Groete creek gold-field, 
parts of the Cuyuni gold-fields, the Puruni field and that of the 
upper Mazaruni. Gold is diffused through the mass of rock and 
is set free during its decomposition. From the degradation- 
products, which are chiefly quartz, concretionary ironstones and 



t^ 



89 

ferruginous clays, the gold has been concentrated into the aurif- 
erous gravels by the normal process of weathering and detrition, 
and the placers have been enriched by processes of solution and 
re-deposition ofthe metal. 

Where the Archean rocks are traversed by basic dykes, 
gold is not infrequently found in the decomposition-products, 
especially near the contact of gneiss and diabase. Where 
the basic dykes traverse a district already intersected by intru- 
sions of quartz-porphyry, felsite and allied rocks and which has 
been subjected to dynamic metamorphism, the contacts are 
frequently rich in gold and their degradation-products furnish 
the gravel for paying placers. The auriferous deposits occur 
more frequently where the dykes of diabase are small and 
numerous, than near the larger hill and mountain ranges, 
which, except possibly in localities where the amount of 
degradation has been very great, apparently contribute little 
gold to the potential wealth of the colony. 

The occurrence of mineralised masses of acidic rocks, for 
instance the aplite-granite of Omai, is in places a very produc- 
tive source of gold. 

In some localities the silica set free during the decomposi- 
tion of the rock has segregated out into lenticular masses in 
places strikingly resembling true quartz reefs. These are in 
parts exceptionally rich in gold and many carry the metal to 
payable extents. The majority, however, carry only small 
proportions of the metal. 

Fissure veins are not common in the colony, but some auri- 
ferous ones exist in the Arakaka, Mazaruni and Puruni districts. 

The original source of the diamonds found in the colony is 
not known. There are indications in some districts that 
they have been derived directly from the degradation of 
basic rocks, whilst in others, they may have been origi- 
nally derived from such sources, whence they found their 
v/ay into parts of the sandstone-formation and from there 
by degradation and detrition of the rocks into the gravels in 
which they now occur. 
/^ Fuller descriptions of the geology of the colony may be 

found in the geological reports by Brown and Sawkins and in 
the handbook of the Geology of the Gold-fields of British 
Guiana, and the various reports which have been recently 
issued dealing with the structures of the auriferous districts. 



9a 
CLIMATE AND HYGIENE. 

(By J. E. Godfrey^ M,B., CM., Edin,, Surgeon General.) 

The temperature seldom falls below 75'' or rises above 
90"^ fahrenlieit : the mean annual temperature of the City of 
Georgetown is about 80° fahrenheic. The climate is free 
from those sudden changes from heat to cold, and vice versa, 
Yv^liich are so common and dangerous to liealth in less temper- 
ate countries. 

Lying as the colony does practically iu the main tract of 
the equinoctipl current, the temperature is being constantly 
cooled by the sea breezes. 

The rainfall varies in difterent years from 70 to 130 
inches. Although the rainfall is heavy there is hardly a day 
on which the sun does not shine. The year is supposed to 
have two rainy and two dry seasons. May to July, and 
November to February, being considered the rainy seasons ; 
July to November, and February to May, the dry ones ; but 
these are by no means constant. Hurricanes are unknown, 
shocks of earthquakes are felt from time to time, but they 
have never been kuosvn to do any damage. 

Considering the naturally healthy climate the death-rate 
is far higher than it should be. The causes are not far to 
seek and may broadly be divided as due to : — 

{a) The excessive infantile mortality, especially among 
the black races, the infants of which are grossly 
neglected and fed on all sorts of indigestible food. 
(6) Preventible diseases, 
(c) Indiscretion with regard to drink and food, 

The skin is constantly acting which produces thirst, the 
tendency, and it may be said the habit, is to quench thirst with 
alcoholic beverages. Alcohol in small quantities does no harm, 
but it is difficult to limit the quantity, the consequence is that 
it is the cause directly or indirectly of a good many aeaths. 

Malarial Fevers are common, due to the infection carried 
by the malarial mosquito ; but by the use of small doses of 
quinine and using mosquito curtains at night malaria can, to a 
very large extent, be pi'evented. 

Tuberculosis or Consumption is prevalent amongst the 
poorer classes, due entirely to the way they live, 



91 

It is strongly recommended that in order to keep the 
body at a fairly even temperature, soft and light flannel should 
be worn next to the skhi both day and night ; this is an abso- 
lute necessity when travelling iu the interior. 

There is a popular idea that Yellow Fever is endemic, Init 
this is not so ; it is invariably introducd from outside, and has 
then usuall} become epidemic, due principally to the fact that 
it was not known that a certain species of mosquito (the Ste- 
gomyia Fasciata) is the chief, if not the only, medium by which 
the disease is transmitted from person to person. Every 
precaution was taken to disinfect the formities, but the mos- 
quito was left alone. The last epidemic of any importance 
was in 1881. 

The drinking water supply of the town is stored above 
ground in vats or tanks, and is on the whole good. In the 
other parts of the colony, the drinking water is mostly 
supplied from creeks, and is open to contamination, more 
especially in the inhabited parts and the gold-fields. It is 
advisable when travelling to always boil the water. 



METEOKOLOGY. 

{By A, IF. Bartlett, B.A., B.Sc, F.L.S.) 

Meteorological observations have been regularly kept twice 
daily at the Botanic Gardens, Georgetown, since the beginning 
of the year 1899 by means of a set of standard instru- 
ments, corrected at the Kew Observatory. The Botanic Gar- 
dens are distant about 1-J miles from the sea and these 
observations may be considered as showing approximately the 
climatic conditions prevailing throughout the whole of 
the flat coast region within a certain distance from the 
sea. Another set of standard instruments is kept at the 
Penal Settlement, Massaruni, which is situated in the 
forest region at a distance of between 30 and 40 miles 
inland. 

In addition to these^ tlie rainfall is recorded on every 
susar estate alone' the coast and at several Government 
Stations and other places in the interior of the colony. 

The following account is drawn up from these observa- 
tions ;-r- 



92 



1 . — Temperature. 
In the accompanying table are given the mean monthly 
and annual temperatures recorded at the Botanic Gardens 



Period 
1899-1908. 


Mean 
maximum 
tempera- 
ture in 
shade. 


Mean 
minimum 
tempera- 
ture in 
shade. 


Mean 
tempera- 
ture in 
shade. 


Range of 
tempera- 
ture in 
shade. 


Solar 
radiation 

ther- 
mometer. 


Terres- 
trial ra- 
diation 

ther- 
mometer. 




o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


o 


Januarj' 


8.3 7 


74-7 


79-2 


9-0 


139-7 


70-7 


Februarj' ... 


83-7 


74-7 


79-2 


9-0 


138-9 


70-7 


March 


83-9 


751 


79 '5 


8-8 


141-5 


70-8 


April 


84-8 


75-9 


80-4 


8-9 


141-4 


71-5 


Way 


85-1 


75-6 


80-4 


9-5 


138-2 


71-7 


June 


84-7 


75-3 


80-0 


9-4 


138-2 


71-2 


July 


85-3 


75-1 


80-2 


10-2 


140-0 


70-5 


August 


8d-3 


75-1 


80-7 


11-2 


143-0 


70-1 


September ... 


86'9 


761 


. 81-5 


10-8 


144-7 


70-8 


October 


86-8 


76-3 


81-6 


10*5 


145-2 


71-2 


November ... 


85-9 


75-8 


80-9 


101 


143-2 


711 


December ... 


84-3 


751 


79-7 


9-2 


139-5 


70-8 


Means 


85-9 


75-4 


80-3 


9-6 


1411 


70-9 



The most striking feature of these records is the small 
amount of variation. Thus the difference between the mean 
maximum temperatures of the hottest and coolest months of 
the year amounts to only 3-2°. The variation between the 
mean minimum temperatures is still smaller, being no more 
than 1*6°. The mean shade temperatures and the mean ranges 
of temperature show a similar uniformity. 

With regard to the actual highest and lowest temperatures 
registered in the shade, under proper conditions in a Stevenson 
Screen^ it may be stated that it is rare for the former to 
exceed 88° or 89° during the year. For most months it 
is seldom that a maximum temperature above 85'^ is recorded. 
On one occasion only during the last five years has the ther- 
mometer shown a temperature of 90°. During the night, the 
temperature seldom falls below 73° or 74°, and the lowest that 
has ever been registered at the Botanic Gardens is 70°. 

The mean monthly range of temperature during the year 
is likewise comparatively very small, varjdng only from 8-8° to 
11-2°, while the average for the whole period is 9*6°. 

December, January, February^ and March are usually the 
coolest months of the year, while August, September, and 
October are the hottest. 



93 



The temperatures registered at the Penal Settlement, 
Massaruni, during the period 1899-1906^ are given below for 
comparison with those of the coast region. 



Period. 
1899-1906. 


Blean 
maximum 
tempera- 
ture in 
shade. 


Mean 
minimum 
tempera- 
ture in 
shade. 


Mean 
tempera- 
ture in 
shade. 


Range of 
tempera- 
ture in 
shade. 


Solar 
radiation 

ther- 
mometer. 


Terres- 
trial ra- 
diation 
ther- 
mometer. 


January 
Februar}' ... 
Mai ch 
April 
May 
June 
July 
August 
September .. 
October 
November ... 
December ... 


82-8 
83-3 
83-1 
84-2 
84-0 
841 
84-3 
86-0 
86-6 
87M 
857 
83-2 


73-5 
72-9 
74-1 
74-0 
75-2 
74-7 
74-7 
751 
75*7 
75-9 
75-4 
74-7 


781 
781 
78-6 
79-4 
79-6 
79-4 
79-5 
80 -G 
811 
81-5 
80-6 
78-9 


9-3 

10-4 

9-0 

9-6 

9 8 

9-4 

9-() 

10-9 

10-9 

11-2 

10-3 

8-5 


140-3 
142-2 
140-4 
142-1 
139-3 
138-5 
140-7 
144-3 
14G-4 
147-0 
144-5 
141-9 


68-7 
G8-G 
70-4 
70-9 
71-8 
71-4 
71-3 
71-0 
71 -H 
71-0 
71-5 
70-3 


Mean ... 81-5 

! 


74-7 


79-6 9*8 


142-3 


70-8 



This station is situated in the forest region and it will be 
observed that these records show only very small differences as 
compared with those of the coast. The range of temperature 
is slightly greater, as might be expected from an inland station. 
The extremes of temperature lie within much the same limits, 
i.e.., 73*^ and 89"^ and on rare occasions only have temperatures 
below or above these been registered. 

2. — Rainfall. 

The year may be roughly divided into two wet and two 
dry seasons. There is a long wet season commencing usually 
about the middle of iVpril and lasting until the beginning of 
August. This is followed by the long dry season extending 
through the months of August, September, October, and a part 
of November. The short wet season embraces a part of 
November, together with December and January, while 
February, March, and the first part of April constitute the 
short dry season. The long dry season is however the only one 
out of the four which is at all to be depended on. In some 
years the rains will extend more or less continuously from 
November to July so that the short dry season will be wanting. 
In other years again, the long dry season commencing in 



94 



August may continue with only occasional showers to the 
following February. 

Certain of the older planters of the colony have maintained 
that this variability in the seasons has only arisen within 
comparatively recent years and that formerly the approximate 
dates of the beginning and cessation of the rains could be 
determined with certainty. The rainfall records of the colony 
which extend back with one short break to 1846 do not how- 
ever lend support to this view. The same belief appears to 
have been current during the first half of the last century, for 
we find that in his " Description of British Guiana" published in 
1840^ Schomburgk says : " It is generally considered that two 
" wet and two dry seasons constitute the changes during the 
'^ year. However regular the setting-in of these periods may 
" have been formerly^ this has not been the case during later 
" years." 

The dry seasons are usually varied by occasional showers^, 
and days in Avhich no rain falls occur now and then during the 
wet seasons. Records extending over a number of years show 
that the most )'ain usually falls during the months of May, 
June, July, and December, while September, October, and 
November are generally the driest months of the year. 

The following is the mean monthly and annual rainfall 

t the 



registered at the Botanic 


Gardens, C 


Georgetown, du 


years 1880 to 1908; 




Inches. 


January 




8-56 


Febiuaiy 






670 


Marcli 






7-20 


April 






7-22 


May 






11-60 


June 






11-72 


July 






10-44 


August 






6-03 


September ,. 






3-06 


October 






2-09 


November 






5-51 


December 




Mean total 


11-84 




92-84 



The heaviest annual rainfall during this period was 135-24 
inches, the lowest 52-70 incJies, The greatest rainfall during 
any month was 32-38 inches, experienced in December 1891 ; 
and this is 8-34 inches more than the average annual rainfall 



95 

for London. For three months only has no rain been recorded. 
The greatest amount of rain measured during 24 hours was 
8-32 inclies on 9th April, 1890, but this is quite abnormal. 
During the two last yearS; in each of which the rainfall 
has been above the average^ on no day has as much as 4 inches 
been recorded, and over 3 inches on only eight occasions. 

Of the three counties^ Berbice, the most easterly one, 
has by far the lowest rainfall^ and Essequebo on the west has 
usually the highest. Demerara occupies a position interme- 
diate between these two, both geographically and in the 
amount of its rainfall. 

Even within the limited area of the city of Georgetown 
there are great differences in the rainfall at the various 
institutions where rain-gauges are kept, which may amount to 
nearly 20 inches between the highest and lowest records 
during the course of the year. This is explained by many 
of tlie showers being very local. 

In the forest region of the interior the usual contrast 
between the wet and dry seasons is less marked than on the 
coast. Records extending over a varying number of years at 
+ he different stations show that while the average annual 
rainfall either exceeds or in some cases is less than that of 
Georgetown the distribution is generally more uniform 
throughout the year. 



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97 



3.— Relative Humidity. 
The following is the mean monthly and annual relative 
humidity for the year 1908 : — 



1908. 


9 a.m. 


4 p.m. 


Mean. 


January 
February 
March 
April ... 
May ... 
June . . . 
July ... 
August 
September 
October 
November 
December 




78- 

78- 

81-5 

76-5 

85-5 

79-5 

85-5 

81- 

77*5 

74- 

78- 

81-5 


78- 
75-5 
73-5 
79- 

82- 
77- 
79- 

75- 

77- 

77-5 

78- 

80- 


78- 
76-75 

77-5 

77-75 

83-75 

78-25 

82 25 

78- 

77-25 

75-75 

78- 

80-75 


Means 


79-7 


77-6 


78-65 



Means for 1905 
Means for 1906 
Means for 1907 



The means for 1905, 1906, and 1907 are given for com- 
parison : — 

77-8 76-6 77-2 
78-8 78-1 78-5 
80- 77-7 78-8 

4. — Sunshine. 
The following are the records of sunshine at the Botanic 
Gardens for the five years 1902, 1903, and 1905-1908. The 
year 1904 is omitted owing to certain of the records being 
incomplete through the instrument being moved and re- 
adjusted : — 



Number of days during the year on 
which bright sunshine was recorded. 



Total number of hours and minutes 
of bright sunshine. 



1902 ... 


... 354 ... 




1903 ... 


... 350 ... 




1905 ... 


... 356 ... 




1906 ... 


... 354 ... 




1907 .w 


... 350 ... 




1908 ... 


... 350 ... 




Mean 


... 352 ... 





2,158 hours 


42 mins. 


2,050 „ 


20 „ 


2,194 5, 


34 „ 


2,468 „ 


02 ,, 


2,130 „ 


17 M 


2,036 „ 


52 j, 



2,173 



08 



The above figures show that on an average there are only 
thirteen days out of the 365 on which no bright sunshine is re- 
corded and that the daily average of sunshine throughout the 
year is a little over six hours. Except when rain is actually 



98 



falling, 



dull and cloudy weather is very rarely experienced in 
British Guiana. However wet the first part of the day may 
be, as soon as the rain ceases the clouds usually disappear and 
the sun comes out. 

5.— The Wind. 
Fresh sea-breezes blow steadily almost without intermis- 
sion during the day-time for the greater part of the year. 
During the months of January, February, and March they con- 
tinue both day and night. Their general direction is north- 
east^ east-north-east, or sometimes due east. Occasionally 
during the wet mouths of the year, the wind is from 
the south-east, south^ or south-west (the so-called land-breeze) 
and the heaviest falls of rain usually occur when the wind is in 
this quarter. The force of the wind usually varies from 3 to 5, 
estimated according to Beaufort's Scale, which is described as a 
" Gentle," " Moderate," or " Fresh" breeze. The flat land of 
the coast region offers no impediment to the sea breezes which, 
as they are almost continually blowing, temper the heat of the 
tropical sun and keep the temperature inside the houses cool 
and pleasant. 

6. — Bakometer. 
The height of the barometer shows very little variation dur- 
ing the year, as the mean monthly records for 1908 will show : — 



1908. 


9 a.m. 


4 p.m. 


Mean. 


January 
February 
March 
April ... 
May ... 
June ... 
July ... 
August 
September 
October 
November 
December 


30-049 
30-056 
30-038 
30-035 
30-060 
30-089 
30-081 
30-040 
30-013 
29-990 
30-001 
30-012 


29-956 
29-962 
29-941 
29 938 
29-956 
29-990 
29-970 
29-947 
29-915 
29-909 
29-902 
29-853 


30-002 
30-009 
29-989 
29-986 
30-008 
30-039 
30-025 
29-993 
29-964 
29-949 
29-951 
29-932 


Means 


30-038 


29-935 


29-986 


Means for 1905 ... 
„ 1906 ... 
„ 1907 ... 


30-007 
30-013 
30015 


29-917 
29 932 
29-921 


29-962 
29-973 
29-968 



The mean records for the 
are added to show the very 
series of observations have 



years 1905, 1906, and 
slight variations. A 
been kept with a 



1907 

long 

self-recording 



99 

aneroid barometer and the charts show two maximum 
and two minimum pressures occurring regularly each day about 
10 and 4 o'clock, respectively. The maximum at 10 a.m. 
is more pronounced than that at 10 p.m. and the minimum 
at 4 p.m. than the minimum at 4 a.m. The amount of 
the diurnal oscillations usually varies about *10 inches. The 
amount of the variations of barometric pressure is so small 
and so regular that it has not been found to be of any 
assistance in forecasting the weather. 

7. — Other PhenOxMena. 
Severe thunderstorms occur usually at the beginning and 
the end of the rainy seasons, but it is extremely rare for any 
damage to life or property to be caused by them. 

Gales are rare, and hurricanes are unknown in the colony. 
Slight earthquake shocks have been experienced at rare 
intervals, but there are no records of their doing any damage. 
These shocks are merely due to slight earth mov^ements pro- 
duced by earthquakes in the West Indian Islands or in parts 
of South America, for there are very few records indeed of 
earthquakes having originated in the colony. 

8. — General Considerations. 
The climate compares very favourably with that of most 
other tropical countries. 

The mean annual temperature of about 80° is by no means 
high at sea-level within the tropics nor is an average maximum 
temperature of about 85° excessive. In fact, Schomburgk 
states that " It is not the absolute degree of temperature 
" which determines the salutary state of a country but the 
" sudden changes of heat and cold ; and, as will have been 
" observed from the preceding tables, the uniformity of the 
" temperature is so great in British Guiana that it is not 
^' surpassed by any country on the globe."* 

It has been already observed that the almost continuous 
sea-breezes prevent the sun's heat from being felt so much as 
might be expected. Visitors from other tropical countries are 
frequently surprised to observe how small a proportion of the 
European residents wear the usual white suits and pith helmets 
associated with the tropics. The ordinary clothes and straw 
hats worn during the English summer are generally all that is 
required for people accustomed to the climate. The mid -day 
^ A description of British Guiana by R. H. Schomburgk (1840) p. 27. 



loo 

siesta rendered necessary in parts of India is rarely indulged in, 
and work goes on uninterruptedly from about 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. 
The nights are sufficiently cool to be pleasant and condu- 
cive to sleep, and there is no sudden or great fall of tempera- 
ture at sunset, such as is experienced in some tropical countries. 



POPULATION. 



The population of Demerara and Essequebo and Berbice 
at the time of their union in 1831 to form the Colony of 
British Guiana was estimated at 98,000 persons, about 15,000 
of whom constituted the town population. 

The population since then has been returned as follows at 
each decennial census : — 



1831. 


1841. 


1851. 


1861. 


1871. 


1881. 1891. 


98,000 


98,154 


135,994 


155,907 


193,491 


252,186 278,328 


Increase. 


154 


37,840 


19,913 


37,584 


58,695 1 26,142 

i 



The total number of people returned as living in the 
colony on the 5th April, 1891, the date of the last census taken, 
was 278,328 which number included 10,000 aborigines 
estimated to be scattered over the interior of the colony. 
Excluding the estimated number of Aborigines, the total 
showed an increase of 26,142 or 10*36 per cent in the popu- 
lation during the preceding ten years. This increase was 
entirely due to immigration and was general throughout the 
colony. Of the 278,328 persons enumerated, 151,759 were 
males, and 126,569 females, as compared with 140,134 males, 
and 112,052 females, in 1881. To each 100 females there 
were 112 males, due to a great extent to the fact that the 
immigrants imported were mostly males. 

The population of Georgetown was 53,176, being one-sixth 
of the total population of the colony, and showed an increase 
of 5,052 persons or 10% on the number of the previous decade. 

The population of New Amsterdam was 8,903. 

The population on the estates was 90,492, comprising 
54,508 males and 35,984 females. 

The population resident in the villages was 125,757 
which included 68,106 males and 57,651 females. 



101 



The number of East Indians in the colony was returned at 
105,463 or nearly 38% of the total population. 

The numbers of the sexes at the different ages were as 
under : — 

Sexes and Ages. 



Under 15 years old 
Under 20 years old 

Under 50 years old 
Over 50 years old 



Males. 



43,600 

54,877 



136,303 
15,456 



151,759 



Females. 



43,073 
55,190 



113,909 
12,660 



126,569 



Total. 



86,673 
110,067 



250,212 
28,116 



278,328 



The numbei under 5 years old was 29,186, of which 14,525 
were males and 14,661 females, 247 persons were enumerated 
as being over 90 years old and of these 62 were returned as 
being over 100. 

The number within what may be considered the school 
as;e, viz :— over 4 and under 20, were 87,332—43,601 males and 
43,731 females. 

The number within the age liable for Militia service was 

72,268. 

The rate of increase in the female portion of the popula- 
tion during the decade 1881 to 1891 was 5% greater than the 
increase in the male portion. 

Conjugal Conditions. 
According to the returns the number of husbands in the 
population was 34,284, while the number of wives was 32,709. 
The husbands, therefore, outnumbered the wives by 1,575. Of 
the enumerated wives 28,248 had not completed their fiftieth 
year. The number of widowers v^as 3,406, and the widows 
8,102. 

The proportion of married persons to the adult popula- 
tion (15 and upwards) was 35%. In the case of husbands the 
proportion was 31% and in the case of wives 39%. 

Observations on the conjugal condition of the people it 
was stated at the time would be liable to give a mistaken 
impression because the figures are affected by the large number 
of immigrants whose condition as to marriage was very difficult 
to define. 



102 





Birth Places. 




European other than Portugiiese 


4,558 


Portuguese 




... 12.166 


East Indian 




... 105,463 


Chinese 




3.714 


Africans (born) 




3,433 


Blacks 




... 112,155 


Mixed Races 




... 29,029 


Aborigines 




7,463 


Not stated 




347 



Total 
The above numbers included : — 



278,328 





Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Borninthe Colonv of European parents 


947 


1,078 


2,025 


Born in the Colony of Portuguese parents ... 


3,296 


3,492 


6,788 


Born in the Colony of Efist Indian parents ... 


17,058 


1.5,374 


32,432 


Born in the Colony of Chinese parents 


652 


587 


1,239 


Born in the Colony of African parents 


46,731 


49,451 


96,182 


Born in the Coiony of Mixed Races 


10,839 


13,138 


23,977 


Born in Europe 


1,781 


752 


2,533 


Born in Portugal and the Azores ... 


2,746 


2.632 


5.378 


Bom in India 


47,645 


25,386 


73,031 


Born in China 


1,931 


544 


2,475 


Born in Africa 


2,112 


1,321 


3,433 


Bom in the West Indies ... • 


9,555 


6,418 


15,973 


Mixed Races born out of the Colony 


2,388 


2,664 


5,052 


Aboriginal Indians 


3,917 


3,546 


7,463 


Race not stated 


161 


186 


347 






... 


278,328 



Occupations. 
The occupations of the people were returned as follows : — 





Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Public Service 


1,580 


73 


1,653 


Clergy, Learned Professions and Teachers ... 


929 


541 


1,470 


Merchants and Shop-keepers 


2,200 


399 


2,599 


Clerks and Shop Assistants 


2,443 


221 


2,664 


Landed propietors — Agriculturists and Cat- 








tle Farme s 


2,462 


598 


3,060 


"Wood Cutters, Gold Seekers and their 








labourers 


6,614 


32 


6,646 


Mechanics and Artisans 


10,229 


3,917 


14,146 


Labourers, Ajiricultural 


64.282 


41,162 


105,544 


Other labourers variously employed 


12,104 


12,042 


24.146 


Boatmen and Mariners... 


1.836 




1,836 


Domescic Servants 


3,307 


16,627 


19,934 


Children and persons of no occupation 


24.104 


32,559 


56 563 


Scholars 


19,669 


18,398 


38,067 








278,328 



103 

Infirmities. 
The returns showed :— 










Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Blind ... 

Deaf and Dumb ... 

Deaf ... 

Dumb... 

Insane 

Lepers 


225 

30 

120 

. 23 

4] 8 
285 


214 

27 

105 

19 

203 
68 


439 
57 

225 
42 

621 

353 






.. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Could read 
Could write 


48,234 
40,598 


43,206 
34,633 


91,440 
75,231 



Since the census of 1891 the estimated population of the 
colony, based on a comparison of the births and deaths in 
conjunction with the excess of immigration over emigration, has 
been returned as follows for each year since that date : — 



Year. 



1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



Population. 


Increase. 


Decrease. 


278,295 




33 


278,279 




IG 


280,869 


2,590 




283,278 


2,409 




285,315 


2,037 




286,484 


1,169 




286,222 




262 


287,288 


1,066 




294,943 


7,655 




300,748 


5,805 




302,172 


1,424 




302,628 


456 




301,923 




705 


303,390 


1,467 




306,959 


3,569 




304,549 


. .. 


2,410 


304,089 


... 


460 



Density of Population. 
The colony is so unevenly peopled, there being large tracts 
of unknown area uninhabited save by a few Aborigines, that 



104 

any calculation as to the density of the population would be 
entirely misleading and useless for the purposes of comparison 
with other countries. Taking the estimated population on the 
31st December, 1907, at 304,549, the density of the population 
as ordinarily calculated would be 3-384 to the square mile. 

The estimated population of Georgetown on the 31st De- 
cember, 1907, was approximately 47,867, and the density of 
population per acre in round figures 36. 

The estimated population of New Amsterdam on 31st De- 
cember, 1907, was 9,114 and the density of population per acre 

22-7. 

The following table shows the number of births and death 
since the last decennial census of 1891, and the number of mar- 
riages since 1903 when marriages were first officially regis- 
tered : — 

1891-1908. 











Births. 


Deaths. 


Year. 


Mar- 
riage?". 


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1891 .. 

1892 .. 

1893 .. 

1894 .. 

1895 .. 

1896 .. 

1897 .. 

1898 .. 

1899 .. 

1900 .. 

1901 .. 

1902 .. 

1903 .. 

1904 .. 

1905 .. 

1906 ... 

1907 ... 

1908 .. 






*821 
1,141 
997 
1,154 
1,102 
1,159 


3,766 
3,903 
3,819 
3.564 
4,199 
4,712 
4,901 
4,302 
4,284 
5,528 
5,445 
5,129 
4,444 
4,730 
5,279 
5,194 
4,319 
4,271 


3,656 

3,892 
3,774 
3,393 
3,978 
4,564 
4,734 
4,198 
.3,991 
5.289 
5,347 
4,958 
4,342 
4,421 
4,915 
4,919 
4,287 
4,028 


7,422 

7,795 

7,593 

6,957 

8.177 

9.276 

9,635 

8 500 

8,275 

10,817 

10,792 

10,087 

8,786 

9,151 

10,194 

10,113 

8,606 

8,299 


3,298 
2,113 
2,155 
2,029 
2,238 
2,378 
2,667 
2,333 
2,422 
4,343 
3,909 
3,376 
2,881 
3,211 
3,948 
3,770 
3,293 
3,386 


4,124 

5,682 
5,438 
4,928 
5,939 
6,898 
6,968 
6,167 
5,853 
6,474 
6,883 
6,711 
5.905 
5,940 
6,246 
6,343 
5,313 
4,913 


6,173 
6,636 
5,913 
5,598 
5,006 
4,405 
4,551 
5,556 
4,822 
4,216 
3,973 
4,873 
4,933 
4.900 
4; 571 
4,860 
6,239 
5,376 


4,037 
4,434 
3,967 
3,776 
3,339 
3,108 
3,449 
4,150 
3,530 
3,257 
3.123 
3,621 
3,839 
3.794 
3,743 
3,984 
5,023 
3,998 


10,210 
11,070 
9,880 
9,374 
8,345 
7,513 
8,000 
9,706 
8,352 
7,473 
7,096 
8,494 
8,772 
8,694 
8,314 
8,844 
11,262 
t9,381 



* Marriage Ordinance 25 of 1901 came into force 14th March, 1903. 
t In 7 cases the sexes could not be ascertained. 



Plate 21. 




SAVANNAH INDIAN HOUSE AND GROUP OF 
AKAWAIO INDIANS. 



Phofo hij C. W. Anderson. 



105 



SUMMARY OF THE STATISTICS OF POPULATION FOR THE 

YEAR 1908, 



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Number of inhabitants 


















in 1907 


15,293 


1,413 


127,326 


2,312 


34,984 


116,385 


6,836 


304,549 


Number of Births dur- 


















ing the year 1908 ... 


314 




3,099 


65 


990 


3,463 


368 


8,299 


Number of Deaths dur- 


















ing the year 1908 ... 


408 


105 


4,144 


100 


689 


3,640 


287 


*9,3S1 


Number of Immigrants 


















during the year 1908. 


... 




1,838 


150 






... 


1,988 


Emigrants, 1908 






1,175 


191 








1,366 


Number of Inhabitants- 
















* 


in 1908 


15,199 


1,308 


126,944 


2,236 


35,285 


116,208 


6,917 


304,089 


Increase 










301 




81 




Decrease 


'"94 


105 


"382 


""76 




""177 


... 


... 



*In 8 cases the race or colour could not be ascertained. 

For further statistical information see under head of " Statistics." 



THE ABORIGINAL INDIANS. 



{By G. Wilgress Anderson, F.G.S., F.B.G.S.) 

The aborigines of British Guiana are widely scattered, in 
many small groups or families, all over the colony ; from the 
coast-lands away inland bo the remote unexplored hinterlands ; 
in the deep recesses of the vast forests; over the low-lying 
savannahs near the coast and on the extensive elevated ones of 
the interior ; so that their number can hardly be reliably 
determined or even approximately estimated. 

The various estimates of the aboriginal population of 
the colony, therefore, diiFer in number from 12,000 to 20,000 
souls. 

General Chaeacter and Belief. 

The[ aborigines, taken generally, are naturally of a peaceful 
and amiable disposition. They readily respond to fair and 
just treatment, and are usually willing to act as boat-hands, 



106 

carriers, or guides. They cheerfully assist the traveller on his 
journey throughout the localities in which they dwell, but 
outside the somewhat vague limits of these localities, the more 
remote tribes can seldom be persuaded to go, except it be 
along the main rivers of the colony, foi* they have a marked 
inter-tribal distrust of each other. 

When travelling, if more than one tribe be employed, the 
members of each tribe always cook their meals, eat, and sleep, 
in separate tribal parties. 

If much provoked or dissatisfied, they control any animo- 
sity they may feel against the stranger who employs them, 
but, at the first opportune moment, they will quietly disappear 
without any warning, leaving any wages which they may have 
earned behind with the offending traveller, who, if far up 
country, practically becomes stranded ; for without their 
guidance and assistance, it is by no means easy for him to 
penetrate into the less known or more remote parts of the 
colony. 

Amongst themselves, their animosity and vindictiveness 
take the form of family feuds or vendettas usually concealed ; 
and the mysterious murders which from time to time result 
therefrom are ascribed by them to the " Kanaimas " or evil 
spirits. 

Their " Peai " or medicine-men claim, or pretend to have, 
the power of exorcising all evil spirits, be they either in the 
form of *' Kanaimas," disease, sickness, or misfortune. 

To practise this power, the " Peai-man " holds a seance at 
night in an enclosed dwelling in which the patient along with 
other members of the family is present, and within which 
enclosure not a single ray of light is permitted to penetrate. 

The aboriginal Indian naively reasons that there is 
nothing to fear from the good spirits, for being good they will 
not harm ; therefore, it is the evil spirits that they must either 
propitiate or drive away through the influence of the Peai-man. 

Being naturally of a retiring disposition, in the struggle 
for life the aborigines cannot, nor do they desire to, stand 
against, or even be included in, the advancing ranks of the 
more civilized and stronger community of races which now 
form the greater bulk of the population of the colony, whose 
vices they readily acquire without any of their corresponding 
virtues which they could scarcely be expected to appreciate. 



107 

They indulge periodically in drinking bouts generally 
combined with dancing, on which occasions both sexes imbibe 
large quantities of " Paiwarie " and " Cassiri, " their native 
drinks, until they become very drunk. Paiwarie consists of 
fermented cassava, and Cassiri of fermented sweet potatoes ; to 
aid fermentation certain quantities of these vegetables are 
chewed by the women when these drinks are being prepared. 

The character of the ordinary Indian in his natural state 
is a decidedly admirable and moral one. He is not civilized 
it is true, but he scarcely deserves to be considered a savage. 

" All the actions of the Indian show that his ruling desire is 
"to be let alone ; he is attached to his home, his quiet monoto- 
" nous forest and river life ; he likes to go to town occasionally, 
" to see the wonders introduced by the white man, but he has 
" a great repugnance to Jiving in the midst of the crowd ; 
'* he prefers handicraft to field labour, and especially dislikes 
" binding himself to regular labour for hire. He is shy and 
" uneasy before strangers, but if they visit his abode, he treats 
"them well, for he has a rooted appreciation of the duty of 
" hospitality ; there is a pride about him, and being naturally 
"formal and polite, he acts the host with great dignity," 
(Extract from " The Naturalist on the Amazons " by H. W. 
Bates, F.R.S., late Assistant Secretary of the Royal Geogra- 
phical Society.) 

Physical Appearance and Dress. 

Compared with the ordinary European standard, all the 
Indians are of small stature ; but there is a considerable differ- 
ence in height between the various tribes, the Warraus being 
the shortest and the Arecunas the tallest. 

The skin of the aborigines varies in colour from a dark 
coppery brown to a light yellow-reddish hue. Invariably the 
skin is smooth, and usually almost hairless on the face, body, 
and limbs. 

The Indian has been described as presenting all the chief 
characteristics of the American red man; but in the general 
features of the face he strikingly resembles the Mongolian. 

The face is broad ; the hair black ; the eyes dark and 
usually narrow ; the neck short. He has a deep broad muscu- 
lar chest, well shaped but somewhat thick legs and arms, and 
small hands and feet. The hands and feet of the women are 
almost as small as those of a child, 



108 

The absence of mobility in the expression of the face por- 
trays the apathetic and undemonstrative character of the race. 

Physically and constitutionally they are not a strong race, 
but they have wonderful powers of endurance. 

The men wear a " lap" which consists simply of a long 
strip of cloth, usually now of European manufacture, and either 
red or blue in colour, It is passed between the legs, and worn 
suspended from the loins on both the back and front of the body. 

Amongst certain interior tribes, the men do not consider 
themselves decently dressed unless they have painted on their 
faces their tribal mark ; on festive occasions they adorn them- 
selves with feather-crowns of various colours, and other feather 
ornaments. Necklaces made of the teeth of animals slain in 
hunting are also commonly worn. 

The women are garbed with a tiny apron called a "queyu," 
formerly made with seeds obtained from the forests, but now 
with very small beads strung together and woven into a cloth- 
like fabric. The tribe of the wearer is denoted by a distinc- 
tive pattern neatly worked in on the " queyu " with red or 
blue beads usually in contrast with a majority of white ones. In 
addition they wear armlets, anklets, and necklaces of beads. 

Scantily clad as both sexes are, they do not convey the idea of 
nakedness. In fact, especially amidst their natural surroundings_, 
they appear to best advantage when in their native costumes. 

Along the coast-lands and more settled parts of the colony, 
nearly all the Indians have now adopted European clothes. 
Those in the interior have also done so to some extent ; but 
when so clad they have an uncomfortable, slovenly, and often 
ludricous appearance in the unaccustomed garb, which they sel- 
dom wear amongst themselves, but hastily don when a traveller 
visits their abodes in order to impress him with the idea that 
they are quite up to date. 

The Peincipal Tribes. 

The aborigines of the colony are known by as many as 
thirty or more names, but all of these sub-tribes or families 
may be reduced to four distinct tribes^ each speaking an en- 
tirely different language, viz : — 

(l; The Warraus. 

(2) The Arrawaks, 

(3) The Caribs. 

(4) The Wapisianas. ^ 



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Distribution and Differences in Habit. 

(1.) Tlie Warraus are to be found only on the low-lying 
coast-lands. They are called " Swamp Indians" as they were 
accustomed, not v^ery long ago, to dwell in huts slightly raised 
on piles or tree roots over swampy ground, and sometimes even 
over water, but recently the majority of this tribe have settled 
on the slightly higher lands around the mission stations near the 
coast. 

They are a timid people, and are generally despised by 
the other Indians who are fairly clean in their personal habits 
whereas the Warraus are comparatively very filthy. 

They are particularly skilled in the making of " dug-outs " 
or " corials," a type of craft which is an indispensable adjunct 
to their mode of life. 

(2.) The Arrawaks have selected for their settlements the 
slightly elevated lands behind the swampy coast-lands lying 
between the lower reaches of the rivers. 

They are most cleanly in their personal habits and more 
civilized than any of the other tribes. Nearly all of them can 
speak English ; some of them also speak Spanish, while others 
have learnt to read and write in both languages. They all wear 
European clothes. When not clearing the forest in the vicinity 
of their settlements for the purpose of planting fields, they 
readily find employment either as boat-hands or as wood- 
cutters, for they are not only good boat-men but also very expert 
at handling the axe. 

They have a great aversion to the other tribes, particu- 
larly to the Caribs, but I have noticed that they readily make 
friends with the Wapisianas, with whom they probably have a 
distant relationship. 

(3.) Ihe Carib tribe consists of (1) the true Caribs ; (2) the 
Arecunas; (3) the Akawois ; and (4) the Macusis. 

All these sub-tribes, although speaking different dialects, 
can, to a greater or less extent, understand each other's speech. 

The few remaining True Caribs, remnants of a once war- 
like race, are scattered mostly over the country on the upper 
Barima, Barama, and Cuyuni rivers, but certain families of this 
tribe are occasionally to be met with along the more easterly 
rivers of the colony. 

Their fighting propensities are historical, and to this day 
they are still held in great fear by the other tribes. 



no 

They are, or at least were in their time, great pottery 
makers. 

The Ahaivois are born traders. They have, therefore, 
wandered to a much greater extent over the colony than any 
of the other tribes. - 

Small groups of this tribe are to be found along the banks 
of nearly all the principal rivers, both in the upper and lower 
navigable parts; but the majority of their settlements, together 
Avith those of tlieir near relatives the Patamonas, are distributed 
over the forest-clad country around the upper Mazaruni basin, 
and the intermixed forest and savannah country in the vicinity 
of the upper Potaro and upper Ireng rivers. 

In their personal habits they are somewhat dirty as com- 
pared with the other branches of the Garib tribe to which they 
belong. They are generally good-humoured, and easily amused 
at trifles. 

The Macusis are mostly confined to the elevated savannah 
country between the lower Kupununi river and the lower Ireng 
and Takutu rivers, which portion of the colony they but 
sparsely inhabit as they are not a large tribe. In their 
personal habits they are particularly cleanly ; of all the Indian 
tribes, they present the handsomest appearance, and possess 
the most pleasing manners. 

The Macusis are the chief makers of the famous " wourali" 
or " ourali " poison used for jDoisoning both arrow-heads 
and blow-pipe darts. They are experts in the use of the 
blow-pipe, keen huntsmen, and generally of a sporting dis- 
position, 

A small isolated group of Macusis are located within the 
Wapisiana country on the upper Takutu river. They have 
intermarried with the Wapisianas and have now adopted the 
language of that tribe. 

(4) The Wainsiana tribe is divided into three branches, 
viz : — (1) Tlie True Wapisianas ; (2) the Atorais ; and (3) the 
Amaripas. 

The three branches of this tribe live inter-mingled 
together in settlements situated in the savannah country 
around the upper Rupununi river, and between that river and 
the upper reaches of the Takutu river. 

They are the great traders of the soutliernmost parts of 
the hinterlands, and the canoe makers of the interior. 




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They have a somewhat taciturn nature combined with 
mucli decision of character. 

The Wapisianas differ from the other tribes ah'eady 
mentioned in that they alone eat much of the cassava 
{Manihot utillisima), which forms the staple vegetable food 
of all the tribes, not baked in the shape of round thin cakes, 
known in the colony as cassava bread in which form it is 
always prepared by the other tribes, but prepared in the form 
of a dessicated meal common in the Brazils under the name of 
" farine " cr " farinha." 

Unclassified Tribes. — Three isolated tribes known as the 
Tarumas, the Wai-wois^ and the rianoghottos, inhabit the but 
little explored extreme southern and eastern forest-clad portions 
of the colony. Very little is known of them and they cannot 
therefore be classified. 

The Tarumas are a small tribe whose abodes are very 
sparsely scattered along the uppermost parts of the Essequibo 
river in the vicinity of its tributary the Kuyuwini. 

Tlie Wcd-ivois are located around the head waters of the 
Essequibo river, in which almost inaccessible locality, as they 
have never been disturbed, they still continue to preserve the 
same primitive conditions and natural habits of life that they 
were j^robably accustomed to follow before the discovery of 
South America. They have never been known to travel out- 
side the limits of the locality in which they dwell. 

The cassava-graters which they manufacture are held in 
great esteem by all the other Indians. They are particularly 
good trainers and breeders of special hunting dogs which they 
so greatly prize that they can scarcely, if ever, be tempted to 
part with one of them. They also excel in making ornaments 
of beautiful feather work with which they profusely adorn them- 
selves. Altogether from what is known of them they appear 
to be an extremely interesting people. 

The Pianoghottas are the most isolated of these three tribes. 
All that is known of these Indians is that their villages are situ- 
ated in the country around the sources of the Courantyne river. 
Houses and tSETTLEMBNTs. 
Omitting the miserable huts which the Warraus were once 
accustomed to build on platforms raised above the coast-land 
swamps, there are two distinct types of Indian houses in the 
colony. 



112 

These may be classed as follows : — 

(1.) The forest type of house found generally on the less 
elevated lands; and (2) the savannah type of house found only 
on the more elevated lands. 

The forest Indian house stands sometimes solitary, but fre- 
quently in groups, within a clearing made in the forest usually at 
some distance in from the larger rivers. It is always square or 
rectangular in shape ; the sloping roof thatched with palm leaves 
almost touches the ground, and is supported by posts planted 
generally in sandy soil, one or both of the gable ends remaining 
open. 

The sa van nail Indian house is invariably round or oval- 
shaped. It has a high conical roof thatched with palm leaves 
and terminating in a point. The roof rests on a low circular 
or oval-shaped wall built of w^attle and plastered with kneaded 
clay ; sometimes the walls are formed of bark, or simply of palm 
leaves. The house is completely enclosed by a wall in which an 
aperture usually forms a single entrance, but in some houses 
there are two placed opposite to each other and each 
entrance is invariably protected by a door made from the 
bark of a tree. 

Houses of this type occur singly or in clusters on the open 
savannah lands of the hinterland, but they are sometimes also 
to be seen in clearings on the elevated forest- clad parts of the 
Pakaraima mountains where the temperature of the air becomes 
very chilly at night-time. 

Indian Boats. 

The boats in use amongst the Indians may be divided into 
three types each well adapted for its particular employment, 
viz : — ■ 

(1.) Tlie Canoe. 

(2.) The Corial, " creawl" or '' buck-shell." 

(3.) The Woodskin, 

The largest is the canoe which is used for navigating the 
larger rivers, and capable of being run down the rapids. 

It is constructed almost solely by the Wapisianas, and con- 
sists of a tree trunk which has been hollowed and opened out to 
the required width and bhape. The bow and stern are both some- 
what raised, the gaps in them being fitted with pieces of plank, 
and the two sides of the whole structure are raised by planks ex- 
tending from bow to stern, A rounded shelter thatched with 




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113 

palm leaves, is generally placed between the middle and stern 
of the canoe. 

The corial is a smaller craft, closely resembling the canoe, 
but without any additional structure along the sides of the tree- 
trunk from which it has been dug out acd shaped. It is used 
for short journeys on the smoother parts of the river. 

The buck-shell is often also called a corial from which it 
only diifers in having the ends so shaped as to terminate in 
closed points. It varies greatly in size, the smallest being only 
capable of carrying a single individual, while the largest can 
carry about half-a-dozen or more persons. 

It is also used on the smoother parts of the river, but more 
especially in the narrow creeks for the na-vigation of which it is 
excellently suited. 

Both the corial and buck-shell are in general use amongst 
all the Indians ; but they are principally made by the Warraus 
and Arrawaks, to whom they are indispensable for getting 
about the low-lying country in which they live, and over which 
it is impracticable to walk. 

The woodskin is the lightest and most easily made of all 
the crafts used by the Indians. It is made out of a single oblong 
piece of bark stripped from the trunk of certain forest trees, pre- 
ferably from that of the purple heart tree (cojMlfera publi/lora). 

The naturally rounded edges of the strip serve as sides to 
the almost flattened middle portion which forms the bottom. 
By means of two pairs of slits cut one on either side at suitable 
distances from both ends, the two ends are sufficiently raised 
to prevent the water entering when the craft is afloat. The 
whole structure is kept in shape and strengthened by short 
cross pieces of strong sticks, and also by lacing lengths of 
wattles along the edges of both the sides. 

A small one, suitable for ferrying across a river, can easily 
be made by the Indians in less than the course of a day. 

It is sufficiently light to be easily carried over the rocks 
or portages at the rapids or falls, but the specific gravity of the 
tough bark from which io is made, being greater than that of 
water, it immediately sinks if swamped. 

The principal makers and users of the woodskin are the 
true Caribs and the Akawois, but it is also used and made 
by all the Indians in the interior of the colony, for it is par- 
ticularly well adapted for use in the shallow water on the 



114 

tipper reaGhes of the rivers, or along those parts where their, 
courses are much impeded by rapids or falls. 

Refeeences and Acknowledgments. 

In this short sketch of the aborigines of the colony, the 
writer, from personal knowledge gained during his frequent 
association with these people, has attempted to afford such in- 
formation about them in it, as may be useful to those who 
desire to travel in the various parts of the colony in which they 
dwell. Did space permit there is much more of interest to be told. 

Should the reader be desirous of knowing more about the 
aborigines, he will find a most comprehensive and detailed 
account of them given by Sir Everard F. ira Thurn, in his book 
entitled '* Among the Indians of Guiana" published in 1883. 

To the author of this book the writer is indebted not only 
for some of the views expressed, but also for many of the details 
furnished in this paper. 

IMMIGRATION. 



{By Robert Duff, Immigration Agent General.) 

The Colony of British Guiana has had always to depend 
on immigration for its labour supply — negro slaves from Africa 
at first, until the abolition of slavery forced employers to seek 
their labourers by other means and from other countries. The 
position of affairs at this time was alarming ; the working popu- 
lation was rapidly decreasing (101,712 slaves in 1817 to 89,434 
slaves in 1831 when the total population was only 100,536 !) 
and the labour market, already dislocated by the abolition of 
slavery in 1834, would be still further deranged on the expira- 
tion of the apprenticeship j)eriod of the negroes — the period 
designed to break the abruptness of the transition from slavery 
to complete freedom. The British West Indies and Madeira 
appear to have been the first fields of the recruiter's enter- 
prise : in 1835, our first date in the history of the voluntary 
immigration of labourers, 157 persons from the former, and 
429 from the latter, arrived ia the colony. During the en- 
suing few years some 5,000 immigrants were introduced from 
various countries, and among these were 406 from India, the 
vanguard of the race destined to have so great an effect on the 
fortunes of British Guiana. These East Indians arrived pro- 



115 

tected by their Government under a '' permit" containing stipula-^ 
tions as to the payment of wages, the providing of clothing, etc. ; 
but other Governments were not so careful of their people ; 
recruiters had a free hand : so that in 1838, when the infant 
immigration was stigmatised as " a new species of slave trade," 
the Mother country, jealous lest the old order were continuing 
beneath a specious disguise, declared null and void, for service 
within the colony, any contract that might be entered into 
in future beyond its boundaries. 

At this point an " Agent for Immigration" was appointed 
whoso duties were to encourage immigration from the over-popu- 
lated islands of the West Indies and to protect the immigrants 
in the colony. The Assistant Government Secretary first held 
this office, together with his own. 

The " Anti-Slavery " Society meanwhile narrowly watched 
the treatment of labourers in the West Indies and Guiana. No 
doubt, managers, ignorant of the language and ways of their 
labourers from India, gave too free a hand to the sirdars or 
headmen. Doubtless these petty officers, men of high caste in 
India, dealt with their people as they had been accustomed to 
do in their native country : disliking, or perhaps more proba- 
bly distrusting, the law, with its slow, and, in their idea, less 
effective way, they took matters into their own hands and 
inflicted corporal punishment on defaulters. The sufferers them- 
selves, accustomed to such methods, made no complaint ; and 
perhaps the employers themselves were unaware of the practice. 
Nevertheless it formed the grounds of complaint for the " Anti- 
Slavery " Society which had the effect of stopping immigration 
from India for six years — the favourable report of a Co-mmis- 
sion of Enquiry which sat at this time being too late to affect 
the decision of Her Majesty's Government. But through the 
exertions of a " Voluntary Subscription Immigration Society" 
some three thousand immigrants from Barbados, including 
a small number from Malta, Germany, and the United 
States, were introduced during the years 1838 to 1841. 
The Europeans, however, proved unsuited to the climate, and 
after a short stay, they found their way back to their own 
countries or were sent there. 

The tribulations of employers were now at their height. 
Emigration from India prohibited ; emigration from Africa 
embarrassed with yexatioas restrictions j emigrants from other 



116 

countries, obtained with great trouble, found unsuitable for 
the most part ; and, in the case of the exceptions, no law to 
enforce the performance of their engagements : these difficul- 
ties, capped by a short crop, culminated in 1840 in a deadlock 
between the Government and the elective section of the Com- 
bined Court, when the latter declined to grant a new Civil 
List unless free immigration from all parts of the world were 
guaranteed. This unfortunate state of things lasted till 
January, 1841, when, through the mediation of Sir H. McLeod, 
Governor of Trinidad, an arrangement was come to, the Civil 
List voted and an Ordinance passed, providing funds from the 
revenue of the colony for " encouraging the introduction of 
" labourers in husbandry" ; a Board of Commissioners for the 
management of these funds and the payment of bounties for 
immigrants : the appointment of an " Agent General for Emigra- 
tion " and of " Emigration Agents." This law, never officially 
confirmed, was not the first effort at establishing legal machi- 
nery in connection with immigration : previous attempts had 
been made : in 1836 an Ordinance, much modified by successive 
Orders-in-Councils, for the "better regulating and enforce- 
" ment of the duties of masters, employers and articled servants, 
" tradesmen and labourers in British Guiana " ; and in 1839, 
a Bill " to regulate the immigration of labourers into British 
" Guiana," disallowed as being not sufficiently comprehensive. 
Under the Ordinance of 1841, an Agent General was appointed 
and an Immigration Agent for Berbice. Up to this point 
(1836-1841) solely by the enterprise and energy of private 
individuals, at their own expense and risk, and in spite of 
difficulties and obstacles, 9,160 labourers had been introduced. 
The law, however, was still found unsatisfactory and inadequate, 
for in 1843, another Ordinance was passed — the first to receive 
the approval of the Home Government : it placed the manage- 
ment of emigration from Africa in the bands of Her Majesty's 
Government ; guaranteed return passages to their native land to 
the immigrants ; and provided for contracts of service for periods 
not exceeding one year, terminable on three months' notice. 

The year 1843 was also marked by the departure of two 
ships for India carrying back 235 of the 406 immigrants who 
had arrived in 1838, These were the first return ships. 

Meanwhile the scarcity of labour continued to be severely 
felt, showing itself two years later in the disappearance of 



117 

coffee from the colony's export list. To far Cathay, the 
harassed planter turned his gaze ; " the Chinaman," he urged, 
is very well able to look after himself " : but it was not yet the 
hour of the Celestial. Just at this time, in response to an 
urgent memorial to the Secretary of State, the prohibition against 
emigration from India was withdrawn, subject to the condition 
that the emigrant from India should share with his African 
fellow, the right to a free return passage. 5.000 immigrants 
were at once applied for and the necessary financial arrange- 
ments made. But the difficulties of employers were far from 
ended : they had a good field for recruiting labour it is true, 
and they could induce labourers to immigrate ; but could 
they make them work ? The Home Government would tolerate 
no interference with the liberty of the subject to dispose 
of his labour as he pleased. Picked up from the streets 
and bazaars of Indian cities as many were, and unaccustomed 
to agricultural labour, the immigrants wandered about from 
estate to estate begging or working as they felt inclined, and 
drifted into a condition unsatisfactory in every way ; for, em- 
ployers had, under the circumstances, little opportunity of caring 
the body of the labourer or of training his energy, disheartened 
perhaps, in addition, by the inadequacy of the law. Naturally 
the mortality among these early immigrants was very great. It 
was, to quote the Commission of 1870, " nothing more than the 
' inevitable result of throwing large masses of uneducated 
' people upon their own resources, separated as they were from 
' all they were used to, in a region where they had not the 
' slightest means of realizing by what new conditions unfavour- 
' able to human life they were surrounded." Two new Ordin- 
ances now made their appearance : one in 1847, defining the 
mutual obligations of employer and employed in respect of 
medicines and medical attendance, and regulating the manage- 
ment of rural hospitals ; and a second in 1848 which fixed the 
indenture period at three years, and provided that no portion 
of an immigrant's stay in the colony should be reckoned as part 
of the five years' industrial residence required of the immigrant 
to entitle him to free return passage to India, unless during 
that time he had worked under a written contract with some 
planter, or paid a monthly tax instead. 

But these remedial measures came too late : the *' Anti- 
Slavery" Society was at work again; and again emigration from 



118 

India was stopped. Ko doubt, from the causes already briefly 
indicated, many of the people were in a deplorable condition ; 
to quote the melancholy statement made before a subsequent 
Commission, " a good many Portuguese died and a good 
" many coolies have died — they wandered about." 

The influx of labourers from the British West Indies having 
stopped in 1846, it can be understood that this second cessa- 
tion of emigration from India was a terrible blow. It is true, 
that, owing to a frightful famine raging in Madeira, large num- 
bers of Portuguese were pouring in from that island ; but, debili- 
tated by privations and unaccustomed to the climate, a heavy 
mortaUty followed their introduction. They were, moreover, more 
inclined to engage in trade than in agriculture, and although 
those that did ply the shovel were valuable labourers, the 
arrival of these people on the whole made little difference to 
the labour market. In 1846 and the following year over nine 
and a half thousand arrived. From Africa, too, immigrants had 
been arriving since 1841, but after the first two years, in unim- 
portant numbers; while in 1846 many of them availed them- 
selves of their right to return jjassage and sailed away to their 
native land. From what can be gathered of the earnings they 
took away with them, they seem to have done very well. An 
Agent sent to the Dark Continent with a view to increasing 
African emigration once induced a " Prince" of the Kroo tribe 
to return with him. " His Highness" was delighted with the con- 
dition of his people in the colony, but when he attempted to 
exact tribute from them, he was much chagrined : •' British 
Guiana," he declared, " was a fine country for Kroo boys, but 
not for Kroo Princes." 

Some English ploughmen were introduced in 1851, but 
it is not known what became of them. 

The year 1851 was marked by a very important addition 
to the power of the Immigration Agent General : he was 
invested by law with the privilege of entering any estate for 
the purpose of enquiring into immigrants' complaints. Such 
applications as that made by some immigrants in Essequibo 
for the payment of an overdue sum of $1,000 for work done — 
a large amount in those days of small resident gangs — showed 
the necessity for some such step ; for, the ignorant peasants, it 
is not diflicult to understand, regarded the Magistrate as stern 
Judge rather than friendly advocate, and hesitated to approach 



11& 

him. In the Immigration Agent General however, with his 
new powers, the people felt that they had an adviser peculiarly 
their own ; and perhaps largely to this new feeling of confid- 
ence were due the strikes that began now to take place. Doubt- 
less, too, much unrest was caused by the competition for labour 
between managers. The immigrants had the privilege of trans- 
ferring their services wherever they pleased after their first 
three years, and managers did not hesitate to make fine 
promises in order to entice industrious men from other estates 
to their own, a practice that led to an Ordinance in 1862, 
extending the term of indenture to five years. Howbeit at 
this time, in the year 1860, immigrants took to the habit of 
leaving estates in large bodies to lay their complaints before 
the Protector. 

In Mr. Rodway's History of British Guiana from which 
some of the material for this sketch has been drawn, it is stated 
that 46,514 immigrants arrived between the years 1834 to 
1848; but that at the end of that period there remained only 
19,122 leaving 25,000 to be accounted for. The majority of 
these are said to have died, but it is probable that many were 
enticed away to other colonies ; for we find Mr. John Tagga.rt, 
Supervisor of Customs and Consul for Portugal (afterwards 
prominent in the '' Angel Gabriel " riots) accused of taking 
advantage of his official position to assist immigrants from 
Madeira to evade their obligations and escape to Brazil. 
Vessels were searched in consequence before departure, and 
immigrants only a year in the colony were caught about 
to sail. There can be little doubt that this practice had been 
going on for some time, and doubtless accounts for a large 
number of the missing people. 

In 1853 came the first immigrant ships from China. These 
immigrants, though recruited principally from the cities, proved 
very satisfactory labourers, and most of them engaged in a 
second and third term of indenture. Chinese immigration 
continued steadily until 1866, although Java had attracted 
attention as a cheaper source of labour. Up to this date, 
10,984 had been introduced, while 388 more Chinese arrived in 
1873, and 515 in 1878. Some " bad hats " appear to have got 
in among these serene people ; for, twice conspiracies to seize 
the command, fortunately unsuccessful, were discovered on 
board ship, and in 1866 our depdt was seized by its Chinese 



120 

inmates who were dissatisfied with their food, — an outbreak, 
however, easily suppressed. The women though bound to reside 
on the estates were under no obligation to work — a precedent of 
the present three year system in regard to East Indian women. 

From India and Madeira too, until 1863, the stream of 
immigration flowed steadily, with occasional arrivals of libe- 
rated or " Queen's Yard " Africans from St. Helena, and 
labourers from the Azores. 

Meanwhile, little by little, as experience was gained, the 
law continued to be amplified, altered and consolidated : hardly 
a year passed but had its Ordinance for " the encouragement 
of immigration." Special Marriage laws were passed in regard 
to East Indians and other " heathen " immigrants, but with 
little efi'ect. Caste prejudices, even in outcast lands, and the 
class of woman introduced, together with the operation of local 
laws against some of their marriage customs, stood in the 
way. At the present time, 1908, East Indians employ the 
marriage law chiefly to secure their inheritances to their off- 
spring. In 1864 Immigration laws were again consolidated and 
enhanced with new provisions. The most important were those 
investing the Governor with power to order the removal of all 
or any of the immigrants from an estate if he considered such 
a measure to be in the interests of the people, and con- 
ferring on the Immigration Agent General, the privilege of pre- 
ferring complaints before the Magistrate on behalf of the immi- 
grants. The not uncommon occurrence of wife murders from 
motives of jealousy gave rise to certain clauses for their preven- 
tion. A disturbance that occurred during the Mohammedan cele- 
bration of the Muharram led to the enactment in 1869 of a law 
to regulate the celebration of religious festivals among our 
jealous and excitable Orientals. The law was now fairly com- 
plete, but the means of carrying out its provisions were defec- 
tive. The Immigration Agents resided in Georgetown, and 
visited estates only half-yearly or on special complaints ; the 
Medical Officers, appointed and paid by the owners of planta- 
tions, were independent of the Governor and Immigration 
authorities ; and so the people did not get the benefit that the 
law was designed to efi'ect. 

In 1869, a former Magistrate in British Guiana, Mr. after- 
wards. Sir G. W. des Voeux, then acting Administrator of St. 
Lucia, addressed a Memorial to the Secretary of State for the 




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121 

Colonies charging the planters with ill-using their immigrants, 
and the Government officers with subserviency to the planters, 
and making such serious allegations in regard to the whole 
immigration system, that a Commission of enquiry was 
appointed and a very thorough and exhaustive investigation 
followed in August, 1870. 

The following is their decision summarised by Sir T. W. C. 
Murdoch, Chairman of the Emigration Branch of the Colonial 
Office : " It may be considered that the report of the Commis- 
" sion is generally satisfactory, both as regards the Magistracy, 
'' the planters and the immigrants. Many defects in the system 
" and the mode of working it are no doubt pointed out, but 
" they are defects caused by errors of judgment, by insufficiency 
" of the law or by want of foresight, not to intentional neglect 
'' 01 indifference to the well-being of the people, still less by 
" oppression or cruelty. The vindication of the Magistracy and 
" of the Medical Officers from the charge of servility to the 
" planters appears to be complete, and the fair dealing and 
" kindness of the managers towards the immigrants is acknow- 
" ledged." 

The Commissioners concluded their report as follows : — 

" We will conclude by stating that which we deem essential 
" to the continuance of immigration. The reform, namely, in a 
" liberal spirit, of the Penal and Re-indenture clauses of the 
" immigrant labour law, and the reorganization of the Immi- 
" gration office as a department of the Government with due 
*' powers and responsibilities and reinforced by uniting to it 
" the medical staff of the estates." 

In accordance with these recommendations a new Ordin- 
ance was being prepared, when there occurred that most regret- 
table disaster known as '* the Devonshire Castle Riot." A 
growing discontent among the immigrants on " Devonshire 
Castle" estate, which was engaging the attention of the Immi- 
gration Agent, was brought to a head by the arrest of one of 
their number, for, the manager alleged, creating a disturbance 
in the factory. The culprit was rescued on his way to the " lock- 
up" by his countrymen, who nearly all left the estate with a view 
to laying their complaint before the Governor in Georgf^town. 
But the district Magistrate, hearing of their intention, overtook 
them and persuaded them to return to the estate where he 
promised to hear their complaint the next day. This 



122 

promise was duly kept. Two of the men complained of 
assault by the manager and the head boiler-man, respec- 
tively, while there was a general complaint of insufficiency 
of rates for shovel work and of long hours in the factory. The 
Magistrate fixed an early date for hearing the cases judicially 
at the neighbouring Court House at " Daniel's Town," and 
the immigrants remained quietly in their houses until the day 
appointed. But when they found at the Court House a body 
of 24 armed policemen whose presence the Magistrate had 
ordered as a precaution^ they became violently excited, and 
obstinately refused to listen to anyone or anything unless the 
soldiers, as they called the police, were sent away ; and when 
this was refused they returned to the estate and armed them- 
selves with shovelsticks. With the object of quieting the 
excitement, the Magistrate, with the Inspector of Police and 
his men, the manager and other estate's officials, followed, and 
found the immigrants at the entrance to the estate. Efforts 
were made to induce the people to disperse, and the Riot Act 
was read, in vain. Finding all his labour fruitless, the Magis- 
trate at last informed the immigrants that the dignity of the 
law must be upheld, and ordered the Inspector and his men to 
arrest the ringleaders. On the advance of the Police, the 
rioters charged, and in the melee that followed. Magistrate and 
Inspector had both been struck and some of the constables 
beaten to the ground, when a rifle shot was heard, followed by 
others — ten in all. Five of the rioters fell dead and eight were 
wounded : the rest fled. Strict orders had been given that 
firearms should not be resorted to except on the order of the 
Magistrate, and it never transpired how or with whom the 
shooting had originated. 

Happily such tragic incidents are rare in the history of 
our immigration. 

The new Ordinance came into force in 1873, and soon 
after, the powers of the Immigration Agent General were much 
increased by the formation of Immigration Districts, each in 
the care of a resident Agent, and by his being appointed 
Secretary to the Governor for Immigration Affairs, and Mem- 
ber ex officio of the Court of Policy. 

This sketch, brief as it is, would not be complete at this 
point without mention of Mr. Crosby who died in 1880, after 
holding the post of Immigration Agent General for twenty-two 



123 

years, during the trying time of its growth to it« present 
efficiency and dignity. His zealous attention to the welfare of 
his East Indian proteges won their hearts, and his name still 
lives on their lips as the generic term for their " protectors." 

Re-indenture was discouraged about this time by the 
imposition of an excessive fee. In 1882 State-aided immigra- 
tion from Madeira was brought to an end ; and three years 
later immigration from the West Indies ; for, as the Immigration 
Agent General reported, many of these immigrants failed to 
fulfil the object of their introduction, " they settled in the 
" town instead of adding to the labouring population on the 
" estates. On more than one occasion, they have refused to 
" go to employers residing at a distance from Georgetown, 
" although offered every inducement to do so. The passage 
" from Barbados by schooner," he added, " costs only a few 
" shillings, and there seems to me bub little doubt, now that the 
" advantages offered by the estates of this colony are so well 
" known, that industrious j)ersons desirous of emigrating in 
" search of emjjloyment would do so at their own expense, 
" and that the colony would be saved the present outlay for 
" their introduction." In addition to the people despatched 
from Barbados by our own Agent, many doubtful ones were sent 
to this colony by mail as "Government emigrants" for the 
benefit, one cannot help thinking, of their native island and 
its Exchequer. 

In 1887 the medical care of the immigrants was placed 
under the charge of the Medical Department which had just 
been formed ; and 1891 saw a further revision and consolida- 
tion of the laws into one, No. 21 of 1891 — not allowed, how- 
ever, until after the receipt by the ladian Government of a 
special report on the treatment of their subjects in British 
and Foreign Colonies. 

The right to a free return passage which we have seen 
early secured by law to the immigrants, has been retained with 
some modifications to the present time; for, apart from the 
causes that led to its establishment, " it was feared," writes Lord 
Salisbury, Secretary of State for India, in 1875, " that the 
" stipulation for the right to a back passage from the more dis- 
" tant colonies could not be abandoned without much dimin- 
" ishing the attraction of the system of emigration to the timid 
" and ignorant classes from which Indian emigrants are chiefly 



124 

" supplied, and also withoub withdrawing, what is perhaps the 
*' best safeguard for the kind and considerate treatment of the 
" Indian labourer, viz., the desire to keep him by voluntary 
" arrangement after the term of his compulsory service has 
" expired." The provisions of the law were liberally interpreted, 
so that, after his ten years of residence in the colony, the 
children and dependants of the immigrant shared with him the 
right to free return passage : but when, after years of evolu- 
tion, the Immigration System had become competent and 
stable and widely known, it was decided that the terms of 
the law in tkis respect might be relaxed ; and accordingly, in 
1895, the male immigrant was required to pay one-fourth of 
the cost of his return passage, and the female, one-sixth. In 
1898, these proportions were increased to the present scale of 
one-half and one-third, respectively. 

The cost of these back passages attracted attention as 
early as 1839, and efforts were made from time to time to 
obviate this expenditure, which, Mr. Crosby estimated in 
1869, had already reached the large sum of a quarter of 
a million sterling — not to mention the important loss in 
labour. There were two ways of dealing with the matter : 
one was to induce the immigrant to commute his right 
for a grant of land or money ; the other, to make him 
too satisfied with his lot in the colony to claim his 
right to leave it. The first was tried by forming Government 
Land Settlements at NootenZuill in 1872, and Huis-t'Dieren in 
1880 ; but although some of the immigrants availed themselves 
of the offer of the land, these settlements were not successful. 
Acting Governor Sir Charles Bruce writing on the subject in 
1890 points out perhaps the chief cause of this. " The failure," 
he writes, " is partly attributable to the fact that the immigrant 
" must necessarily pass through a period of transition during 
" which he cannot possibly live by the produce of land worked 
"on his own account, but is compelled to divide his time be- 
'• tween working for hire and cultivating his own land. Settle- 
" ments founded by immigrants of their own free enterprise have 
" been more successful, because those who have founded them 
" have been forced in the selection of sites to recognise the 
" necessities of the immigrant during the period of his transi- 
" tion from the position of hired labourer to that of an 
" independent occupier or trader." Other settlements were 




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however laid out at Helena in Demerara in 1897, Whim and 
Bush Lot in Berbice, and Maria's Pleasure in Essequibo. 

Besides the great cost of the Back Passages and the loss 
of labour, there was another reason for endeavouring to induce 
families to remain in the Colony; that was the disparity in 
numbers of the sexes introduced. Owing to Indian Caste 
prejudices, it is difficult to persuade the women to emigrate, 
four women to ten men being the utmost that can be achieved. 
Even now the proportion in the colony is only seven women to 
ten men. 

Despite such inducements as have been tried, the immi- 
grant still continues to exercise his privilege to return to his 
Dative land, and a consideration of statistics on the subject will 
shew that if the labouring population is to be kept up, immi- 
gration will have to be increased. Between the dates 31 
March, 1907, and 31 March, 1908, the East Indian population 
decreased by over eight hundred, although during that period 
eighteen hundred and fifty-five immigrants were introduced. 

Little more can be said in so hasty an article. We have, 
after groping in the mist of inexperience, and after many 
experiments with many peoples, at last succeeded in forming a 
system of immigration which has been described as a model for 
all the world. 

Our 60 years of immigration have gained us a polyglot 
population, consisting of large numbers of Portuguese and 
natives of Madeira, who have managed to get into their hands 
the bulk of the retail trade of the colony, rivalled in a small 
way by a fair sprinkling of Chinese ; a much larger number of 
Africans, who as schoolmasters, sicknurses, artizans and 
porters, fill an important part in the economy of the colony 
and a greater number still of natives of India, some one 
hundred and thirty-three thousand, who with their love of 
land and fondness for agricultural and pastoral pursuits, will 
probably have a greater influence on the future of the colony 
than all the other races put together. 



126 



HISTOKY OF THE POLITICAL 
CONSTITUTION. 



{By the Editor.) 

The Constitution of the Colony is based upon that estab- 
lished by our jDredecessors in title^ the Dutch. 

By the Articles of Capitulation signed on the 19th 
September, 1803, when the Dutch garrison surrendered to the 
British force, it was agreed, inter alia, that the laws and 
usages of the colony should remain in force and be resj)ectedj 
that the mode of taxation then in use should be adhered to ; 
and that no new establishment should be introduced without 
the consent of the Court of Policy, as the Legislature of the 
colony. 

Of the historical records available for reference as showing 
what were the laws, usages and mode of taxation at that time, 
which became the constitution of the colony, the earliest and 
most important is that known as the " Plan of Redress," the 
draft of a new Constitution drawn up in 1787 by a Committee 
sent out to the colony by the Netherlands Government to 
settle disputes which had arisen between the colonists, the 
local Government^ and the Dutch West India Company^ as to 
the right of appointing the unofficial members of the Court of 
Policy, and to investigate generally the complaints of the 
inhabitants against the system of government of the West 
India Comj^any. 

This Plan afterwards received the sanction of the States 
General, and on the 27th August, 1788^ they "requested and 
" authorised His Serene Highness the Prince of Orange and 
" Nassau, Hereditary Stadtholder, as Governor-General and 
" Upper Director of the West India Company, that in the 
" Colonies of Demerara and Essequibo the necessary altera- 
" tions and immediate appointments should be made." The 
Stadtholder appointed two Commissioners to proceed to the 
colony and give effect to the Plan. 

On 26th May, 1789, the Commissioners, having arrived in 
the colony^ issued a Proclamation in which they recited the 
resolutions adopted by the States General, and in pursuance 
of them, dissolved the then existing Government and established 
a new one for the joint colonies of Demerara and Essequibo, 



127 

upon the basis of the scheme embodied ia the Plan of Redress. 
The Government thus established continued in operation not- 
withstanding the captures of the colony by the British in 
1796 and in 1802, and was the form of government in opera- 
tion at the time of the cession of the colony in 1803. 

The Plan was, in its general scope, similar to the Regula- 
tions previously in force, but differed in its details. Under 
it the separate Council of Policy which had existed for Esse- 
quebo was abolished, and Demerara as the more important of 
the two provinces was made the seat of Government and 
the place where the one Council of Policy, as the body in whom 
was vested the legislative power was styled, was to hold its 
sessions. 

The Council or Court of Policy now consisted of : — The 
Director General ; the Commander of Essequebo ; the Fiscal of 
Esse<iuebo ; the Fiscal of Demerara ; two Colonists from 
Essequebo and two from Demerara. The Colonial Councillors, 
as the unofficial portion of the Council was called, were chosen 
from a double nomination of the Colleges of Kiezers or 
Electors, of which there were now two, one for each colony, 
the Burgher Officers who had formerly acted in the same 
capacity in Demerara as the College of Kiezers in Essequebo 
having been replaced under the new Constitution by a similar 
College. Each College consisted of seven members elected by 
a majority of the votes of the inhabitants possessing not fewer 
than twenty-five slaves. In the exercise of its powers the 
Court was subject to the control of the parent State. 

The Charter of the West India Company which expired 
at the end of 1791^, was not renewed, in consequence of the 
report of the Commissioners on their return to Holland, and 
on the 1st January, 1792, a Proclamation was issued that the 
Company was dead and that in future Demerara and Essequebo 
would be governed by the State, which now appointed a 
Colonial Council to superintend this and other Colonies. In 
the following year the office of Director General was replaced 
by tijat of Governor. 

Baron Von Grovestins, one of the two Commissioners sent 
out by the Stadtholder, remained in the colony as Governor ; 
but the new system of government does not appear to have 
prevented the occurrence of fi'esh discontents. 

There were at this period two sets of Taxes and two 



128 

separate corresponding Treasuries or Chests, — the Capitation 
Tax, which, together with the Import, Produce and Tonnage 
Duties, went into the Company's (now King's) Chest, and the 
Ongeld, an additional head tax (first consented to by the 
Planters in consideration of having representatives on the 
Council of Policy) which varied in amount according to the 
estimate of requirements, and was imposed by the general con- 
sent for particular purposes, belonging to the Colony Chest. The 
complaint of the Colonists was, that as the Colonial Councillors 
could always be overruled by the casting vote of the Governor, 
a number of charges were defrayed from the Colony Chest which 
properly belonged to the King's or Sovereign's Chest, and that 
the revenue which was at the uncontrolled disposal of the 
Governor was relieved at the expense of the colony. They 
represented that it was never the intention that the four public 
servants in the Court of Policy with the Governor's casting vote 
should dispose of the taxes arbitrarily and against the advice 
of the four Colonial Members of the Court. In support of 
their contention, they quoted the following passage from a 
report made in the Assembly of the States General on the 
Plan of Redress : " The whole of this not affecting the 
" contributions towards the Colony Fund which are to be 
'' regulated by the inhabitants themselves." In August, 1790, 
application had been made to the States General to " determine 
" in which class of persons the report above quoted vested the 
" right of imposing and raising taxes, and in what mode this 
'* was to be carried into effect," but no answer appears to 
" have been received to this. Governor Grovestins^ yielding 
to the remonstrances of the Colonial Members of the Court 
of Policy^ laid before them on 12th April, 1793, his private 
instructions as Governor-General, and was thereafter induced 
to consult the unofficial members of the Court and the College 
of Kiezers as to making some arrangements which might be 
satisfactory to them in regard to certain of the instructions 
which directed that the Governor " should carefully watch 
" every public administration, and, so far as the same im- 
" mediately concerns the colony, shall leave the superinten- 
'* dence thereof not only to the Colonial Councillors^ but shall 
" call and admit thereto a greater number of Colonists, for 
" instance, the College of Kiezers, separating moreover these 
" funds from those which belong to Government and submit t- 



129 

" ing the latter mentioned to the oversight of the Councillors 
" and Bookkeeper General,"* What he proposed not meeting 
with their views, the matter was again referred for the decision 
of the States General, and pending that reference the Colonial 
Members of the Court of Policy refused to concur in the imposi- 
tion of any new taxes. In August, 1794, the Governor received 
despatches ordering him " to examine in a conference with the 
" College of Keizers what charges ought to be borne upon the 
" colony fund, and whether the taxes necessary to meet them 
'•' should not be imposed by the Governor and Council, with a cer- 
" tain limitation of amount, and whether the administration of 
" the Fund should not be entrusted to some College in the colony, 
" as, for example, the College of Kiezers, and whether, in case of 
" any difference as to what does or does not-belong to that fund, 
" the question ought not to be provisionally decided by the 
" Governor and Council, who should at the same time transmit 
" their opinion to their High Mightinesses." It was however 
decided by the local authorities to wait for something more 
definite than these hypothetical instructions, the financial busi- 
ness of the colony being meanwhile conducted on the old 
footing. 

But before any orders were received a revolution took 
place in Holland in 1795. Governor Grovestins threw up the 
government and left the colony secretly, and certain members 
of the Court of Policy assumed the direction of affairs by 
their own authority, in the absence of any better. At the 
same time there happened an insurrection of the slaves. In 
the confusion, and in the urgent want of money to put down 
the insurrection, the Government members of the Court of 
Policy called the College of Kiezers to a conference with them, 
and on the 25th June it was resolved that the Colony Fund 
should be under tlie care of the Colonial Councillors Joined to 
four Kiezers who were to superintend the raising of that fund 
and regulate its expenditure. These four members were styled 
the Finance Department. 

M. Beaujon, who assumed the Government on the restora= 
tion of order shortly afterwards, recognized this arrangement, 
giving it his sanction, however, only until the pleasure of the 



■^The several passages here quoted were refeired to on subsequent occa= 
sions by the Financial Members of the Court, in support of their claim to 
larger powers than they were permitted to exereise^ 



130 

Sovereign should be made known, and this and other changes 
made by the Provisional Government continued in operation 
until the following year, Avhen, the colony having surrendered 
to a British force,* it was resolved by the Court of Policy on 
the 26th April, 1796, the same day on which the terms of 
capitulation were settled, to thereafter strictly adhere to the 
Constitution under the Plan of Redress. 

Governor Beaujon's refusal after this date to convene the 
Finance Department led to a renewal of the agitation in favour 
of the right of the popular representatives to control the 
expenditure from the Colony Chest, in which the Colonial 
members contended for the continuance of the system adopted 
under the Provisional Government, insisting upon the Capitu- 
lation, which stipulated for the continuance of ancient laws 
and usages, as guaranteeing the Finance Department until 
abolished by order from a higher quarter. 

Governor Beaujon refused to admit their contention but, 
in response to the popular clamour, he formulated a scheme 
for a S3stem of financial representation. This scheme is 
embodied in his Publication of the 11th June, 1796, which 
forms one of the most important of the historical records 
relating to the Constitution, being the instrument under which 
the Financial Representatives of to-day were created. By this 
Publication, the Resolution of the 3rd June, 1795, adding 
four members to the Court of Policy, was expressly i-ecalled 
and annulled, the arrangement constituted under it was 
declared n^dl and void, and in its jDlace six inhabitants were 
" adjoined " to the Governor and Court of Policy, three from 
each colony, to be elected by the inhabitants qualified as in 
the case of the Kiesheers and to serve for two years, but 
'' ivith the right of voting only for the raising of colony taxes 
" and not further " and to examine with the Councillors 
of Policy the Public Accounts or, as they were then called, 
the " Accounts of the respective Receivers." 

The Financial College, as these Representatives were 
styled, when assembled with the Governor and Court of Policy, 
formed the Combined Court. 

In the Minute of the Proceedings of the Court relative to 
the Resolution on which Beaujon's Publication is based, it is 

* The colony was restored to the Dutch Government on 2iid December, 
1802. 



131 

stated, among other things, that " as the Kiezers are la 
" consequence no more to be present at the sittings of the 
" Court, it is resolved that the Court of Policy shall again 
" finally dispose of the Colonial Fund and in urgent cases 
'' during the Court's recess the immediate disposition of the 
*' Fund shall be entrusted to the Governor. But-, whereas the 
" records of the Court often allude to the Colony Fund having 
" been burthened by former Governors with several charges 
" and disbursements which the Colonial Councillors decided 
" could not be paid out of the Colonial Fund, but ought to be 
" paid from the Government Fund, it is resolved, in considera- 
" tion of the circumstance and with the concurrence and 
" approbation of the Governor, that in order to prevent once 
" for all an}^ difference of opinion on that subject, the same 
" shall be taken into serious consideration by the respective 
" members, and that a future Resolution shall be determined 

" on if necessary tending as far as will be 

" possible to ascertain what objects of expenditure are, or are 
" not, payable out of the Colonial Fund, in order to establish 
" some fixed regulations on that head " 

Governor Beaujon's measure, it is to be observed, was, 
as stated by him when submitting it to the Court of Policy, 
only provisional until the pleasure of His Majesty should be 
made known, and as a matter of fact it was never confirmed 
by His Majesty's Government otherwise than by being included 
in a general account subsequently given of the state of things 
then existing in the Colony. "*" But the system of June, 1796, 
" was placed by the Capitulation of 1803 upon a different 
" footing from that on which it stood previously : a validity 
" which did not belong to it by virtue of the authority by 
" v^hich it was established was imparted to it in 1803 by the 
" First Article of the Capitulation, which stipulated that the 
" mode of taxation then in use should be continued." 

What the regular course of business was may be ascer- 
tained from the Minutes of the Combined Court from its first 
meeting on 2nd August, 1797, to 1803. These minutes show 
that the limits prescribed to the functions of the Combined 
Court on its establishment were substantially maintained iu 
practice between these dates. 

Minutes of the Court of Policy of 24th March, 1892. 



132 

As regards the laws in force : Members of the Court of 
PoHcy and of the Council of Justice, by their oath of office 
under the Plan of Redress, swore to fulfil and obey and to 
regulate themselves by all the Laws, Ordinances, Regulations, 
Resolutions and Placaats of their High Mightinesses the 
States-General of Holland, His Serene Highness the Prince of 
Orange and of the West India Compan3\ 

In 1812 Governor Beaujon's Publication was considerably 
modified by a Proclamation of Governor Carmichael, which 
lowered the franchise, altered the mode of election, and con- 
solidated the two Colleges of Kiesheers with the Financial 
Representatives. The Combined Court, which had heretofore 
possessed no control over the amount of the Colonial expendi- 
ture, its powers being strictly confined to determining by what 
particular taxes the amount of annual revenue should be raised 
which was required to provide for the estimated annual ex- 
penditure as settled by the Court of Policy, and to auditing 
accounts, was now admitted to vote, not only on the question 
of what should be the objects of taxation, but also on the 
amount to be raised and the items of appropriation. 

This Proclamation remained in operation until 1831 when 
it was rescinded by a Proclamation, dated 21st July^ issued by 
Governor D'Urban on a Royal Instruction under the Signet 
and Sign Manual, which declared that Carmichaers Proclama- 
tion had been unauthorized and had never been confirmed, 
and restored the pre-existing arrangements. 

Under the new order of things the suffrage was extended 
to Berbice which was now united to Demerara and Essequebo 
into one colony under the name of British Guiana.* The old 
Courts of Colonial Justice were abolished and new Courts of 
Criminal and Civil Justice created by an Order-in-Council, In 
reviving the Iviezers, the two separate Colleges which had 
existed prior to Governor Carmichael's Proclamation were 
merged into one, and the tenure of office of Kiezer was fixed 
as for life, unless the party resigned or ceesed to be an 
inhabitant. 



* Berbice up to the time of its union with Demerara and Essequebo in 
1831 enjoyed its own Government. At the time of its union the constitution 
consisted of a Council of Government with a Governor, in whom, as repre- 
senting the Crown, was vested the right of appointing to vacancies. The 
power of the Crown was absolute, tlipre being no body partaking of a popular 
or representative character. 



133 

Among other changes inaugurated, the Ordinance deahng 
with slaves was amended by an Order-in-Council which provided 
for compulsory manumission. This was opposed by the Colonial 
Members of the Court of Policy, who attempted to prevent 
the operation of the Order on the ground that it was uncon- 
stitutional and a violation of the rights of the colonists as con- 
tained in the Plan of Redress and guaranteed by the Articles of 
Capitulation, which guaranteed the inhabitants in the posses- 
sion of their private property, of which slaves formed a large 
part. 

This opposition led to the publication of an important Pro- 
clamation by the Governor on the 2nd February, 1832, contain- 
ing some extracts from a despatch of His Majesty's Government 
who, it was stated, ha.d received with serious concern the intelli- 
gence of efforts being made to resist the execution of the Order- 
-in-Council. It had been asserted and maintained that the 
Capitulation of 1803 invested the Court of Policy with ex- 
clusive legislative power within the colony subject to no 
control except the ultimate veto of His Majesty's Government. 
The Proclamation declared that on the contrary the King^ with 
the advice of His Majesty's Privy Council^ had power to make 
laws binding on the colony, and it was intimated that His 
Majesty's Government were fully prepared to maintain this 
view and^ if necessary, to enforce obedience to the Royal 
Orders-in-Council by the most decisive measures consis- 
tent with law. The usages of Demerara from its first settle- 
ment, it was stated, concurred in supporting this assertion. 
It could not be contended without a manifest violation of truth, 
that under the Dutch Government the Court of Policy 
enjoyed as a matter of right, or exercised as a matter of fact, 
such an exclusive power as was claimed ; for the authority of 
the States-General and the Prince of Orange had been 
habitually exercised as occasion required. It even seemed 
questionable, the Proclamation proceeded to state, whether 
they had any right to legislate at all, except on mat- 
ters of revenue and taxation and minor matters of local 
policy which were too petty to engage the attention of 
the parent State. It was pointed out that within two years of 
the conquest^ the right of His Majesty was exercised in the 
abolition of the Slave Trade, the unpopularity of which act was 
a matter of history. The practice in the past of allowing Gover- 



134 

nors to be interested in sugar-planting and commercial opera- 
tions had, it was stated, generated a disposition to favour claims 
derogatory to Royal Authority. Hence a series of measures 
had been adopted sometimes on their sole authority and some- 
times with the advice of the Court. As soon as these usurpa- 
tions came to light a series of annual Orders-in- Council were 
commenced to give temporary validity to these unauthorized 
acts. From this it appeared that these encroachments had not 
only been unrecognized but had beea denounced by these 
Orders-in-CounciL As to the Articles of Capitulation, nothing 
was more fully established than the right of the Sovereign. The 
captors took the representations of the colonists but neither 
could, nor did, invest the Court with new powers. It had never 
been maintained that the laws were fixed by them, for the 
British Laws of Trade and Courts of Vice- Admiralty were 
established at once without opposition. 

As the authority of the Sovereign to legislate by Order-in- 
Council was on other occasions disputed, the opinions expressed 
by the Law Officers of the Crown in 1842 in regard to the 
validity of Orders-in-Council may be quoted here : — " We are of 
" opinion that in those cases in which it is not intended to im- 
" pose any tax or duty, the legislative power of the Sovereign in 
" Council which has hitherto been asserted and exercised over 
'' British Guiana may be lawfully exercised by Her Majesty-in- 
'* Council. We do not consider that the Crown has parted with 
" its supreme legislative authority over the colony which was 
" vested in it by right of conquest (in matters not fiscal) either 
" by the terms of the Capitulation and Treaty, or by the 
" sanction which it has given to the legislative acts of the Court 
" of Policy, the Crown having continued at all times to assert 
" and exercise their power in every matter of internal legisla- 
" tion not connected with the raising of taxes within the colony." 

Disputes between the Executive and Elective sections of 
the Legislature, extending over some years, followed upon the 
restoration of the system of Government of 1796. 

On measures being taken to restrain the Financial Repre- 
sentatives from further exercising the functions properly belong- 
ing to the Court of Policy, which for a series of years they had 
usurped by virtue of the changes in the constitution introduced 
by Governor Carmichael, they resisted those measures by 
refusing to exercise any functions at all, 



135 

The Fiiicancial Members contended that the system existing 
at the time of the Capitulation in 1803 was identical with that 
established by the Provisional Government of 1795, and not with 
that substituted for it by Governor Beaujon and the Court of 
Policy in 1796, and they refused to acquiesce in the view that 
tlieir functions were limited to determining by what particular 
taxes the annual revenue should be raised. In support of their 
claim to a control over the expenditure they quoted the direc- 
tions issued by the States General in the time of Governor Gro- 
vestins' administration^ of which mention has already been made. 

They also based their contention on the nature of certain 
minutes of the Combined Court during the period between the 
Capitulation in 1803 and Governor Carmichael's Proclamation 
of 1812,"^ having reference to particular instances between those 
dates, in which a topic was introduced beyond what was con- 
nected with the fixing of the taxes and the examination of 
accounts. These deviations or digressions from the practice as 
established by the enactment constituting the Combined Court, 
show that the Governor had not felt himself called upon on one 
occasion to suppress suggestions of the Financial Representa- 
tives for allowances and gratuities to himself and others ; that 
on another occasion he passed over without any recorded notice 
son&e verbal interference by them with items of expenditure ; 
and that on some other few occasions he felt himself also at 
liberty to ask their opinion. 

The dispute resulted, aftei long negotiations, in the com- 
promise by which a Civil List was first established, to begin on 
1st January, 1836, and to continue till 31st December, 1840. 

Meanwhile, the abolition of slavery in 1834 had rendered 
it necessary to alter the system of taxation! to suit the new 
social conditions. The King's Taxes and the Colonial Taxes 
which it will have been noticed were mainly an annual tax on 
the planters of a certain sum per head for each slave, were 
abolished and the Ways and Means necessary for carrying on the 
Government were raised by increasing the Import Duties, etc. 

* The Minutes of the Court here referied to are those oi the 2nd August, 
1797; 20th and 21st August, 1798; 12fch January, 1803; 27ih November, 1805; 
and the 28th, 30bh, and 31st October, 1805. 

t The expression "mode of taxation" a,^ used in the Articles of Capitula- 
tion appears lo have been imdeistood to mean, not the species of import by 
which money was to be raised (which would Indeed be necessarily subj ctto 
variation from time to time), but the authority and process by which taxes 
were to be imposed, 



136 

Under the Civil List arrangement, the two Chests were merged 
into one ; the revenue of the King's Chest over which neither the 
Court of Policy nor the Combined Court had ever had control,* 
was surrendered to the Combined Court as a part of the Ways 
and Means in return for and during the term of the Civil List. 

The powers of the Combined Court were now enlarged con- 
ditionally, the Crown expressly conceding to the Courts during 
the term of the Civil List^ certain rights of discussion over the 
Annual Estimates prepared by the Court of Policy v/hich they 
had not possessed before, but which members had for some years 
exercised without lawful authority. These rights — which were 
conceded without prejudice to the Crown's right of restoring 
the legitimate system at the end of the Civil List — are set forth, 
for the first time, in the Order-in-Council dated 3rd June, 1842, 
passed in compliance with the wishes of the Combined Court on 
the passing of the second Civil List in 1841. fThe Order, after 
reciting the promise made on the passing of the Civil List of 
1836, declared that " during the continuation of the said Civil 
" List Ordinance, but no longer, the Court of Policy with the 
" Financial Representatives of the inhabitants of British Guia,na 
" in Combined Court assembled shall be and are hereby declared 
" to be entitled and shall have and possess full power and 
" authority to discuss in detail, freely and without reserve, the 
*• several items of the Annual Estimate of the Colonial Expen- 
" diture subject always to the terms and conditions of the said 
" Civil List Ordinance." 

The right " to discuss in detail fully and ivitJiout reserve the 
" items oj the Annual Estimate^^ did not confer the power to 
alter any such item, as may be observed from the fact that 
the right to reduce or strike off any item was bestowed concur- 
rently by Standing Kules and Orders framed by the Governor 
and approved by the Secretary of State for the Colonies on 
the 8th June, 1842, while^ under these Rules, a member was 
expressly prohibited from moving the increase oi vmj itQin' on 
the Estimates. 

In 1838 an attempt had been made by the Court to en- 
large their powers to the extent of increasing items on the 

* It is recorded that prior to 1803 two sums, of £35,000 and £6,000 respec- 
tivelj', had been removed from the colony and remitted to the British 
Treasury. 

t The Order-in-Council has been renewed in like terms with each renewal 
of the Civil List, 



137 

Annual Estimate by Standing Rules and Orders framed by 
themselves on the 27th April; but these Rules never received 
the sanction of His Majesty's Government and were superseded 
by those of 1842, which, as already stated, expressly prohibited 
a Member from moving the increase of any item. 

Nevertheless many attempts were made in after years to 
assert the power of the Court to do this. These attempts 
appear to have been finally abandoned in 1858, when a motion 
by an Elected Member on the 3rd June " That it is the 
" undoubted privilege of this Court to increase, diminish, or 
" strike off any item on the Estimate annually submitted to it 
" as prepared by the Court of Policy, and that in the event of 
" the Court seeing fit to suggest a totally new item for the 
" Estimate, it is likewise their undoubted privilege to request 
" His Excellency the Governor and Court of Policy to place 
'• such an item on the Estimate for the purjDOse of having 
" the same brought under the consideration of this Court," 
was negatived by a majority of 9 to 3 votes, after the Governor 
had addressed the Court, in conformity with instructions from 
the Secretary of State, not to permit the initiation of money 
votes in the Combined Court. "^^ 

On the occasion referred to, extracts from various des- 
patches from the Secretary of State for the Colonies on the 
subject of the claim by the Elective Section of the Court to 
the right to add to an item or to suggest a new item, were laid 
upon the table of the Court by the Governor. 

These despatches instructed the Governor, that the prac- 
tice of initiating money votes (and a request to the Court of 
Policy to initiate expenditure was regarded as an initiation of 
expenditure) was entirely irregular, and should be permitted 
only in exceptional cases where the Governor considered it 
necessary to take a different course from that prescribed, and 
could satisfy the Secretary of State that it was necessary to do so.f 

* Vide Debates of Combined Court of 18th and 19tli May and 3rd June in 
" Eoyal Gazette" of 22nd and 29fch May and 1st and 3rd June, 1858. 

t These despatches are of sufficient importance and interest to deserve 
more than a passing reference. 

In connection with a vote of money which had originated in the 
Combined Court, the Secretary of State, in a despatch to the Governor dated 
15th February, 1855, wrote : — 

"Tbe irregularity which has occurred in this and perhaps in other cases 
" seems to be owing to a misconception of the proper limits of the functions 
" of the Combined Court, to which body it properly belongs to control, and, 
*' if they see fit, to negative expenditure by rejecting items on the Estimate, 



138 

During the period 1840 to 1850 there occurred other 
disputes in which were involved questions of considerable im- 
portance in regard to the constitutional limits of the rights and 
privileges of the Legislature under the Civil List arrangement. 

The first of these disputes arose in 1840. Before the 
expiration of the first Civil List on 31st December, 1840, 
negotiations were entered upon for the renewal of a simi- 
lar engagement with an increase of salaries ; but on the 
Government refusing to accede to the terms demanded 
by the Combined Court^ the Court stopped the supplies and for 

" but not to originate expenditure nor, consequently, to originate measures 
" and arrangements which cannot be carried out without money." 

" If this function were conceded to the Combined Court the result would 
" be the creation of that irresponsible power of initialing money votes by 
" others than the representatives of the Government which more than any 
" other course has led to the ru.in of the finances in Jamaica and 
" elsewhere." 

In the course of his reply, dated 23rd March, Governor Wodehouse s^a^ed 
in defence of the action of the Court to which objection had been taken, that 
" the Court have long exercised the right of suggesting new items and of 
" increasing the amount of some of those proposed t* them." 

The despatch of Lord John Russell of the 31st May, 1855, in reply, was 
an important one, as indicating the co idition iiuder wliich the privilege of 
moving an increase of an item, or suggesting a new item, might be exercised 
by an unofficial member of the Court. 

Lord Russell wrote — . . . . 

6. ** It is unquestionably the strong desire of His Majesty's Government 
' to do nothing unnecessary which would disturb the harmony now existing 
' between the Colony and the Crown. .... 

10. "But with regard to the virtual initiation of money votes in the 
' Combined Court, the practice which you describe is of a much more 
' dangerous tendency. It is certainly not justified by the terms of the Order 
' in Council defining the function-! of that Court, and it is of great importance 
' that it shou.ld not be acknowledged aj? a legitimate practice. The B-itish 
' House of Commons, which is not refuctant to claim whatever privileges 
' are really conducive to the due exercise of its functions, does not 
' pretend to the exercise of the privilege which has been assumed Wy the 
' Combined Court, and I look for the introduction of sounder principles 
' more in conformity with constitutional precedent." 

The Governor was requested "to regard these observations as for your 
' general guidance, but not as meant to fetter 3'our discretion when j'ou can 
' satisfy the Secretary of State that it is necessary to take a different course 
' from that pre^ciibed." 

Two years later the question again engaged thea^te ition of the Secretarj' 
of State, who on the 27th July, 1857, wrote the G )veinor 

' I have been led to examine the reports of the proceedings of the Combined 
' Court with re''erence to this quest on of the initiation of money votes 
' in that Court, and by unofficial members, and I regret to perceive that tlie 
'legal and proper practice h>s been very fiequently departed from notwith- 
' standing the observations made upon the subject by Lord John Russell 
' in his despatch of 31st May, 1855, paragraph 10. . . ." 

" I liave to request that you will furnish me with a return of the 
" number of money votes which have been initiated in the Coii;ibined Court, or 



139 

the last half of the year the Civil List was left unprovided 
for.* 

The light in which the action of the Court was viewed con- 
stitutionally by Her Majesty's Government is to be ascertained 
by reference to the opinions of the Law Officers of the Crown to 
whom the matter was referred by the Secretary of State. The 
expression of opinion then given has governed everything since 
done by the Home Government in connection with the con- 
stitution and is therefore worthy of being quoted at length. 

In reply to the question by Lord John Russell, then Secre- 
tary of State, " whether it is in the power of Her Majesty-in- 
Council to raise a revenue in British Guiana and determine its 
' application," the Law Officers advised that in their opinion 
' such a power cannot be legally and constitutionally exercised. 
' Looking to the laws and usages and mode of taxation pre- 
' vailing in the colony in 1803 and since sanctioned by the 
' Crown^ we are clearly of opinion that no tax can be lavv- 
' fully imposed except by the Combined Court. . . . The King's 



' to which additions have been initiated, since the date of Lord J. Russell's 
' despatch of 31st May, 1855, distinguishing those which have b.eu initiated 
' b}' unofficial members." 

In acknowledging the receipt of the return, on 1st January, 1858, the 
Secretary of State wrote — " It does not seem to be made out that in any 
'' one of the 81 instances in which votes of money have been initiated in the 
' Combined Court there would have been any difficulty in taking the regular 
' and lawful course of placing an item on the Estimate or on a Supplemen- 
' tary Estimate in the Court of Polic}^, and then sending it to the Combined 
' Court for concurrence or rejection. 

" Tlie proper function of the Combined Court as constituted under the 
' Civil List arrangement is to check and control the public expenditure, and 
' this function will be des^troyed if money votes shall be originated in the 
' Combined Court instead of the Court of Policy, on the sole responsibility 
' of the Governor with the consciousness that he will have to carry them 
' through the Combi'ied Court als'^, and that Court has not been in any wa\' 
' committed to acquiescence." 

" I must add that, unless Her Majesty's Government can rely upon the 
'Governor for adopting the principle of the Court of Policy on this point, 
' they will be under the 'necessity of withdrawing the discretion which has 
' been accorded to meet exceptional cases." 

*The Government based their request for an increase of salaries on the 
Civil List on the ground that the revenaes of the King's Chest had increased con- 
siderably and that, weie the rights of the Crown resumed, the re-ources at com- 
mand wouldbe quite sufficient for the proposed increase. The planners whose 
labour supply had beea completely disorganised by the emancipation were 
anxious to import immigrants, and on that object to expend not only a large 
amount of surplus annual revenue, but also money to be raised on loan by tlie 
colony. Serious objections were however raised to these latter proposals in 
Parliament, and in the colouy strong remonstrances were also made against 
them by missionaries and others. 



140 

Chesfc was certainly provided for by taxes over which neither 
the Combined Court nor the Court of Policy had any control 
but we do not find any provision in the constitution of the 
colony for adding to these taxes or for substituting others for 
them in case they should be extinguished or become unpro- 
ductive. . . . The exclusive power of the Combined Court to 
raise a revenue by internal taxation has been uniformly 
admitted and acted upon. Therefore, however much the mem- 
bers of the Combined Court may misconduct themselves we 
apprehend that their power of taxation cannot be considered 
as transferred to the Crown." 

In reply to the further question "by what other authority 
and under what limitations that power may be lawfully exer- 
cised," they advised, " we are of opinion that if the Combined 
Court refuses to act, there is no mode in which a tax can be 
lawfully imposed in British Guiana without the interposition 
of the Imperial Parliament. We do not think that the power 
of taxation can be considered as reverting to the Court of 
Policy ; and we humbly conceive that Governor Light's 
scheme of imposing a duty by the Court of Policy, with the 
concurrence of the Crovvn, on British goods imported, 
cannot lawfully be carried out. It is impossible to draw 
a distinction between this and any other tax to be paid 
by the colonists; and it cannot be supported without 
insisting upon an unlimited power of taxation, to be ex- 
ercised jointly by the Crown and the Court of Policy. 
This is as inconsistent with the Capitulation, and the subse- 
quent usage, as a power of taxation to be exercised separ- 
ately by the Crown or the Court of Policy. Nothing, 
therefore, remains but the power of the Imperial Par- 
liament ; and we are of opinion that in a case of extremity 
like that which has arisen, this power may both legally and 
constitutionally be exercised to raise the necessary revenue in 
British Guiana, and to determine its appropriation. The repre- 
se7itative memhers of the Combined Court having broken their 
contract and abdicated their functions j the safety of the State 
requires that the Supreme power of the Mother Country should 
be called in to suj)ply the deficiency. Under these circumstances 
we conceive that Parliament might, without any just objection, 
remodel the constitution of the colony, and confer the power 
of imposing taxes in British Guiana, for the benefit of 



141 

" the inhabitants, upon some new body that might be ex- 
" pected to exercise it with discrimination, loyalty, and disin- 
'' terestedness." 

In reply to a further question by Lord John Russell 
whether it was competent for Her Majesty in Council to allow 
and confirm an Ordinance, which had been passed by the 
Governor and Court of Policy at this period, to apply the 
surplus duties of Her Majesty's Customs in aid of the Civil 
List Establishment, and if not, by what authority the surplus 
Customs Duties could be lawfully appropriated, the Law Offi- 
cers advised that the Ordinance was valid and being confirmed 
by Her Majesty in Council might be carried into complete 
effect. '' The Statute of the Imperial Parliament 3 and 4 Will. 4, 
C.59, S.13, makes this fund disposable by the Colonial Legis- 
lature, and we think that the Court of Policy is the body in 
whom the power of disposition is reposed in British Guiana ; 
the Court of Policy having legislative power_, subject to the 
control of the Crown and of Parliament, except with respect 
to the imposition of taxes. We conceive that the Combined 
Court can, neither by grant nor usage, make any just preten- 
sion to the disposition of this Fund." 

The next disj)utein connection with the rights of the Com- 
bined Court under the Civil List arrangement occurred two 
years later, when, the Planters having been unsuccessful in ob- 
taining the assent cf the Home Government to a loan on the 
credit of the Colonial Revenues to be expended on increasing 
immigration, passed a resolution towa.rds the end of 1842 in 
which they declared that they would not vote the Civil List on 
its existing scale for 1843, unless during the then current year a 
large and comprehensive measure of relief should be afforded 
to the colony by means of immigration or otherwise.* 



*The difficulties which had arisen at the end of 1840 had meanwhile 
been adjusted and a second Civil List, for 7 3'ear3 from the 1st January, 1811, 
had been passed. This Civil List appears to have been granted under the 
belief, on the part of the Court, that both an Immigration and a Loan Ordi- 
nance would be passed. Simultaneously with the passing of the Civil List, an 
Ordinance was passed, enabling the Combined Court to apply a large sur- 
plus revenue to the importation of immigrants, but a draft Ordinance for a 
Joan, which was submitted later, was rejected by the Home Government. The 
supplies for 1843 were eventually passed, and, the objections of Parliament 
and of the Indian Government to the importation of Coolies having been 
overcome, a loan for the purpose of immigration was acceded to. In 1814 a 
Loan Ordinance was passed and the Civil List was extended for 7 years 
beyond its termination in December, 1847, that is, until December, 1854. 



142 

Lord Stanley, Secretary of State, adverting to this reso- 
lution in a despatch to Governor Light on 12th October, 1842, 
wrote : — " If the Combined Court is under the impression that 
" their vote is required by law for the maintenance of the 
^' Civil List, I am bound to say that I consider this impression to 
" be erroneous. On the other hand, if under any circumstances 
'' the Combined Court should desire to repudiate the functions 
" committed to them by the Civil List arrangement, Her 
" Majesty's Government will be ready to consider upon what 
" other basis of constituent and I'epresentative authorities the 
" financial affairs of the Colony can be best administered," 

This claim by the Court to vote annually the Civil List as 
a part of the Estimates was continued, nevertheless, without 
alteration until 1848, when, the matter having been brought 
to the notice of the Secretary of State, Earl Grey in a des- 
patch dated 1st January, 1849, stated : — " It appears that 
" misapprehension as to the right of the Combined Court to 
" interfere with the Civil List has been occasioned by the 
" fact that the sum required to defray the Civil List, and some 
" partial specification of the items borne upon it, has been an- 
'• nually placed as a sort of prefix to the Estimate, and 
" in one year at least, that of 1847, is stated in the Minutes 
" to have been ' passed' as if it had been made the subject of 
" a vote. It is clearly inexpedient that any documentary form 
" should be adojDted which tends to confound a permanent 
" appropriation with the Annual Estimates, and it will be 
" proper in future that the account of the expenditure of the 
" Civil List, which is necessary for the information and guid- 
"■ ance of the Combined Court in imjDOsing the taxes, should 
" be laid before the Court in a separate document, in accord- 
'• ance with the practice in this country, . . ." 

In accordance with these instructions, the Civil List was 
withdrawn from the Estimates, and presented in the form of a 
statement showing the total amount to be provided, which 
was brought forward on the Estimates being closed, and 
furnished to the Committee of Ways and Means as an item or 
amount to be provided for as a matter of course. This con- 
tinued to be the practice up to the year 1869. Since that 
date the items comprising the Civil List have been inserted 
in the body of the Estimates m var3dng forms, for convenience 
of record, their inclusion being treated as ^;ro forma only. 



143 

Tlje most important of the disputes in connection with 
the rights and privileges of the Legishiture under the Civil 
List arrangement, arose in 1847, when, in December of that 
year, the Court of Policy passed a series of resolutions having 
for their object the reduction of all salaries guaranteed by the 
Civil List. The reason assigned for these reductions was the 
general distress consequent upon the low price of sugar, occa- 
sioned by the admission into the United Kingdom of slave- 
grown sugar by the Act of the Imperial Parliament in 1846. It 
was nsserled in the resolution that the Civil List had been 
granted in 1841 and renewed in 1844 on the conviction that the 
faith of the nation was pledged to the exclusion of sugar pro- 
duced by slave labour. 

The right of the Court to interfere with the Civil List 
was denied by the Secretary of State, who directed the 
Governor to inform the Court that Pier Majesty's Government 
would not consent to the proposed general reductions of 
salaries included in the Civil List, because the honour of the 
Crown was regarded as pledged to the holders of the offices 
to which those salaries were assigned, and that they should be 
continued unaltered until at least the expiration of the period 
for which the Civil List had been granted ; and the reductions 
were further objected to on the ground that if they were 
allowed to take place in the manner proposed, (the Court had 
declared for an all-round reduction of 25 per cent.) a Civil 
List for a fixed period of years would be virtually set aside. 
Eai-1 Grey expressed his willingness, however, to permit a 
reasonable reduction in case of vacancy, the Combined Court 
being informed at his direction that Her Majesty's Govern- 
ment had no wish to oppose any obstacle to the retrenchment 
of all unnecessary expenditure provided due regard were shown 
to existing interests, and provided also, that the reductions 
were made in such a manner as not to involve the jDrinciple 
of making the Civil List liable to annual revision by the 
Combined Court. The opinion of Governor Barkly on the 
matter, as expressed to the Court, was that he regarded the 
Civil List as a solemn engagement entered into for a definite 
period, and that no authority short of an Order-in-Council 
could confer upon Members power of setting aside the Ordin- 
ance by which the Civil List had been guaranteed by Her 
Majesty's Government until 1854. 



144 

To these objections the Court made answer that by the 
Act of 1846 the conditions of the Civil List Ordinance had 
been violated, and that the Court was under no further 
obligation to pass the Civil List, and they stood firm to their 
determination to reduce the several items. 

The Court of Policy had, on learning of the declaration 
made in Parliament early in 1848, that Her Majesty's Govern- 
ment had determined to propose no change in the Sugar 
Duties Act of 1846, refused to vote the Estimates for 1848, and 
these had been forced through the Court on the following day 
by the casting vote of the Governor. When they came up 
for consideration in the Combined Court on the 20th July, 
1848, a motion was adopted by a majority reducing the Civil 
List from £39,000 to £26,000. 

Thereupon the Governor adjourned the Court sine die 
and the supplies were in consequence stopped. On the 30th 
September, the Tax Ordinance of 1847, which had been 
renewed for 3 months in the hope that some relief would 
be extended to the colony as the result of the delibera- 
tions of a Committee of the House of Commons which 
had been appointed to enquire into the state of the sugar 
growing Colonies, expired, and the colony was left without a 
revenue. 

This position of affaivs continued until April in the follow- 
ing year. In the interim, two attempts had been made to pro- 
ceed with business, both of which had ended in the adjourn- 
ment of the Court sine die. A truce was now effected, a motion 
being adopted on the casting vote of the Governor, after 
lengthy and stormy discussion, to proceed with the Estimates, 
leaving the question of the Civil List in the position in which 
it was placed by the vote of the 20th July, 1848, to be decided 
by Parliament, to whom the elective members had ajDpealed. 
But before the completion of the Estimates, further interrup- 
tion of a serious nature occurred, when a resolution by one of 
the elected members, that salaries be paid in accordance with 
the estimate then being voted,* as from the 30th June in the 
preceding year, was vetoed by the Governor, who regarded the 
proposal as one calculated to disturb the arrangement respect- 
ing the abeyance of the vote on the Civil List. 

* Note. — Almost every item had been subjecteLl to a reduction of from 
25% to 50%. 



145 

The exercise of the veto raised a storm of protest from the 
Electives^ who vehemently opposed it, declaring it to be uncon- 
stitutional and illegal. But the Governor stood firm. Failing 
to get the Court to proceed with the Estimates, he appealed to 
members to provide the funds immediately necessary for the 
maintenance of the gaols, hospitals and other public institutions, 
by imposing duties on tobacco, wine, malt and other spirituous 
liquors imported since the expiration of the Tax Ordinance in 
September, 1848. But the members were obdurate, even 
going the length subsequently of rejecting a proposal made by 
one of their own party and accepted by the Governor, to pro- 
ceed with the Estimates " under solemn protest" that their 
rights in regard to the Civil List question should not be there- 
by prejudiced. 

Finally, on the 30th April, after 10 days of acrimonious 
discussion, the Governor, for the eighth time during its session, 
adjourned the Court sine die. 

The Secretary of State, to whom the Governor reported 
the position of affairs, stated that it was impossible to apply 
for the intervention of Parliament towards the removal of 
existing difficulties, pending the report of the Parliamentary 
Committee which had been appointed to enquire into the 
matters in dispute. 

The report of the Committee, referred to above, reached 
the colony early in July, 1849. It declared in explicit terms 
in favour of the claim of the Crown and against that advanced 
by the Combined Court, the Committee stating that in their 
opinion " the Crown was entitled (if considerations of good 
" faith and public policy required it) to insist upon an adher- 
" ence to the Civil List arrangement made in 1844, for the full 
" period for which the Civil List was granted, and thjit no 
" attempt to set aside that arrangement, either by direct or 
" indirect means, could be justified." 

The Committee proceeded to state " At no remote period 
" the Civil List will be open to review, and your Committee 
"strongly recommend that in the interim, whenever there may 
" be vacancies in offices included in the Civil List, no permanent 
" appointment should take place until the circumstances of the 
" vacant office have been fully considered in friendly concert 
" with the Colonial Authorities, for the purpose of ascertaining 
" whether the maintenance of such office be necessary ; and if 



146 

" necessary, whether the office require regulation, and whether 
" its emoluments can properly be reduced." 

But the difficulties were not yet ended. When the Com- 
bined Court met on the 13th July the elective members repudi- 
ated the Committee's decision on the ground that it had not 
yet been confirmed by Parliament and might be reversed, and 
on this and other pleas made further attempts to re-open the 
Civil List question. Eventually, yielding to the wishes of the 
public, who petitioned the Court deprecating any further oppo- 
sition and praying that the business of the country might be 
proceeded with, the Estimates for 1848 were passed on the 7th 
August, 1849, and on the same day the Tax Ordinance for 1847 
was revived for a. further period. Throughout these proceedings 
the most strenuous opposition had been shown by certain of the 
elective section, six of whom resigned their seats on the follow- 
ing day. After further delays occasioned by the refusal to sit 
of those elected to fill the vacant seats, a Tax Ordinance for 
1848 was eventually passed on the 27th November, on 
which day the eventful session of 1848 was closed. 
With the meeting of the new Court opposition came 
to an end, and on the 4th February, 1850, the Esti- 
mates and a Tax Ordinance for 1849 were passed. 

Thus ended a series of disputes which had resulted in 
grave financial loss to the colony, the loss on abandoned import 
duties alone being returned at $705,426. 

On a few occasions since the elective members have 
threatened to withhold supplies but there has been no actual 
stoppage. 

The principle of friendly conference between the Crown 
and the Colonial authorities in regard to the filling of offices 
falling vacant during the life of the Civil List was observed in 
practice until the 12th December, 1890, on which date, on the 
motion of an elected member, a resolution embodying the prin- 
ciple was accejjted as a recommendation from the elective 
members. At this meeting of the Court a number of offices 
were included in the Civil List which had not before been there- 
in provided for. 

Proposals for a permanent Civil List have been advanced 
on two occasions — in 1874 and in 1887. In 1874 the question 
was ]3ut to the vote and negatived ; on the latter occasion it 
was withdrawn. 



147 

During the period 1836 to 1891 no changes of any 
mportance were made."^ 

In the year 1891 a material change was eftected in the 
constitution of the colony by the enactment of the British 
Guiana Constitution Ordinance (No. 1 of 1891). By this Act 
the administrative functions of the Court of Policy have been 
transferred to an Executive Council. The College of Electors 
has been abolished, and the unofficial members of the Court of 
Policy are now elected by a direct vote of the people. 

This Act, while it regulates the franchise and the mode of 
election, is silent as to the constitutional powers of the Legisla- 
ture and the functions of the members. Tlie powers and 
functions of the Court of Policy are inherent from its 
original constitution : the existing powers and functions of 
the Combined Court are recited in the Orders-in-Council passed 
under the system of 1836. 

The inherent legislative power of the Court of Policy to 
make laws for the peace and good government of the colony is 
subject to the power of the Sovereign to disallow or amend 
such laws, and to the power to enact and establish all such laws 
as may appear to them necessary for those purposes. This jjower, 
exercisable from the first by right of conquest confirmed by the 
Cession contained in the Great Treaty of 1814, was expressly 
reserved in 1831 by a clause in Sir Benjamin D'Urban's Com- 
mission as first Governor of the combined colony, and a similar 
clause is to be found in the existing Letters Patent constituting 
the office of Governor and Commander-in-Chief. The Court of 
Policy thus stands in relation to His Majesty's Government 
to-day in the same position that it stood at the date of the 
Capitulation to the States General of Holland. 

With respect to the powers and functions of the Combined 
Court under its original constitution : in the schedule of enact- 
ments repealed by the Act of 1891 are included Governor 
Beaujon's Publication of 1796 by which the Court was created, 
and Governor D'Urban's Proclamation of 1831 restoring the 
system created by that Publication ; the " Articles of Capitula- 
tion" of 1803 stipulating that the usages and mode of taxation 
then in force should be adhered to, "\vhich have not been 



* The Constitutional legislation of this period consists of the followius: 
Ordinances :— No. 86 of 1836 ; 7 of 1847 ; 15 of 1849 ; 2 of 1850 ; 21 of 1855 ; 1 
of 1864 ; 16 of 1864 ; 1 of 1876 ; 25 of 1880 ; 7 of 1882; and 13 of 1883, 



148 

" repealed, thus alone remain as the real charter of the Court, 
'* the mode of taxation thereby preserved and the usages prior 
'• thereto being matters of fact to be ascertained partially, but 
" by no means wholly, by reference to Governor Beaujon's 
" Publication and Governor D'Urban's Proclamation, docu- 
" ments which may be referred to as matters of history notwith- 
" standing their absence from the Statute Book, equally with 
" the Minutes of the Combined Court and other documents 
"already i^eferred to which were never to be found in the 
"Statute Book,"* 

The powers of the Legislature are thus limited to such 
constitutional powers as formed part of the laws, usages and 
mode of taxation at the date of the Capitulation and such as 
have been subsequently conferred by the Crown. 



CONSTITUTION AND GOVEENMENT. 



Tlie existing Constitution, consists of :■ — A Governor, an 
Executive Council, a Court of Policy and a Combined Court. 

The Governor. — The office of Governor and Commander- 
in-Chief of the colony is constituted by Letters Patent passed 
under the Great SeaJ of the United Kingdom on the 12th 
September, 18771. The Governor is appointed by the Sovereign 
and holds office during the Sovereign's pleasure. In him is 
vested exclusively the executive power and he exercises direct 
supervision over the whole of the administrative departments 
of the Government. The Governor is authorised by Letters 
Patent dated 29th November, 1902,| to apjDoint a Deputy 
within any part or parts of the Colony during his temjDorary 
absence from the seat of Government. 

The Executive Council was constituted by Supplementary 
Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom 
on the 5th March, 189L§ Under Additional Royal Instruc- 



* Minute by acting Attorney General Kingdon. Vide Court of Policy 
Minutes of 24th March, 1892. 

t Published in the " Official Gazette " 3rd November, 1877. Previous to 
this, a Commission was issued to each officer appointed to administer the 
Government and was personal to the holder. 

X Published in the " Official Gazette" .3rd January, 1903. 

§ Published in the " Official Gazette " by Proclamation dated 2nd January, 
1892, ^ 



149 

tions dated 5th March, 1891,* it is provided that the Council 
shall consist of the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, if any, 
the persons for the time being lawfully discharging the functions 
of the offices of Government Secretary and Attorney General, 
and such other persons as may be appointed from time to time 
by the Sovereign, or as shall be provisionally appointed by 
the Governor as follows : 

In the event of the death, resignation, incapacity, suspen- 
sion, or absence from the Colony of any member other than 
the Lieutenant Governor, the Government Secretary and the 
Attorney General, or, if in the opinion of the Governor the 
number of such members is insufficient, the Governor is 
authorised under Additional Instructions under the Royal Sign 
Manual and Signet, dated 10th November, 1904, to appoint 
some fit person to be provisionally a member of the Council. 

The Governor is President of the Council. In his absence 
through illness or other grave cause, the senior member present 
presides. In seniority and precedence the ex o^cio members 
rank first, in the order in which their offices are above mentioned. 
Members other than ex officio members hold office for five 
years, but may be re-appointed, and rank as regards seniority 
and precedence in the order of date of their appointment. No 
business shall be proceeded with unless two members at least 
besides the presiding member shall be present throughout the 
whole meeting. 

The expression " Governor-in-Council " is defined under 
the law to mean " the Governor acting with but not necessarily 
in accordance with the advice of the Executive Council."! 

The primary functions of the Council are " to advise and 
" assist the Governor for the time being in the administration 
" of the Government." 

The Council also possesses certain statutory powers 
imparted by the Political Constitution Ordinance of 1891, 
sections 30 and 31. 

The Annual Estimates for the Combined Court are 
prepared by the Governor-in-Council. With the Council also 
rests the trial and suspension from office of public officers 
charged with misconduct. 



* Published in the "Official Gazette 2ad January, 1892. 
t Section 5 of Ordinance 1 of 1891. 



150 

The Governor must consult with the Council in all cases 
excepting only in cases which in his judgment would sustain 
material prejudice by a consultation, or when the matters to be 
decided upon are too unimportant to require advice or too 
urgent to admit of advice being taken. 

The Governor is authorized to act in opposition to the 
advice given to him by members where in any case he may 
deem it right to do so, and report to the Secretary of State 
the grounds and reasons of his action, and in such cases any 
member may have recorded on the minutes the grounds of the 
advice or opinion offered and rejected. 

The Governor may according to his own deliberate judg- 
ment, whether members concur therein or otherwise, withhold 
or extend a pardon or reprieve to a person condemned by the 
sentence of the Court to suffer death. 

The Court oj Policy. — The executive functions which 
formerly belonged to the Court have been transferred by the 
British Guiana Constitution Ordinance of 1891 to the Execu- 
tive Council and the duties of the Court are now purely legis- 
lative ; it passes all Ordinances except the Annual Tax Ordin- 
ance and the Annual Customs Duties Ordinance which are 
passed by the Combined Court. 

The power to legislate is derived from the Crown and is sub- 
ject to veto by the Crown, and to the power of the Crown to pass, 
by Order in Council, laws which cannot be altered by the authori- 
ty of the Colonial Legislature. The following is an extract from 
the Letters Patent constituting the office of Governor : — * 

" And we do authorize and empower our said Governor 
" with the advice and consent of the Court of Policy of our 
" said colony to make laws for the peace, order and good 
" government of our said colony, subject nevertheless to all 
" such rules and regulations as by such instructions he may 
" think fit to prescribe in that behalf :t Provided nevertheless, 
" and we do hereby reserve to ourselves our heirs and successors, 
" our and their undoubted right and authority to confirm, dis- 
" allow, or, with the advice of our and their Privy Council, to 
" amend any such law and to make, enact, and establish from 



* A similar provision is contained in the Commission issued to Governor 
D'Urban dated 4th March, 1831. 

t Instructions to be from time to time given under Royal Sign Manual 
and Signet. See preceding paragraph of Letters Patent, 



151 

*' time to time, with the advice and consent of Parliament, or 
" with the advice and consent of our and their Privy Council, 
" all such laws as to us or them may appear necessary for the 
" peace, order and good government of our said colony, as fully 
"and effectually as if these presents had not been made." 

Previous to the enactment of the Constitution Ordinance of 
1891, the Court of Policy consisted of five Official Members and 
five Elective Members. The number has now been increased to 
sixteen and consists of : — the Governor, seven official members 
and eight elected members. The official section includes the 
Government Secretary, the Attorney General, the Auditor 
General, the Immigration Agent General, who are ex-ofjicio 
members and such three other persons holding public offices 
in the colony as His Majesty may from time to time appoint^ 
or as the Governor may in the exercise of the powers vested in 
him under the Ordinance of 1891, from time to time provisionally 
appoint subject to the approval of His Majesty. 

The ex officio members take precedence of the other 
members, and rank as regards seniority and precedence among 
themselves in the order named above. The other official 
members take precedence of the elected members and rank 
among themselves in order of date of appointment : provided 
that a member appointed by His Majesty shall rank before 
a member provisionally appointed by the Governor. Where 
two or more members are appointed by His Majesty, or pro- 
visionally appointed by the Governor, they shall rank among 
themselves as His Majesty or the Governor may direct, and in 
default of such direction, in the alphabetical order of their 
names. The elected members rank among themselves in order 
of date of election ; where two or more are elected on the 
same day, in the alphabetical order of their names. 

The elected members are elected by a direct vote of the 
people. The qualification for membership comprises ownership 
under a title by grant from the Crown, Transport, Letters of 
Decree etc., or possession under a licence of occupancy from 
the Crown, of 80 acres of land situate in the colony, 40 acres 
of which must be in cultivation: or, ownership of immovable 
property in the colony of the value of not less than £1,562 
10s. Od. : or, ownership or possession under lease for 21 years 
and upwards, of a house, or house and land in the colony, of an 
a.nnual rental value of <£lJ50, 



152 

Where any land or immovable property, or house, or house 
and land, are jointly owned or occupied by more persons than 
one, each of such joint owners or tenants shall be deemed to 
have the property qualification where the value of such land 
or immovable property or house, or house and land are of an 
amount which, when divided by the number of such owners or 
tenants, gives a qualification for each, but not otherwise. 

No person can be elected as a member who — 

(I) Is not entitled to vote at the election of a member of 
the Court, or 

(6) Is a Minister of Religion, or 

(c) Is the holder of any office of emolument under the 
Crown or under the Government of the colony. 

A member's seat becomes vacant under the following 
circumstances : if he, — 

(1) By writing under his hand addressed to the Governor, 
resigns his seat in the said Court ; or 

(2) Departs from the colony without leave of the said 
Court or of the Governor ; or 

(3) Having departed from the colony with such leave, 
remains out of the colony after such leave has expired ; or 

(4) Fails without reasonable excuse (the sufficiency where- 
of shall be determined by the said Court) to attend any six 
consecutive sittings of the said Court ; or 

(5) Ceases to possess a property qualification mentioned 
above ; or 

(6) Makes any declaration or acknowledgment of allegi- 
ance to any Foreign State or Power ; or 

(7) Becomes a citizen or subject of any Foreign State or 
Power ; or 

(8) Becomes a Minister of Religion ; or 

(9) Accepts any office of emolument under the Crown or 
under the Government of this colony ; or 

(10) Is adjudicated a bankrupt in the United Kingdom 
of Great Britain and Ireland or an insolvent in this colony ; or 

(II) Is declared by any competent Court to be non 
compos tnentis ; or 

(12) Is sentenced in any part of His Majesty's Dominions 
to death, penal servitude, or imprisonment with hard labour 
for any term exceeding twelve months. 

Every person who is returned as an elected member but 



153 

not qualified, or after his seat has become vacant, sits or votes, 
shall be liable to a penalty of $250 (£52 Is. 8d.) for every day 
on which he sits or votes. 

The Governor may at any time by Proclamation prorogue 
or dissolve the Court and in any case it is dissolved at the end 
of five years and a general election must be held within two 
months of the date of dissolution. 

At least two sessions of the Court must be held each year 
and there shall not be an interval of more than eight months 
between the last sitting in one session and the first sitting in 
the next session. No business except that of adjournment can 
be transacted at any meeting unless there are present nine 
members besides the Governor or other presiding member. 
The Governor or other presiding member may adjourn a meet- 
ing of the Court at any time, and no motion for adjournment 
shall be in order. The Governor, or, in his absence, the 
member present who stands first in order of precedence, 
presides at the meetings of the Court, and has an original vote 
and a casting vote, if the votes are equally divided. 

No Bill can be introduced without the sanction of the 
Governor. 

A member may obtain leave of absence not exceeding four 
months by application to the Court, or in non-session, to the 
Governor. 

The Court makes its own Standing Rules and Orders. 
Those now in force were " framed and proposed by the Governor 
"and adopted by the Court of Policy on the 18th day of 
"December, 1902." They call for no special remark. 

The maintenance of order in the Court is ensured hy the 
following provisions of law : — 

The Governor or other presiding member shall be the sole 
judge of order at any meeting of the Court. The Governor may 
suspend any official member (other than an ex officio member) 
from the exercise of his functions as a member of the Court 
and may temporarily replace him by some other officer, all 
subject to His Majesty's approval. 

If any member of the Court of Policy, not being an esc 
officio member, or of the Combined Court obstinately refuses 
to yield obedience and conform himself to the Rules and Stand- 
ing Orders of such Court, it shall be lawful for such Court after 
aflording such member a full opportunity of defending himself. 



154 

by resolution to expel such member from such Court and to 
declare his seat vacant. 

If any person being present in the Assembly Hall 
of the Court of Policy or of the Combined Court; and while the 
Court is sitting, is guilty of any improper conduct towards 
such Court or any member thereof, the Court^ after affording 
such person a full opportunity of defending himself, may by 
resolution declare and adjudge such person guilty of a contempt 
of such Court, and thereupon commit such person to prisonj 
there to remain without bail until he makes his submission to 
such Court and is released by order under the hand of the 
Governor or other presiding member, provided that no person 
shall be so detained in prison for a longer term than six months. 

The Combined Court. — The Combined Courfc means the 
Governor and members of the Court of Policy with the Finan- 
cial Representatives in Combined Court assembled. 

The powers possessed by the Court are :- — 

(a) The right to vote for the raising of Colony Taxes, and 
to examine the Colonial Accounts, — derived from 
Governor Beaujon's Publication of 11th June, 1796. 

(b) The right during the continuance of the Civil List " to 
" discuss in detail freely and without reserve" the several 
items on the Annual Estimates of the Colonial Expendi- 
ture, — conferred periodically by the Orders-in-Council 
made in consideration of the Court voting a Civil List. 
with which it is co-existent. The non-renewal of the 
Civil List would not affect the right of the Courfc to 
raise revenue which could only be taken away by an 
Act of Imperial Parliament. 

(c) The right to move the reduction or striking off of any 
item on the Estimates not on the Civil List or secured 
by law and to have such motion put to the Court, — -con- 
ferred by the Standing Piules and Orders with which 
such right is co-existent. 

The Financial Representatives are six in number and 
are elected in the same way as the elected members of the Court 
of Policy. Each holds office for five years concurrently with 
the members of the Court of Policy and is eligible for re-elec- 
tion. They are summoned by Proclamation to meet the Courb 
of Policy at a given day and hour " and for that purpose to give 
" their attendance at the Hall of the Financial Representatives" 



155 

where they remain until summoned to the Hall of the Court of 
Policy by the Clerk of the Court. 

The qualification for election as a Financial Representa- 
tive is the same as that for membership of the Court of Policy, 
with the additional alternative property qualification — receipt 
of a clear annual income of <£300 arising (a) from any kind of 
property in the colony not mentioned in any other property 
qualification or, (6) from any profession, business or trade 
carried on in the colony. 

A seat becomes vacant on the same grounds and for the same 
reasons as those provided for the Court of Policy. The penalty 
for sitting or voting while not in possession of the required 
qualification, or after the seat has been declared vacant, is <£50. 

The Financial Representatives rank as regards seniority 
and precedence in order of date of election. Where two or 
more are elected on the same day they shall rank in the 
alphabetical order of their names. 

There muse be at least one meeting of the Court in each year. 

Eleven members besides the Governor or other presiding 
member form a quorum and no business except that of adjourn- 
ment can be transacted unless there is a quorum. 

The Governor has a deliberative and a casting vote. 

A dissolution of the Court of Policy also dissolves the 
Combined Court and a General Election of Financial Pvepre- 
sentatives must be held within two months thereafter. 

The Court is summoned annually, usually in February or 
March, to discuss the Annual Estimates and to raise Taxes. On 
the Estimates being settled, the Courtis resolved into Commit- 
tee of Ways and Means to consider the Tax and Customs Duties 
Ordinances. When the Court goes into Committee of Ways 
and Means the Governor withdraws and remains absent until 
the Court resumes. The election of a member to take the 
Chair in Committee of Wavs and Means, rests with the 
Court. 

No member of the Court of Policy or of the Combined 
Court shall be entitled, after having taken his seat at any meet- 
ing of the Court, to withdraw himself from such meeting without 
the leave of the Governor or other presiding member, and if 
any member so withdraws himself without leave, it shall be law- 
ful for the remaining members, not being less than seven in 
number besides the Governor or other presiding member, to 



156 

proceed with and transact business in the same manner as if a 
quorum had been present. 

A member may obtain leave of absence for a period not 
exceeding six months. 

The provisions for ensuring the maintenance of order in 
the Court are the same as those for the Courb of Policy. 

The existing Standing Rules and Orders of the Court were 
framed by the Governor under the authority of an Order-in- 
Council dated 23rd February, 1891.* The authority to make 
Standing Rules and Orders is rejDeated in the Order-in-Council 
made after each renewal of the Civil List. 

The Franchise. 

Every male person is entitled to be registered as a voter, 
and being registered, to vote at the election of a member of 
the Courb of Policy or of a Financial Representative, who 
possesses the following qualifications : — 

(a) Has attained the age of 21 years ; and 

(b) Is under no legal incapacity; and 

(c) Is a British subject by birth or naturalization ; and 

(d) Has possessed within the District or Division within 
the six months previous to registration the following property 
qualifications : — 

For a County Voter, 

1. Ownership) under grant from the Crown, Transport, 
Letters of Decree, etc., or possession under a Licence of Occu- 
pancy from the Crown, of not less than 3 acres of land under 
cultivation ; or 

2. Ownership under title as above of a house, or a house 
and land, of tlie annual rental or value of not less than <£20 ; or 

3. Occupancy or tenancy secured by lease or other written 
agreement recorded in the Registrar's Office, for three years 
or upwards, of nob less than 6 acres of land under cultivation ; or 

4. Occupancy of tenancy of a house or of a house and land 
of the annual rental or value of not less than £40 secured by 
lease or other written agreement recorded in the Registrar's 
Office, for one year or upwards ; or 

5. An annual income or salary of not less than £100 
coupled with residence in the district or division for six months 
previous to registration ; or 

6. Who during the 12 months previous to registration has 
* Fic?e " Official Gazette" of 25th March, 1891, page 561. 



157 

paid direct taxes (other than licence duty of any kind) to the 
Colonial Revenue of £4 3s. 4d., or upwards, coupled with resi- 
dence in the district or division during six months previous to 
registration. 

For a City or Toion Voter. 

1. Ownership under a title by Grant from the Crown, 
Transport, Letters of Decree, etc., of a house or house and 
land and appurtenances to the value of not less than .£104 3s. 
4d., as appraised for local taxation ; or 

2. Occupation of tenancy of a house, or of a house and 
land and appurtenances of the annual rental or value of not less 
than £25 secured for one year or upwards by lease or other 
written agreement recorded in the Registrar's Office ; or 

(3.) An annual income or salary of not less than £100 
coupled with residence in the district, during the six months 
previous to registration ; or 

(4.) Who has paid during the twelve months previous to 
registration^ direct taxes (other than licence duty of any kind) 
to the Colonial Revenue of £4 3s. 4d. or upwards, coupled 
with residence in the district during the six months previous 
to registration. 

When any land, or house, or house and land, or house and 
land or aj)purtenances is jointly owned or occupied by more 
persons than one as owners or tenants, each of such joint 
owners or tenants shall be entitled to be registered, but only 
in case the value of such land or house is of an amount which 
when divided by the number of such owners or tenants, gives a 
qualification for each and not otherwise. 

No person is entitled to be registered as a voter who,— 

(1.) Cannot read and write ; or 

(2.) Has within the twelve months previous to registra- 
tion, received any relief from public or jDarochial funds; or 

(3.) Has been sentenced in any part of His Majesty's 
Dominions to death or penal servitude, or imprisonment with 
hard labour, for any term exceeding twelve months, and has not 
either suffered the punishment to which he was sentenced, or 
such other punishment as by competent authority may have 
been substituted for the same, or received a free pardon from 
His Majesty. 

The number of registered electors on 31st December, 1908, 
was 3,628. 



158 

A Bill to amend the existing Constitution Ordinance is at 
present before the Court of Policy. Some of the more im- 
portant of the proposed amendments are : — 

(a) To render ineligible for election as a member of the 
Court of Policy or as a FiDancial Representative, any 
person who has failed for three months to comply with 
any Order of the Supreme Court directing him to pay any 
money held or received by him in a fiduciary capacity, 
and to provide that the seat of a member of the Court 
of Policy or of a Financial Representative shall be 
rendered vacant for the same cause. 

(6) To require that the property which gives qualification 
for election as a member of the Court of Policy or as a 
Financial Representative must not be encumbered by 
mortgage or lien. 

(c) To reduce the value of the immovable property which 
gives qualification for election as a member of the Court 
of Policy or as a Financial Representative from $7,500 
to $5,000. 

(d) To make ownership or occupation of land alone^ of the 
requisite value, a qualification for a city or town voter 
in place of the existing provision under which only land 
with a house on it gives a right to vote. 

(e) To reduce the income qualification for a town or city 
voter from $480 to $300 a year. 

Electoral Districts. 

For electoral purposes the colony is divided into five 

Districts with two divisions in each of two of such districts, as 

follows : — 

No. 1. The County of Demerara (exclusive of the city of Georgetown), 1 
Financial Representative, 
(a.) Eastern Division, 1 member Courc of Policy. 
(&.) Western Division, 1 member Court of Policy. 
No. 2. The County of Essequebo — 

(a.) North Western Division, 1 member Court of Policy and 1 Fin- 
ancial Representative. 
(6.) South Eastern Division, 1 member Court of Polic}' andl Finan- 
cial Representative. 
No. 3. The County of Berbice (exclusive of the town of New Amsterdam), 

1 member Court cf Policj', and 1 Financial Representative. 
No. 4. The City of Georgetown, 2 members Court of Policy andlFinan 

cial Representative. 
No. 5. The Town of New Amsterdam, 1. member Court of Policy and 
Financial Representative. 



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159 
EDUCATION. 



Primary Education. 

The existing system of Elementary Education, which was 
established by Ordinance 3 of 1876, is almost entirely denomi- 
national and is State-aided. 

During the financial year ended 31st March, 1909, 223 
schools with an average daily attendance of 20,255, received 
aid from the Government amounting to $121,079 30, the 
average cost per scholar being $5 05. 'J'he number presented 
at inspection was 27,526, of a total of 33,085 on the register, 
and of those presented 23,979 were examined. 

Control. — Under the Elementary Education Ordinance of 
1876, and the existing Code of Regulations framed thereunder 
ip. 1904, as amended in December, 1908, the central adminis- 
tration is vested in an Inspector of Schools assisted by a staff 
of Inspectors and Educational District Officers, He is respon- 
sible for the carrying out of all regulations dealing with 
elementary education : the exercise of certain of the statutory 
powers conferred on him is however subject to the control of 
the Governor-in-Council. I he local control, including the 
appointing and dismissing of teachers, is in the hands of 
Managers, who, with two exceptions, are ministers of religion 
representing the diiferent denominations to one or other of 
which almost all the schools in the colony belong. 

Education is compulsory for all children up to the age of 
12 or those who have not passed the prescribed Foui'th Standard, 
and is free up to this point. For all pupils above this age or 
standard a fee of 2d. a*' week may be demanded. 

Payments. — The existent system of payment is one partly 
of payments to Head Teachers as salaries of sums ranging from 
$8 to $20 a month according to the class of their certificates of 
competency ; salaries to Pupil Teachers on an incremental scale 
ranging from $3 to $7 and $8 a month; Result Grants of the 
values noted below; and an Attendance Grant of $3 for every 
30 children qualified by attendance and presented for 
examination. 

The amount paid from the Colonial Revenue is limited to 
the amount voted annually by the Combined Court, the amounts 



160 

earned being decreased proportionately to the sum voted when 

they exceed that sum.* 

Subjects and Grants. — The following are the subjects 

comprising the present course of instruction and the values 

of the grants for full proficiency in each subject : — 

Reading ... ... ... $1 05 per head. 

Writing ... ... ... 1 05 „ ,, 

Arithmetic ... ... ... 1 05 ,, ,, 

School Gardens, Trade or Indus- 
try ... ... ... 1 00 per head in Standards 4, 5 and 6. 

Nature Study ... ... 1 00 per head in all standards. 

English ... ... ... 1 00 per head in Standards 3 to 6. 

Geography ... ... ... 1 00 per head in Standards 4 to 6. 

Elementary Hygiene ... ... 50 per head in Standards 4 to 6. 

Sewing ... ... ... .50 per head in Standards 1 to 6. 

Singing and Drill — In all Standards 25 C3nts per head for each subject. 

The grant for trade or industry is payable only in respect 
of pupils not receiving instruction in school gardens, the trade 
or industry must be approved by the Governor-in-Council, the 
school must be sufficiently provided with appliances for instruc- 
tion, and the teachers must be duly qualified, 

To obtain credit for Nature Study each school mu?rti be 
provided with pots, tins, and boxes of plants, etc., for conduct- 
ing the illustrations of the object lessons. 

Nine-tenths of the grants are divided among the Teaching 
Staff, the remaining one-tenth together with any school fees 
and local contributions received may be retained by the 
Managers for the purpose of providing and maintaining suitable 
buildings, books and apparatus. 

No grant is allowed for a pupil over 14 or under 5 years 
of age on the last day of the mouth preceding the examination ; 
(Provided that a grant may be allowed for any aboriginal 
Indian not over 15 years of age ;) or, for a pupil in Standard I. 
who is over 1 2 or under 5 ; or, for a pupil in the Infant Class over 
7 years of age, an aboriginal Indian pupil not over 8 years of age 
excei^ted ; or, for any pupil who has been a pupil for less than 
six consecutive months during the twelve months preceding the 
inspection of the school in which he is examined. 



*0n the 26bh February last, the Combined Court passed a Resolution 
limitihg the cost of Primary Education on grants-in-aid and salaries 
and Bonuses, to $128,000 "until such time as an increase in the public 
" reveniie and an increase in popu,lation produce altered conditions sufficient 
" to permit of further expenditure." At the same time the Court recom- 
mended "the more equitable adjustment of the grants now attached to each 
" subject in the Education Code, in order to obtain the greatest benefit from 
" this sum." 



161 

_ For the purpose of determining the amounts of the Grants- 
in-Aid payable in tlie ensuing year, each school is inspected 
and examined once a year. Proficiency is tested by class 
examinauon, except in Writing, dewing and Arithmetic, in 
winch subjects pupils are examined individually. 

Attendances.— ThQ minimum number of attendances to 

quahfyforagrantisfixedat,— for schools on the rivers nnd 

creeks, not less than 150; Country Schools, not less than 200 • 

and tor iowu Schools or any other place declared to rank with 

them in this respect by the Governor-in-Council, not less than 

^50. J3ut the Governor-in-Council may for good reason shown, 

as tor example the prevalence of an epidemic disease, or an 

unusually continuous rainfall extending over a lenothened 

period, allow a reduction of attendances in any district ''on the 

understanding that the minimum attendance shall in no case be 

less than 150. 

Qualification jor Government ai(/.— Before any school can 
be placed on the list of Aided Schools it must fulhl the 
tollowing requirements of the Code :— 

(a) The daily average attendance for the six months before 
the month of the examination must be not less than 
60 for schools in Georgetown and New Amsterdam: 
40 m country districts vsliere there is more than one 
school within a radius of one mile; and 25 in other 
country districts : for schools situated on the banks of 
rivers and unapproachable by any public carriage road 
at least 15. « 5 

(6) The principal teacher must be duly certificated, and 
over 20 years of age, 

(c) Registers of admission and attendance in a prescribed 
form must be kept. 

{d) The school must be conducted in an orderly and 
efficient manner, and the returns required by the Gov- 
ernment must be trustworthy. 

(e) Provision must be made for teaching Elementary 
Hygiene to pupils in Standards IV, V and VI, and for 
teaching girls Needlework at least two days a week. 

(/) Suitable school buildings containing the prescribed 
ventilation and accommodation space, must be provided 
and kept in repair, and the furniture and appliances 
specified in the Code must also be provided. 



162 

(g) A complete inventory of the furniture, apparatus, 
books etc.j of the school must be kept, 

(h) Separate latrines for pupils of each sex must be 
provided and kept clean. 

(i) Reasonable care must be taken to inculcate habits of 
punctuality, of good manners and language, of cleanli- 
ness, and neatness, and to impress upon the pupils the 
dignity of labour, the importance of obedience, etc. 

(j) The grounds adjoining the school buildings must be 
drained. 

Classification of Schools. — The schools are classified -as 
A, B and C Schools. Schools which fulfil all the above 
conditions are classed as " A" schools. " A" schools which 
cease to fulfil any of these conditions or which fail to 
obtain 40 per cent, of passes at the annual inspection in 
either Writing or Arithmetic and 45 per cent, of the full grant 
in Reading, shall be called " B" schools. 

No school shall remain a " B" school for more than two 
years, and unless within that time it again becomes an " A" 
school, it ceases to receive any grant. 

Mission Schools for aboriginal Indians and schools in 
sparsely populated districts are called " C " schools. These are 
limited to twenty-five in number and receive annual grants 
50 per cent, more than the amounts prescribed for " A " and 
" B " schools. 

With the object of facilitating the attendance at school of 
children of tender age living in districts where the schools are 
situated at some distances apart, provision is made for the 
establishment of branch schools within a radius of three miles of 
a main school. 

Provision is also made for the payment of grants to 
Kindergarten schools, but no such schools have up to the 
present been started. 

Ceritficate Salaries. — In addition to result grants, principal 
teachers receive salaries according to the class of their cer- 
tificates as follows : — 

For a Certificate of the 1st Class ... ... $ 240 a year. 

„ 2nd „ ... ... 180 „ 

o )> J) 3rd ,, ... ... 96 ,, 

Sewing Certificate only, held by Sewing Mis- 
tresses who are actually engaged in teaching 

Sewing ... ... ... ... 24 ,, 



163 

Certificates of Competency. — The Inspector of Schools may 
issue a provisional certificate of competency to any person 
who in his judgment may properly be employed in a 
school. Such person must present himself for examination 
at the first examination for teachers held after the lapse of the 
six months following the issue to him of such provisional 
certificate. 

The Inspector may, with the approval of the Governor-in- 
Council, issue a certificate of competency without examination 
entitling the holder to the rate of salary attached to a Third 
Class certificate, to any provisionally certificated teacher who 
for ten consecutive years immediately preceding his application 
has successfully conducted a school to the knowledge of the 
Inspector. 

Certificates of the Second and Third Class are granted after 
examination conducted annually by a Board appointed each 
year by the Governor, of which the Inspector of Schools is 
Chairman, embracing a syllabus of subjects fixed bv the In- 
spector of Schools and approved by the Governor, or may be 
issued without examination to persons who already hold certain 
qualifications or certificates specified in the Code. Certificates 
of the First Class are granted to holders of Second Class certifi- 
cates after examination as above, whose schools have in the year 
preceding the examination passed 75 per cent, in each of the 
subjects Readings Writing and Arithmetic. Certificates of the 
Second and Third Class may be raised to the first or Second Class 
respectively, after five consecutive yeai's of efficient service as a 
teacher : Provided that the school while in the charge of the 
holder of such certificate shall have obtained not less than 75 
per cent, of full passes in Writing and Arithmetic, and 75 per 
cent, of the full grant in Reading, at three consecutive annual 
inspections. 

Teachers of country schools who do efficient work in 
agriculture, or in any trade or industry, for two consecutive 
years, may have their certificate raised a class with the 
approval of the Governor. 

The Inspector is empowered to cancel or suspend the 
certificate of a teacher who in his opinion i« guilty of immoral 
conduct or of improper or cruel treatment of pupils in his 
charge. 

Ap2}ointm6nt and dismissal oj I'eachers.- — Managers have 



164 

the exclusive right of appointing and dismissing teachers. 
Every appointment is terminable on one clear month's notice on 
either side. A teacher (other than a teacher who has been 
convicted by a competent Court of an indictable offence) 
dismissed otherwise than by notice as above, shall be furnished 
by the Manager with the reason for his dismissal, and the 
Manager shall not confirm the dismissal until he has con- 
sidered the teacher's reply, which must be made within seven 
days. A teacher dismissed otherwise than by notice may 
within ten days thereafter appeal to the body of the 
denomination to which the school belongs appointed by the 
authorities of such denomination to hear and decide such 
appeals, who must hear and decide such appeal within fourteen 
days. When a decision is given by such body, the Manager or 
the teacher may appeal from such decision to the Governor-in- 
Council. Failing any decision by such body within fourteen days, 
the Manager shall forward the papers to the Governor-in- 
Council who shall decide the appeal. Until the final decision 
of such appeal, the teacher shall retain his post unless 
interdicted from duty by the Manager. Any Manager failing to 
comply with such final decision shall have public aid withdrawn 
from the school. 

For any breach of the Regulations, for neglect of duty, 
misconduct, inetficiency or lack of discipline, the Inspector 
may, after the teacher has been informed of the charge against 
him and allowed an opportunity of making his defence, impose 
a penalty on a defaulting teacher proportional to the gravity 
of the offence. If a penalty is imposed the teacher may appeal 
to the Governor-in-Council whose decision shall be final. 

Pupil Teachers. — Principal Teachers are assisted in the 
work of maintaining discipline, and in instructing, by pupil 
teachers, to whom they are required to impart instruction on 
the school premises free of cost for not less than five hours 
every week out of the regular school hours, not more than two 
hours being on the same day. 

Candidates for employment as pupil teachers must be 
under 14 and over 16 years of age, and must pass an admission 
examination^ unless they are the holders of (ct) Pass Certificates 
obtained at the Oxford or Cambridge Local Examination for 
Juniors or at the College of Preceptors Examination for Second 
Class or Juniors ; or holders of (h) Honour Certificates at these 



165 

Examinations or of Pass Certificates at the Examinations for 
Seniors. The holder of a certificate under (a) is eligible for 
employment as a pupil teacher of the third year ; the holder 
of a certificate under (6) to employment as a pupil teacher 
of the fourth year ; provided in both cases that they are not 
above the age of 18 years at the time of such first employment. 
The employment of pupil teachers is limited to five years, or 
until they attain the age of 20, during which time they must pass 
an annual examination. Those failing to pass two consecutive 
examinations are no longer recognized by the Inspector. 

While actually employed in teaching, pupil teachers are 
paid the following salaries by the Government : — 

$3 monthly for the first year; 

$4 monthly during the second year and so on for tho 
period of five years, conditional on their passing the annual 
examination. 

For passing with credit the five consecutive examinations 
a pupil teacher receives a bonus of $20. 

The principal teacher of a school shall be entitled to $1.75 
a month for each pupil teacher employed therein who is being 
taught by him. 

A school having an average daily attendance of 60 for six 
months preceding the inspection, shall be entitled to one pupil 
teacher, and to an additional pupil teacher for every 50 above 
the first 60;, not exceeding a maximum of four pupil teachers. 

Hygiene. — Special attention is being given to instruction in 
hygiene; all the schools in the colony have taken up the subject 
and arrangements have been completed for providing a course of 
lectures for school teachers to be illustrated by models and 
diagrams. 

Agricultural Teaching. — Special encouragement is given 
to the teaching of Agriculture. In 1900, courses of lectures in 
Agricultural Chemistry and Botany to School Teachers were 
started by the Department of Science and Agriculture. These 
lectures are supplemented by a course of demonstration lec- 
tures at which those who show special aptitude for their work, 
as evinced by examination at the close of the lectures, are 
taught to conduct simple experiments. Certain of those who 
have passed the examination at the completion of their 
course have been selected to give object lessons in the rudi- 
ments of agricultural science to the scholars in Standards VI, 



166 

VII and VIII, and to anyone engaged in teaching who cares to 
attend, and for the purpose of illustrating their lessons they have 
been supplied with sets of chemical apparatus and appliances. 
To provide for the practical application of the theoretical in- 
struction received in the class-room, school gardens were started 
in 1904. Under the Education Code, which came into force in 
that year, provision is made for grants for School-garden work 
and for Nature Study, to be carried on by means of tins and 
boxes of plants, and by a recent amendment in the Education 
Code, it is provided, by way of further inducement, that teachers 
of schools in country districts who do efficient work in agri- 
culture for two consecutive years, may have their certificates 
raised a class. Grants were also made by the Government 
in 1904 to aid in establishing gardens. Concurrently, model 
gardens were established by the Government at different 
centres to serve as models for the garden work of the schools 
in their neighbourhood. These gardens are under the super- 
vision of a specially trained teacher in charge who gives 
practical instruction at hours which do not interfere with 
work in school, to all teachers and pupils who may attend. 
At the time of writing there are five model gardens controlled 
by the Department of Science and Agriculture, and 80 ordinary 
gardens attached to the various schools under the Primary 
Education Department. The latter, which are the gardens 
established and maintained by the several schools to enable 
them to earn the grants for school garden work provided 
under the Code, are visited and inspected from time to time 
by the officers of the Department of Science and Agriculture. 
Practical instruction in school-garden work must be given on at 
least two days a week for not less than an hour each day. 
Schools in the same locality within a reasonable distance of 
one another may have one plot of land drained and fenced 
between them, provided that each school has its own portion 
thereof for cultivation and practical work. Special prizes are 
awarded at the annual Agricultural Shows for exhibits from 
these gardens. 

In furtherance of these efforts to provide practical 
instruction in agriculture, provision has been made for the 
training of apprentices in agriculture at the Botanic Gar- 
dens and the Experimental Fields. Under a scheme which 
came into operation on the 1st April, 1907, a number of 



167 

apprentices, to be limited to 10, selected from among primary 
scholars between the ages of 14 and 16 who have shown promise 
in Nature Study and School-garden work during their school 
course, will be indentured to the Director of Science and Agri- 
culture for a period of three years, during which time they will 
be housed and boarded in quarters specially provided for 
them, a deduction of 11 cents a day being made from the wages 
earned by each of them as payment for board. As oppor- 
tunity offers, the apprentices in their third year will be per- 
mitted to accompany the Agricultural Instructors on their 
visits, and those who show special application at their work 
will receive instruction at the Government Laboratory, 

Training of Teachers — In 1905 special provision was made 
for the training of school teachers. Under a scheme introduced 
in that year, six non-resident Student Teachers nominated 
annually in fixed proportions by the various denominations, 
receive a course of special training at Queen's College under a 
Normal Master. At the end of this course, lasting usually 
two years, each Student Teacher is required to pass a special 
examination in the subjects which he will have to teach under 
the Education Code in force, and also an examination in 
Agriculture and Class Teaching. Prior to the introduction of 
this scheme there existed for several years no provision for 
the training of teachers other than the instruction required to 
be given to pupil teachers out of school hours by the teachers 
under whom they worked. 

The scheme is not, however, considered to be working 
satisfactorily, and at the instance of an elective member of the 
Court of Policy a Committee of that Court has recently been 
appointed to consider the best means of providing for the train- 
ing of elementary school teachers.* 

Pensions. — Under Ordinance No. 14 of 1907, every princi- 
pal teacher who has eflficiently performed his duties and who 

{a) Has been continuously employed as a principal teacher 
for a period of ten years immediately preceding retire- 
ment, and 

(6) — (1) Is sixty years of age if a man^ or fifty years of 
age if a woman, or 
(2) Has become incapable by infirmity of mind or body 



Since the above was written the Scheme of 1905 has been abandoned. 



168 

of continuing to teach a school efficiently^ shall be 
entitled to a pension on the following scale : — 

(1) Holders of Third Class certificates to an annual pen- 
sion of §48 with the addition of $1.60 for each complete 
year of service over and above ton years and up to and 
including twenty-five years. 

(2) Holders of Second Class certificates to a pension of $48 
a year with the addition of $5.67 for each complete year 
of service as above. 

(3) Holders of First Class certificates to an annual peu' 
sion of $48 with the addition of $8.67 for each complete 
year of service as above. 

Progress, — The following table shows the progress made 
in the past 10 years : — 



Year. 



1897-189S 
1898-1899 
1899-1900 
1900-1901 
1901-1902 
1902-1903 
1903-1904 
1904-1905 
1905-1906 
1906-1907 
1907-1908 
1908-1909 



O rt 

i2 S 

O !-> 

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-*ii— I 



210 
210 

213 
212 
213 
211 
210 
214 
218 
220 
2J3 
223 



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^ 



28,691 
28 689 
28,845 
27,512 
26,684 
28,310 
28,799 
29,093 
29,811 
29,407 
30,888 
33,085 



16,155 
15,959 
16,730 
16,397 
16,401 
17,216 
17 323 
17,830 
16,362 
17,871 
18,457 
20,255 



ft u 



24,458 
24,465 
24,498 
23,685 
22.945 
24,249 
24,759 
25,567 

24,110 
25,834 
27,526 






20,554 
20,962 
21,660 
20,543 
19,938 
21.872 
22,287 
22,887 
16,954 
19.415 
21,464 
23,979 






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; 103,033 91 
102,958 59 
103,026 14 
103,983 82 
102,224 36 
107,956 93 
111,991 59 
112,740 56 
113,095 20 
111,188 80 
111.283 80 
121,079 30 



15 01 


4 91 


4 75 


5 06 


5 12 


4 94 


5<.2^ 


4 92 


6 67 


5 72 


5 18 


5 05 



I 5 01 
4 91 
4 75 

14 97 
4 97 
4 94 
4 96i 

4 81" 
6 65 

5 72 
5 18 
5 05 



For the previous history of Primary Education in the 
colony, see ^^ A Precis of the History of Elementary Education 
in British Guiana^^ by the writer of these notes published in 
1907. 



* For this year, this column's figures represent the number of pupils 
qualified for examination and who would have been examined if the examina- 
tions had not been suspended. 

t Merit Grants commenced 1900-1901, abolished in 1904-05. 



169 

Industrial Schools. 

Onderneeming School. — The care and education of desti- 
tute and vagrant children are provided for by the Industrial and 
Reformatory School for boys at Onderneeming ia the county of 
Essequebo^ established under Ordinance 1 of 1852. The princi- 
pal training afforded the inmates is practical instruction in 
agriculture, but a limited number are trained as domestics, and a 
few are taught carpentry and other trades. The number of 
inmates at the 31st of March last was 101. The net cost 
per caput for the financial year 1908-1909 was £17 19s. 8d. 
Prof. J. B. Harrison, C.M.G,, Official Visitor; S. H. Bayley, 
Superintendent. 

Orphan Asylum. — Managed by the Chairman, Poor Law 
Commissioners. The care and education of orphan children is 
provided for at the Orphan Asylum which is administered under 
the above Ordinance. On the 31st March 1909^ there were 61 
boys and 30 girls in the institution. 

Secondary Ediication. 

Queen^s College, — Education of the standard of a Public 
School or First Grade Grammar School in England, is provided 
for boys at the Institution known as Queen's College, which 
is maintained by the Government. The Institution is undenomi- 
national in character. Classes are held in Greek Testament and 
such Books of the Bible as are required for examinations ; but 
attendance at these classes is voluntary and the treatment of 
the subjects critical and historical, not doctrinal. The govern- 
ing body is the Governor and the Executive Council, The staff 
consist of six masters, three of whom are graduates in Honours 
of either Oxford or Cambridge University. The Science 
department is in charge of the Director of Science and 
Agriculture with an Assistant Demonstrator. 

The course of instruction is specially arranged to include 
the requirements of the Cambridge Local Examinations and 
the Matriculation Examination of the University of London. 
In 1908, 31 certificates were gained at the Cambridge Local 
Examinations. Eight students passed with honours and 12 
marks of distinction were gained. 

Admission, which was until recently open to all boys of 
respectable parentage, is now restricted to those passing an 
entrance examination. 



170 

The fees for pupils have been fixed at the following 

increased rates as from the commencement of the Autumn 

Term, 1909 :— 

For boys in Forms V and VI, $15 per term. 
For boys in Fornns III and IV, $12 per term. 
For boys in the Preparatory Form, $7.50 per term. 
In the case of two or more brothers attendjng the College together, the 
fees for the second or more of any brothers will be one-third less than the 
above. 

There will be an additional charge of $1 per term for each boy for 
stationery. 

The number of scholars in attendance at the end of March, 
1909 was 126, and the gross cost of the institution for the 
financial year 1908-1909 was £2,639. The amount received for 
fees was £617 Is. 8d 

Besides Queen's College, there are a few private secondary 
schools for boys with a total average attendance of about 200. 
The principal of these are St. Stanislaus College and the 
Middle School. 

The secondary education of girls is carried on almost 
entirely by private enterjDrise. There are several girl schools 
doing excellent work among which may be mentioned 
" Woodside " School and the Ursuline Convent School. On 
2nd March, 1909, the Combined Court passed a resolution 
recommending the necessity of a scheme by which assistance 
shall be given by the State for the higher education of girls. 
The resolution was accepted by the Government on the under- 
standing that the matter should remain over until the financial 
condition of the colony rendered it practicable. 

Georgetown is a centre for the Cambridge University 
Local Examinations and for those of Edinburgh and for the 
College of Preceptors. The Matriculation and other ordinary 
degree examinations of the University of London may also 
be taken in the colony. 

Scholarships and Educational Endowjients. 

The Guiana Scholarship?. — A Government scholarship, 
established in 1882, of the total valae of <£600, and, in the 
case of a candidate taking a medical course, such further sum as 
the Combined Court may vote. The scholarship is tenable for 
three, four, or five years at the discretion of the Governor-in- 
Council, according to the time required for the completion of 
the course of study sanctioned. The examination is competitive 
and is restricted to natives of the colony or the children of 



171 

parents domiciled therein, or who have died therein. A com- 
petitor must not be over 20 years of age ; must have for 
three years immediately preceding the examination received 
his or her education in the colony ; must have passed the 
Junior or Senior Cambridge Examination with honours ; and 
must be certified to be of good moral character and to be 
medically fitted to undergo the course of studies incident to 
a University career. The subjects for examination are those 
for an open scholarship at Oxfoi'd or Cambridge, and the 
scholarship is awarded to the competitor who stands high- 
est amongst those who the examiners report would in their 
judgment have been eligible at their College for an open 
scholarship. - The scliolarshij) is awarded each year and is 
tenable at any University or College in tlie United Kingdom, 
or at any Agricultural or Technical College in Europe, the 
United States of America, or Canada, that may be approved 
by the Governor -in-Council. The existing regulations relating 
to the British Guiana Scholarship were made by the Governor 
and Court of Policy on the 14th July, 1908. 

The Mitchell Scholaiship. ~Wii\te.r Mitchell died in 18G2 and 
by his will directed that fifteen years after his death his resid- 
uary estate was to be placed at the disposal of the Legislature 
" in order to form a fund, church, college or other charitable 
" institution in the colony, similar to the de Saffon establish- 
" ment, though not with the same exclusion, but under similar 
" rules." In 1895 the Court of Policy resolved that two 
scholarships of the value of $72 a year, each tenable for four 
years at any schools approved of by the Governor-in-Council, 
should be awarded each year, one for boys and one for girls, on 
the result of the Cambridge Local Preliminary Examination. 
Competitors must be natives of the colony or born of parents 
domiciled therein or who have died therein, and must be under 
14 years of age. The scholarships are awarded to the boy and 
girl who are placed first among the boy and girl candidates 
respectively, provided that the University Pass Certificate is 
obtained in each case. If no girl attain to the qualifying 
standard then, two scholarships may be awarded to the first 
two boys who have so qualified, or vice versa. The scholarship 
cannot be held concurrently with a Primary School scholarship. 

The accumulated funds, which amount to £4,932 17s. 7d., 
are invested in Government securities. 



172 

The Percival Exhibition. — A scholarship founded by 
' Old Boys ' of Queen's College to perpetuate the memory of 
Exley Percival^ a former Principal. Value £S for one year; 
open to boys attending Queen's College ; is awarded each year 
to the boy who obtains highest marks in the Junior Cambridge 
Local Examination. 

Primary Scholarships. — In 1895 the Combined Court 
voted $1,000, to be continued annually^ for six scholarships of 
the value of $30 a year each and free tuition at any High 
School approved by the Governor-in-Council, to be awarded 
annually by competitive examination to boys and girls not 
above the age of 12 attending the Government-aided and 
private schools. The scholarships are tenable for four years but 
may be extended to six years to any exhibitioner who, before 
completing his or her 16th year, passes with first-class honours 
the Junior Cambridge Local Examination. 

Three of the scholarships are awarded to boys, and two to 
girls. Competitors for these must have attended a primary 
school for not less than two years preceding the month of the 
examination.. The remaining scholarship is reserved to a boy 
or girl from any private school other than a school at which 
a scholarship is tenable, or to a scholar privately educated. 

The subjects of examination are the three R's, English 
Grammar, English, Essay, outlines of the Geography of the 
British Empire, Nature-teaching, and such other subjects as the 
Governor-in-Council may from time to time direct, and not 
less than 60 per cent, of the full marks must be obtained. 
The existing regulations relating to Primary School Scholar- 
ships and Prizes for Girls were made by the Governor and 
Court of Polciy on 31st July, 1906. 

Prizes for Girls. — A prize of the value of $5 is awarded to 
any girl who being under 16 years of age passes the Junior 
Cambridge Examination. A prize of $10 is awarded to every 
girl under 18 years of age v>ho passes the Senior Cambridge 
Examination. A prize of $50 is awarded to every girl of the 
abovementioned ages who obtains first-class honours at either of 
the above examinations. 

The de Saffon Trust. 

Pierre Louis de Safion, a native of France, a Land Sur- 
veyor by profession and owner of Plantations Le Repentir, 
Le Misere and La Penitence, died in Demerara in 1784, 



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173 

leaving ^ considerable sum of money and property for the 
education and maintenance of ^' ten infant orphans or half 
" orphans without distinction of sex, but born in lawful mar- 
'' riage, to be replaced by others on death or attainment of 
^' the age of 16 years respectively, and to be entitled to certain 
"allowances out of the estate on coming of age." The testator 
further enjoined that " preference be given always to the most 
" i30or and indigent and those born of white parents." 

Applicants must be natives of the county of Demerai'a. 
The selection of applicants is made by the Governor-in-Council, 
under Ordinance 5 of 1904, which provides for the administra- 
tion of the Estate and the carrying into effect of the Will. 



GEORGETOWN. 

(By Luke M. Hill, M. Inst. C.E.) 

Georgetown, the capital of British Guiana, the seat of 
Government and the chief port of entry for the colony, is 
situated at the mouth of the Demerara river on its right bank : 
its position being 69°49'2r N. latitude and 58°ir30" W. longi- 
tude, giving a difference of 3h. 52m. 46s. behind Greenwich time. 

The capital of the colony was first established by the 
Dutch on the Second Island, some miles up the Demerara River, 
whence it was transferred to Stabroek in 1782. Stabroek was 
a Government reservation lying between Plantations Vlissen- 
gen and Werk-en-Rust, allotted for Government offices and 
residences for ihe chief officials and leading colonists ; and now 
forms a central ward of the City of Georgetown, which gradu- 
ally spread itself right and left along the river facades of the 
adjoining plantations of Vlissengen, La Bourgade and Eve 
Leary to the north, and Werk-en-Rust and Le RejDentir to the 
south, extending nearly two miles along the river front by a 
depth of about one mile, the town being symmetrically laid out 
in wide streets forming rectangular blocks of building lots. 

Georgetown was so named in the year 1812, under the 
Regency ; and some 25 years later, with the creation of a 
Bishopric of Guiana and of the Cathedral of St. George's, it 
was constituted a cit}^, the city corj^oration of Mayor and Town 
Council being established by Ordinance in 1837 under the 



174 

Governorship of His Excellency Sir James Carmichael Smyth. 

No census has been taken since 1891 when the population 
was returned at 53,176 ; but the present population of the city 
and environs is estimated to be over 60,000. 

The population may be described as a very mixed one, 
composed of Europeans and various nationalities mostly Brit- 
ish and Portuguese — black and coloured people of all shades, 
native born or from one or other of the West Indian Islands, 
East Indians, Chinese and aboriginal Indians from the interior : 
ail live together in comparative harmony and content, forming 
on the whole a quiet and law-abiding body of citizens. 

The entrance to the Port of Georgetown is commanded by 
the guns of Fort William Frederick. This Fort mounts 21 
muzzle loaders, now used for saluting purposes^ but also has 
a few modern quick-firing guns, capable of more effective vvork. 

The Demerara Lightship (which also forms a pilot station) 
is anchored some ten miles beyond the Fort in five 
fathoms of water, from which the fairway shallows to 19 
feet on the bar at high water of spring tides, the only 
available channel for large vessels being marked by buoys. 
A short distance inside the Fort is the Lighthouse^ a 
brick building painted red and white in vertical stripes^ 103 
feet high, exhibiting a strong revolving white light, flashing 
once every minute, and said to be visible on a clear night for a 
distance of over 20 miles. 

Inside the river there is ample anchorage with a depth of 
water of 30 feet at spring tides : the extreme rise and fall 
being 10 feet. 

The principal wharves, supported on greenheart piles, 
extend out beyond the edge of low water mark, where the 
water deepens rapidly, and steamers and other large vessels can 
safely moor alongside. 

In the stream the river current runs at a speed of three 
to four knots per hour. 

A stranger's first impression of Georgetown as he enters 
the Port with its fast-running mud-laden current, is not a 
favourable one ; all he sees is an unattractive row of galvanized 
iron roofs, covering store-buildings projecting out over the 
mud-flat forming the river foreshore, with wharves or wooden 
stellings, alongside of which steamers, ships and lighters dis- 
charge their cargoes ; and it is not until he lands in Water street, 



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175 

the leading business thoroughfare, that he realizes that he is in 
a real live city, provided with all modern conveniences, at- 
tractive shops and business places. The tropical beauty of 
Georgetown is revealed as he crosses east into High, Main 
and other streets of private residences with their glowing wealth 
of colour and luxuriant growth of vegetation in tlie surrounding 
gardens of the detached residences : many of the principal 
streets have large canals or water reservoirs running down the 
centre, covered with luxuriant Victoria Regia and Lotus lilies, 
and flowering trees of several varieties line the sides of the 
roadways. 

The site of tlie city of Georgetow^n in common with all the 
coast-lands of the colony, is an alluvial flat, the mean level of 
the surface being 4^ feet under the high water of spring tides, 
the sea being kejDt out by a massive sea-wall, forming a breezy 
esplanade on the sea front, and by river and wharf walls along 
the river bank. 

The average annual rainfall is 100 inches, as much as 6 
inches sometimes falling in as many hours, for which provision 
is made by collecting the surface drainage in open canals and 
trenches, which discharge inter-tidally through large outlet 
sluices into the Demerara river. Crossing these canals and 
trenches are numerous bridges and culverts, over 300 in num- 
ber, forming street connections ; and in this respect George- 
town reminds one of the cities of Holland, possessing similar 
systems of drainage canals. 

There are nearly fifty miles of streets, all practically dead 
level; the greater part being formed of ordinar^^ macadam, the 
stone for which is obtained from granite quarries on the Esse- 
quibo and Demerara rivers, about 80 miles from the coast-line, 
from which it is transported in sailing craft and lighters 
to Georgetown where it is broken into road metal. A few 
streets reserved for light traflic are made u-p with burnt clay 
and shells, which together form a beautifully smooth surface for 
driving and cycling. 

The administration of the city is intelligently controlled 
on modern up-to-date lines by a Municipal Corporation con- 
sisting of a Mayor and Town Council of fourteen mem- 
bers, elected by, and from amongst, the general body of 
ratepayers of the fourteen electoral wards into which the city 
is divided. 



176 

Any pipe system of water-conveyed sewerage being diffi- 
cult to arrange under the peculiar conditions of inter-tidal 
drainage discharge, the conservancy service is carried out partly 
on the pail system worked at night time, but more generally by 
underground hose-extractor apparatus, the excretal matter 
being conveyed in air-tight vans and discharged direct into the 
tideway at the mouth of the river. 

This service is directly under control by the sanitary staff 
of the corporation, as is also an ordinary street and house-yard 
scavenging system, with a refuse destructor in which most of 
the city refuse, market garbage, condemned foodstuffs and car- 
cases of domestic animals, feather stock, etc., found about the 
streets and trenches, are destroyed by fire. 

There being practically no underground sources of water 
sujDply, the risk of contamination from the cesspit system is 
reduced to a minimum, especially in view of the stiff clay soil 
forming an impervious substratum. 

The general water supply of the city is brought in an open 
canal from an enclosed savannah lake some 20 miles distant, 
and pumped into the street mains by three triple-expansion 
high-duty Worthington engines, the daily deliveries from the 
Water Works for all purposes being between three and four 
million gallons. This water, however, being of a peaty charac- 
ter, its use is generally confined tO manufactories, street water- 
ingjfire extinguishing and rough domestic purposes, the drink- 
ing water being supplied by the storage of rainwater in large 
tanks and vats which are compulsorily provided on all private 
premises and regulated by law. In addition to these the 
municijDality has public storage tanks of a capacity of one mil- 
lion gallons, from which rain water is sold by tickets at a cheap 
rate.. 

The general pipe service supply, known as Lamaha water, 
although peaty in colour, is soft and fairly potable, and is cap. 
able of being de-coloured and purified by filtration through 
polarite, or by chemical treatment with alumino-ferric cake and 
lime. 

An electric lighting and power service with ten miles of 
efficiently conducted electric street tramway, are provided by a 
jDrivate joint-stock company, the Demerara Electric Company, 
but subject to control by the Government and the corporation. 
A gas supply formerly existed but has been entirely shut down 



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since the advent of the electric light, the Gas company retiring 
from business in 1900. 

A central municipal market— an iron and glass structure 
with an imposing clock tower, known as Stabroek market — 
covers an area of 80,000 square feet, with a river frontage of 
300 feet, provided with wharves and landing stages for the 
accommodation of coasting craft and bateaux bringing sup- 
plies to the market from the farming districts up the several 
rivers, creeks and canals, as well as from outside the colony from 
Barbados and elsewhere. 

There are in addition two smaller branch markets in the 
outlying districts of the city; and a public abattoir under thecon- 
trol of a municipal veterinary surgeon as inspector of live stock 
and dead meat, and also of the general milk supply. All meat 
sold in the city has to be slaughtered at this public abattoir. 

A large public cemetery, covering 135 acres, and divided 
into denominational blocks, is maintained by the Corporation 
on the outskirts of the city j and the establishment of a crema- 
torium in the near future is engaging the attention of the 
INIayor and Town Council. 

The general health of Georgetown may be considered 
fairly satisfactory for a tropical city, especially in view of the 
peculiar drainage conditions already described, but unfortu- 
nately an excessive infantile mortality and the spread of tuber- 
culosis, chiefly amongst the native races, tend to keep up a 
death-rate of about 35 per thousand. 

Due in a great measure to improved sanitary conditions, 
there has been no serious epidemic for many years, and the 
normal general health of the city may be considered good. 

In order to meet the requirements of modern preventive 
tropical medicine, screening regulations and other precautions 
for the destruction of mosquitos, are being enforced by the 
sanitary authorities. 

The buildings of Georgetown with but few exceptions are 
substantially framed in the celebrated hardwoods of the colony 
such as greenheart, wallaba, mora, crabwood, bullet- tree, etc., : 
many are handsome structures and not without some archi- 
tectural pretensions, 

As is fitting in a wooden built city, special precautions 
have to be taken in order to prevent the spread of fire, and 
therefore spaces are generally allowed between buildings, so 



178 

that continuous rows of houses are rai'ely seen on tlie streets ; 
and almost all private residences stand isolated in their 
own compounds or gardens. 

A very efficient Fire Brigade, worked in conjunction with 
the Police Force and vrell provided with land and floating steam 
fire engines, is maintained at the joint expense of the Govern- 
ment and the Corporation, and an ample supply of water at a 
good working pressure is always maintained from the Water 
Works. 

The chief public buildings and places of interest about 
Georgetown are us follows : — 

Public Buildings : a substantial composite brick, iron and 
stucco structure, exhibiting a good example of the Tuscan 
Order of classical architecture, and containing the Legislative 
hall of the Court of Policy, etc , the Government Secretariat 
and other principal administrative offices. 

The Victoria Law Courts : a modern building of Dutch 
timbered design, containing three separate courts, chambers 
for the Jutlges and Law Officers of the Crown, and offices con- 
nected with the administration of justice, also the offices of the 
Department of Lands and Mines, the Surgeon General, the 
Local Governmeat Board and the Harbour Master. A fine 
memorial statue in marble of the late Queen Victoria stands 
inside the enclosure in front of the Law Courts. 

The Town Hall and Municipal offices : a handsome build- 
ing of modernized Gothic design, with Central Fire Engine 
Depot in the adjoining grounds. 

Tl»e Police Magistrates' Court House : built of brick and 
concrete. 

The Central Police Station, the Alms House and the 
Orphan Asylum. 

Government House and grounds : the residence of His 
Excellency the Governor, in Carmichael and Main streets. 

The General Post Office : a building yet to be erected, 
commensurate with the requirements of the city and colony. 
In the meantime buildings inconveniently placed in two dif- 
forent parts of the city inadequately serve the purpose ; but 
the erection of a new building, for which designs have long 
been prepared, is contemplated. 

A Telephone Exchange with 450 subscribers, is main- 
tained in connection with the Post Office Department. 



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The Assembly Rooms : accommodating the Georgetown 
Club on the ground floor ; and on the upper floor an excellent 
and commodious convertible theatre and ball-room. 

The British Guiana and Colonial Banks. 

The Hand-in-Hand and British Guiana Mutual Fire 
Insurance Companies' Ofiices : all substantial business-like 
buildings. 

The Museum and Reading Rooms of the Royal Agricul- 
tural and Commercial Society of British Guiana, containing an 
excellent natural history and economic collection (open free) 
with a large library and convenient Reading Room attached. 

The Public Hospital : a large and excellently conducted 
Government Institution, covering 8|- acres of land and con- 
taining between 500 and 600 beds, as well as an out-patient 
section. Attached to the hospital is a Bacteriological Labor- 
atory and Roentgen Ray apparatus. 

A free Public Library is now in course of erection : the 
building being provided by Mr. Andrew Carnegie and the 
books and maintenance charges by the Government and 
Municipality jointly. 

The Promenade Gardens, having an area of about 8 acres, 
are in centre of the city. Many interesting flowers and 
plants will be found in these Gardens, which, together with the 
Company Path Gardens, opposite the Assembly Rooms, are 
maintained by the Municipality : a visit will well repay the 
time and trouble expended : tram-cars stop at the gates. 

The Botanic Gardens, on the outskirts of the city easily 
reached by tram-car, cover about 150 acres of land, effectively 
laid out in lakes, walks and drives, and are well stocked with 
ornamental and economic plants : a visit to the Nurseries 
attached will be of interest to any person seeking information 
on the flora of the colony. These Gardens are in charge of 
the Government Department of Science and Agriculture. 

The Sea-Wall Esplanade extends for a mile and a half 
along the ocean frontage. It is a massive and substantial 
structure of granite, the construction of which was begun 
in 1852 and completed some 30 years later. 

An excellent and well trained Military Band, attached to 
the British Guiana Militia, performs between 5 and 6 o'clock 
p.m. on Mondays, Wednesdays and Saturdays at these three 
last places in the order named. 



180 

The principal churches in Georgetown are : — 

Anglican — St. George's Cathedral, Christ Church, St. 
Philip's, St. Barnabas', St. Sidwell's, St. 
Ambrose, St. Leonard's and St. Saviour's, the 
last named being a Chinese Church. 

Presbyterian — St. Andrew's, St. Thomas', St. Stephen's, 
St. Ninian's. 

Roman Catholic — Brick Dam Cathedral, Church of the 
Sacred Heart, XJrsuline Convent and Convent 
of Mercy. 

Wesleyan — Trinity, Kingston, and Bedford. 

Congregational — Providence, Smith Church, Clarkson 
Chapel. 

Places of worship are also provided by the Moravians, 
African Methodist Episcopalians, Baptists, Plymouth Brethren, 
Seventh Day Adventists, etc. 

The educational requirements of the city are filled by 
Government-aided primary schools in connection with all the 
churches and chapels of the various denominations, whilst 
secondary and higher education is provided by Queen's College, 
a Government Institution, St. Stanislaus Grammar School, 
conducted by the Jesuit Fathers, the Middle School, St. 
Joseph's Intermediate School — all for boys : and for girls are 
maintained high class schools by Mrs. Vyfhuis, Woodside, 
the XJrsuline Convent, Convent of Mercy, Miss Hampden King 
and other ladies. 

The principal clubs are : — The Georgetown Club, Limited, 
the New Club, British Guiana Volunteers Club, and British 
Guiana Chess Club. 

Recreative — The D'Urban Race Club, Avith Race Course 
and Grand Stand at the east end of Stabroek, Georgetown 
Cricket Club, British Guiana Cricket Club, British Guiana 
Churchmen's Union Cricket Club, West End Cricket Club, 
Georgetown Football Club, the Artillery Sports Club, all with 
grounds of their own and playing weekly matches every Saturday. 

The Demerara Rowing Club, with boat-house on the 
Demerara River at La Penitence. British Guiana Volunteers 
Rifle Club, a later development of the old Demerara Rifle 
Association, with shooting ranges close to town. 

Tennis and Croquet are also played by several of the 
Cricket Clubs. 



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The chief Hotels and Boarding-Houses are the following : 

Tower Hotel, North Street ; Victoria Hotel, High Street ; 
Demerara Ice House, Stabroek ; Empire Hotel, Regent Street ; 
Grand Central Hotel, Water Street ; The City Hotel, Holmes 
Street ; St. Huberts, Main Street ; Mrs. Cottam, Main Street ; 
Miss Van Sertima, Main Street ; Miss Coombs, Main Street ; 
Mrs. July, Murray Street ; Mrs, Collier, Hope Street ; Mrs. 
Simpson, Camp Street. 

Rates for permanent boarders rcinge from one dollar to 
two dollars per day. 

Shopping. — Visitors to the colony will find excellent and 
attractive shops in Water, High and Camp Streets for the pur- 
chase of clothes, groceries, medicines, furniture, jewellery, 
books and stationery, picture post cards, curiosities and 
souvenirs of the colony, whilst photographic galleries abound 
everywhere. 

Travelling Facilities. — A ferry steamer plies hourly 
acorss the Demerara River to the village and railway station of 
Vreed-en-Hoop on the opposite bank, the starting point of the 
West Coast Railway running to Greenwich Park, a distance of 
18 miles : four trains either way daily. 

From Georgetown steamers ply daily to and from Wismar 
on the upper Demerara River, with railway connection across 
to Rockstone on the upper Essequebo River, where a week- 
end may be pleasantly spent at the comfortable hotel provided 
there on the road to the Gold Fields of the Potaro and Cona. 
waruk, the Kaieteur Falls, Roraima, etc. Trips to these more 
distant scenes can be arranged through Messrs. Sprostons, 
Limited, steamer and railway proprietors. 

Coastal steamers run every week-day to Suddie, passing 
around and amongst the large and picturesque islands at the 
mouth of the Essequebo River, returning the same day. This 
contributes a pleasant single day's excursion, with all necessary 
refreshments and comforts provided on board. 

There is a bi-weekly steamer service to Bartica and His 
Majesty's Penal Settlement, situated at the junction of the 
Cuyuni, Massaruni and Essequebo Rivers, constituting the 
entrepot to the gold and diamond fields on these rivers. 

A weekly steam service is also maintained to and from 
Morawhanna and the North West District of the colony, bor- 
dering on Venezuela, and giving entrance to the gold and 



182 

rubber districts of the Barima, Arakaka, Barama and Waini 
rivers, all in British territory. 

A bi-weekly steamer connection is made to New Amster- 
dam, Berbice, with a fortnightly extension to Paramaribo, the 
capital of the neighbouring Dutch colony of Surinam. 

Railway communication between Georgetown and the East 
Coast of Demerara and the ancient Colony of Berbice, now 
forming one of the counties of the United Colony of British 
Guiana, is maintained daily — a journey of over 60 miles, passing 
several villages en route^ and crossing the Mahaica, Mahaicony 
and Abary Creeks, and ending in a two miles steam ferry across 
the Berbice River to the town of New Amsterdam. 

There is a capital cab service in Georgetown ; and drives 
and excursions can easily be arranged from the several livery 
stables up the coasts and banks, visiting canefields, sugar fac- 
tories, rice fields, villages, etc. 

A Motor Service Coy. is about to establish lines of motor- 
bus communication between the city and outlying districts. 

Visitors who cannot afford the necessary time for such 
excursions can obtain a good general bird's-eye view of the 
city and suburbs from the top of the Lighthouse, or from the 
towers of the Stabroek market, Town Hall and Water Works, 
for which permission can readily be obtained on application to 
the persons in charge. 

Viewed from these heights Georgetown presents at all 
times a wonderfully green and wooded appearance : the princi- 
pal buildings showing everywhere through a luxuriant growth 
of tropical vegetation of gorgeous colouring that cannot fail to 
impress the visitor to this, the garden city of the West Indies. 



BERBICE. 



The county of Berbice embraces an area of about 17,900 
square miles. It comprises that portion of the colony lying- 
bet ween the Abary creek on the west which divides it from the 
county of Demerara and the Corentyne river on the east which 
forms the boundary between the colony and Surinam. The length 
of the seaboard included between these limits is about 57 miles. 

As in the case of the counties of Demerara and Essequebo, 
the county takes its name from the river which flows through 
its territory. 



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Berbice first received its constitution in 1732, some years 
before either Demerara or Essequebo was granted one, and it 
continued to possess a separate government of its own after its 
capture by the British in 1803, up to 1831, when it was united 
with the colonies of Demerara and Essequebo to form one colony 
under the name of British Guiana. 

The resident population numbered in 1891 — 51,176. 

No census has been taken since 1891, but the estimated 
population in 1901 was returned at 53,217. 



NEW AMSTERDAM. 



At the mouth of the Berbice river on its right bank stands 
the town of New Amsterdam, the capital of the county of 
Berbice, in latitute 6° 17' 00" North, and longitude 57° 33' 
02" West. It covers an area of 400 acres and has a population 
estimated on 31st December, 1907, at 9,114 persons. A bird's 
eye view of the town shows it to be, like Georgetown, embow- 
ered in foliage. The town is well laid out and drained, and 
possesses an electric light installation, an excellent water sup- 
ply, and an efficient Fire Brigade, all controlled by a Town 
Council by whom the affairs of the town have been managed 
since 1868. There are well laid out Botanical Gardens, an 
Esplanade, a Recreation Ground on which cricket and football 
are played, a Club and Reading Room, a Library ; and a bi- 
weekly newspaper. Hotel accommodation can also be obtained. 
The town is in communication with other parts of the colony 
by telegraph, and there is also a telephone service which con- 
nects the town with Georgetown. 

A passenger and freight steamer runs between Georgetown 
and New Amsterdam twice a week ; there is also a daily com- 
munication (Sundays excepted) with Georgetown by train to 
and from Rosignol, which is 60^ miles by rail from Georgetown 
and is situate on the left bank of the Berbice river opposite to 
New Amsterdam, with which place it is connected by a steamer 
ferry which runs hourly. 

An excellent motor-bus service is run daily, a distance of 
47 miles to and from Skeldon on the extreme eastern boundary 
of the colony, passing through many populous villages and a 
few sugar estates. 



184 

The Public Lunatic Asylum for the whole colony, which 
accommodates over 700 patients, is situated just outside of 
the town. 



THE VILLAGES. 



The colony's rural population is found in villages scat- 
tered along the coast-lands and for some distance up the 
principal rivers. Here the emancipated negro slaves settled 
after the emancipation. Forming themselves into companies 
they bought with their savings — accumulated during the 
apprenticeship period, — the estates of those of their former 
masters who, ruined by the termination of the slave system, 
were anxious to quit the colony, or purchased the front lands 
of estates, the proprietors of which were eager to establish a 
resident population. 

According to an economic census taken during the year 
1902 there were 214 rural communities — villages and hamlets — - 
ranging in importance from the hamlet with a population of 
100 to the fair-sized village with 5,000 inhabitants, distributed 
as follows : — 96 in Berbice, 66 in Demerara and 52 in Essequebo, 
with a total estimated population of 87,000. The area of the 
land owned by the villagers was returned at 77,000 acres and 
the value of the house property thereon was set down at 
i:272,291. 

The history of these village communities is a record, 
firstly, of the unsuccessful efforts of the villagers, left to their 
own devices, to manage their affairs, and, later, of the 
endeavours of the Government to provide an efficient system 
of village organization. 

Numerous legislative acts all aiming at providing and 
perfecting the machinery needed for efficient village adminis- 
tration have from time to time been passed. 

Under the existing law, — the Local Government Ordin- 
ance, 1907, which consolidated and amended the laws relating 
to the villages, — the affairs of the villages, i.e., villages declared 
to be such under the Ordinance, are under the immediate 
direction of elected local Councils styled Authorities, subject 
to a Board — first created in 1878 and called the Central 
Board of Health but now styled the Local Government Boards 
at whose head is the principal medical officer of the colony. 



185 

These Councils have powers of voting fands and taxes, of 
appointing village officers, constructing village works, etc. 

The execution of such works as drainage, embankments, 
etc., is supervised by local Authorities^ on many of which there 
is at least one public officer who forms the medium of com- 
munication between the Board in Georgetown and the local 
Committee. Attached to the Board is a paid Secretary 
through whom the results of all the more important village 
works are kept under observation. 

Towards the carrying out of works of the nature of 
drainage and sea defence, assistance is granted by the Govern- 
ment on the recommendation of the Board, in the shape of loans 
and grants from funds specially provided annually for the 
purpose by the Combined Court. The authorities are 
empowered in addition to levying a money rate to require the 
inhabitants each to contribute his portion to communal 
administriition in the form of labour. 

A large measure of self-government was accorded to the 
villages in 1892 which has been gradually extended with satis- 
factory results. Increased interest has been shown by the in- 
habitants in the working of the Councils, and the larger villages 
after having been for years a .source of expense to the Govern- 
ment, now pay their way. During the year 1908-09, 97"6 % of the 
rates estimated to be received by the Incorporated Villages 
was collected as compared with 75 per cent, in 1900. There 
remains, however, a number of less populous and poorer com- 
munities the condition of which is still unsatisfactory. These 
are too scattered and their interests are too distinct to allow 
of their combining and working under a common centre, and 
being unable to maintain a supervisory staff they are still 
virtually without any systcim of organization. 

At the close of the year ending 31st March, 1909, there 
were 89 Village and Country Districts under the control of the 
Board. The revenue collected by them for the year was £11,223 
as against an exj)enditure of some £12,849. The indebtedness 
to the Government on 31st March, 1909, for loans was £4_,704. 
Provision for the repayment of these loans with interest is 
annually made. 



186 
THE MUNICIPALITIES. 



Georgetown. 

The first Town Council for Georgetown was con- 
stituted in 1837, in which year Georgetown was incorporated 
and placed under the government of a Mayor and Town 
Council who were constituted a Mayor's Court for the trial of 
petty offences. Prior to that time the functions of a Munici- 
pality had been carried out, partly by the Government, and 
partly by a Board styled the Board of Police. The powers of 
the Council were considerably extended by Ordinance No. 1 of 
1860 which, with amendments, continued iii force until repealed 
by the existent law. Ordinance No. 25 of 1898, which consoli- 
dated and amended the laws relating to the Mayor and 
Town Council. 

For administration purposes the city is divided into the 
following 14 separate wards, for each of which a Councillor 
is elected : — 

Ward No. 1, Kingston Ward ; No. 2, North Cumingsburg, 
West Ward ; No. 3, North Cumingsburg, East Ward ; No. 4, 
South Cumingsburg, West Ward ; No. 5, South Cumingsburg, 
East Ward ; No. 6, Robb's Town Ward ; No. 7, Lacy Town 
Ward ; No. 8, New Town Ward ; No. 9, Stabroek Ward ; 
No. 10, Werk-en-Rust Ward; No. 11, Charlestown Ward; 
No. 12, Bourda Ward ; No. 13, Albert Tovm Ward ; No. 14, 
Queenstown Ward. 

To be eligible for election as a member of the Council a 
candidate must possess, either in his own name or that of his 
wife premises within the city of the appraised value of $1,500 
or upwards. No person is eligible for election who is not himself 
entitled to vote for the election of a member ; or, who is a 
minister of religion ; or^ who holds any place of profit in the 
gift of the Council ; or is directly or indirectly interested in 
any employment with the Council, or any contract with the 
Council under which the sum payable or receivable exceeds 
$500 for twelve consecutive months. 

Every male person shall be entitled to be registered as a 
voter who — has attained the age of 21 years; is under no legal 
incapacity ; is a British subject by birth or naturalization, 




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or, being any other person, has actually resided in the colony for 
a period or periods of in all not less than three years, and who 
possesses within the Ward some one of the following property 
qualifications : — 

(a) owns premises within the city of the appraised value 
of $250 and upwards held individually or as father or 

natural guardian of his children, or by his wife ; 

(b) is the occupier of premises of the rental value of $15 
and upwards for 6 months immediately preceding regis- 
tration as a voter. 

The number of registered voters is about 320. 

Meetings of the Council are held on the second and fourth 
Mondays in each month and also at such other times as the 
Mayor may appoint. 

The powers of the Council briefly ^stated are : — 

To assess, levy and raise Town taxes, and to superintend 
and direct the collecting of the same and the appropriation 
thereof. To direct and euforce the cleanliness, good order and 
repair of the public streets, roads, thoroughfares, dams, 
trenches, drains, ways, places, sluices, kokers, stellings, 
bridges and canals of the city ; to exercise sanitary supervision 
over the said city ; to regulate and control the Water Works 
and Fire Brigade ; to superintend and regulate the Public 
Tanks, Markets, Pound, Burial Ground, Slaughter House, 
Public Gardens, Recreation Grounds, etc., within the city, 
and to frame and enforce regulations or by-laws for the good 
government thereof respectively. 

For carrying out such improvements within the city as in 
the opinion of the Council cannot conveniently be defrayed out 
of the rates and taxes levied in any one year, the Council is 
empowered, subject to the approval of the Governor-in-Council, 
to raise on loan from time to time by issue of bonds a sum not 
exceeding $50^000 in any one year, or $500,000 in the 
whole. 

The Council is also vested with power to acquire and hold 
lands and other property movable and immovable fur the 
uses and purposes of the Corporation. 

The revenue of the Council is derived mainly from a tax 
of two per cent, on the appraised valuation of lands and houses 
within the Municipal boundaries, Market fees, Water rates, 
etc. 



£ 53,081 


Expenditure .. 


. £ 49,116 


53,057 


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52,339 


54,596 


SJ 


51,159 


55,421 


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52,026 


55,296 


55 


54,457 



188 

The revenue and expenditure for the past five years were 

as follows : — 

1904 ... Revenue .. 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

On the 31st December, 1908, the Funded debt of the City 

of Georgetown was .£61,414. Provision is made regularly each 

year for redemption of the proportion due, and for payment of 

interest. Tlie sum so provided for the year 1908 was £5,313. 

New Amsterdam. 

New Amsterdam boasts of a municipality since 1868. The 
existing Council which superseded the old Board of Superin- 
tendence which had up to that time administered the affairs of 
the Town, was constituted by Ordinance 8 of 1891, and con- 
sists of seven members. 

To be eligible for election as a member of the Council a 
candidate must be of full age ; must be subject to no legal dis- 
ability ; and must own household property in the Town to the 
value of $1,000 or more. 

To qualify as a voter a person must be of full age, must 
not be subject to any legal disability and must own a house or 
tenement in the Town to the^alue of $400 or more. 

The number of registered voters on 31st December, 1908, 
was 321. 

The functions and powers of the Council are, briefly, — • 

(a) to raise taxes for the purposes of the corporation and 
to superintend the collection and appropriation of the 
same ; 

(b) to direct and enforce the cleanliness, good order and 
repair of the Public Streets, Roads, thoroughfares, dams, 
trenches, drains, ways, j)laces, sluices, kokers, stellings, 
bridges and canals of the Town ; 

(c) to exercise sanitary superintendence over the Town ; 
(cZ) to superintend the Market, Slaughter House, Public 

Tanks, Pounds and Burial ground, and to cause regula- 
tions for the good government thereof to be enforced ; 
and 
(e) to control and direct the Fire Brigade and Water 
Works, 



18^ 

The principal source of revenue is the tax (generally 2%^ 
on the appraised value of lands and houses within the munici- 
pal area, market fees, and water rates. 

For carrying out such improvements within the Town as 
in the opinion of the Council cannot conveniently be defrayed 
out of the rates and taxes levied in any one year, the corpora- 
tion is empowered from lime to time, with the approval of the 
Governor-in-Council, to raise on loan by the issue of bonds, a 
sum not exceeding $30,000 in any one year or $80,000 in the 
whole. 

The Council is also vested with power to acquire^ purchase 
and hold lands and other property movable and immovable 
for the purposes of the corporation. 

The Revenue and Expenditure for the past 5 years were : — 

1904 ...Revenue ... £ 12,240 Expenditure ... £ 12,115 

1905 ... „ ... 9,821 ,, ... 10,023 

1906 ... „ ... 10,100 ,, ... 9,795 

1907 ... „ ... 10,369 9,920 

1908 ... ,, ... 10,77S „ ... 9,848 
The Funded debt of New Amsterdam at the end of the 

year 1908 was .£15,477. Provision is made each year for the 
redemption of the proportion due and for payment of interest. 
The amount so provided during 1908 was £1,549. 



THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD. 



The Local Government Board was created by the Local 
Government Ordinance No. 1? of 1907. Previous to that the 
functions of the Board were performed by the Central Board 
of Health, acting under the Pubhc Health Ordinance No. 3 of 
1878 and the Village Ordinance No. 6 of 1892. The functions 
of the Board are, broadly, the looking after the public health 
of the colony and the control of the administration of the 
different Local Authorities. 

For the purposes of the Ordinance the colony is divided 
into districts called respectively : — 

(a) Urban Sanitary (Georgetown and New Amsterdam) ; 
(b) Village ; (c) Country ; and {d) Bural Sanitary. 

These districts are subject to the Jurisdiction of Local 
Authorities called respectively : — 

(a) Urban Authorities ; (b) Village Councils ; (c) Country 
Authorities ; {d) Rural Sanitary Authority. 



190 

The City of Georgetown and the Town of New Amsterdam 
are the only Urban Sanitary Districts and the Mayor and 
Town Council of each are the Urban Authority. These are 
created by the Ordinance and the Board has no power of 
creating new ones ; this can only be done by special enactment 
of the Legislature. The Board, can with the approval of the 
Governor- in- Council, by a notice in the "Official Gazette" 
declare any portion of the colony not comprised within the 
limits of the City of Georgetown and the Town of New Amster- 
dam, to be a Village or a Country District. The notice shall 
set forth the boundaries of eaoh district. The Board may also, 
at any time, by a like notice, and with the like approval, 
declare that any Village or Country District shall cease to be a 
district, and may alter the boundaries of any such district. 
Each Fiscal District established under the Commissaries 
Ordinance of 1873, exclusive of such portions as from Urban 
Sanitary Village or Country Districts and Plantations are by 
the Ordinance created Rural Sanitary Districts and the Board 
is the Rural Authority. 

The Local Government Board, called the " Board", consists 
of not less than eight members appointed by the Governor, 
and each member holds office during the Governor's pleasure. 
The Governor also appoints one of the members to be 
Chairman and another as Deputy Chairman. At all meetings 
of the Board four members form a quorum, and in case of an 
equality of votes the Chairman has a casting vote. The chief 
executive officer is the Secretary and Inspector of Districts; 
he is provided with an office and clerks paid out of funds voted 
by the Combined Court. The Board may appoint one or more 
Committees of its own body for the transaction of business. The 
Chairman and Deputy Chairman are ex officio members of all 
Committees. At present there are two Committees called 
the Village Districts Committee and the Country Districts Com- 
mitttee which deal respectively with questions referring to 
Villages and Country Districts. These Committees meet once 
a fortnight and report their proceedings to the usual meeting 
of the Board. 

The Board, subject to the provisions of the Ordinance and 
of the by-Laws, has the superintendence of all Village and 
Country Districts, and the powers of supervision, inspection 
and control over all the Local Authorities. In the exercise of 



191 

such p;enera] powers the Board may in respect of vilhige and 
Country District — 

(1.) Review and declare invalid the order or decision of 
the Council or Authority or a Committee thereof or 
of any such Chairman and substitute any order or 
decision they may deem proper. 

(2.) For good cause remove from office any Chairman of 
such Council or Authority or any member of a Country 
Authority or any Overseer* or other officer of such 
Council or Authority and in his room appoint a Chair- 
man, member, overseer or other officer. 

(3.) Make By-Laws with respect to the definition and 
regulation of rights and liabilities of parties interested 
in Company canals or dams between Villages and 
Country Districts or between such districts and any 
adjoining plantation or land. 

(4.) Make By-Laws with respect to the definition and 
regulation of powers and duties of such Councils and 
Authorities and of the officers thereof, and with res- 
pect to the management and administration of such 
districts and to the quorum, proceedings and place of 
meeting of Committees of such Local Authories, and for 
any purpose for which a Jjocal Authority is authorized 
to make By-Laws to have effect in such Districts. 

(5.) Exercise in any Village or Country District any or all 
of the powers of a Local Authority whenever it appears 
expedient to do so. 
(6.) Subject to sections 34 and 35 of the Ordinance which 
deal with the Constitution of Village Councils and 
Country Authorities, order that any vacancy in any 
Village Council or Country Authority shall not be 
filled up. 

(7.) Make free grants of money to Villages and Country 

Districts under certain conditions. 
(8.) Declare works of special magnitude as " Special 

Works" to be carried out under the procedure pres- 



* An Overseer or Officer so removed is not entitled to any compensation 
or payment of salary or other emolument in lieu of termination of hia 
engagement. 



192 

cribed in section 312 of the Ordinance to be followed 
preparatory to the execution of special works. 
(9.) Make By-Laws with respect to the sanitary care of 
the ports of the colony, of all seamen and other persons 
belonging to any vessel therein or in any of the rivers 
or creeks of the colony or in the territorial waters 
thereof. 
(10.) Borrow money for execution of any of the purposes 
of the Ordinance and mortgage any rate for the pay- 
ment thereof. 
(11.) Purchase at execution sale any property sold for 

non-payment of any rate or tax. 
(12.) Cause to be made such inquiries as are directed by 
Ordinance or such as they may see fit in relation to 
any matters concerning the public health in any place 
or any matters for which their consent, sanction or 
approval is required by the Ordinance. 
The officer appointed to make such inquiries has similar 
powers to those which Magistrates have in relation to 
witnesses and their examination, etc. 
(13.) Have povN^er to regulate land laid out for building 

purposes. 
(14.) Enforce the obligations of a Local Authority who 
have made default in providing their district with 
sufficient main drains, or in the maintenance of existing 
main drains, or in providing their district with a supply 
of water in cases where danger arises to the health of 
the inhabitants from the insufficiency or unwholesome- 
ness of the existing supply or who have made default in 
enforcing any of the provisions of the Ordinance. 
In addition to these powers the Board, with respect to 
each Rural Sanitary District, — 

(«.) Possess the powers conferred on a Local Authority of 
any village or Country District including the power to" levy a 
rate and to enforce payment thereof; but the Board exercising 
the powers of such Authority, shall not be bound to perform 
any act, required by the Ordinance to be performed by such 
Authority, which it appears inexpedient to them to perform. 

(b.) Have and may exercise in any village or Country 
District any or all of the powers of a Local Authority when- 
ever it appears to the Board expedient to do so, and may 



193 

exercise any or all of such powers in any district, whether 
there is or is not a Local Authority of such District. 

With respect to the Urban Sanitary Districts of George- 
town and New Amsterdam, the Board have the powers of 
supervision, inspection and control over the work done or to 
be done and acts performed or about to be performed by the 
respective Town Councils in matters affecting the general 
sanitation of the towns, and in certain matters of local 
administration. 

With regard to the other districts it will be seen that 
the Board have very extensive powers and in fact directly 
superintend all of their works. 

Village Districts are administered by Village Councils. 
These consist of such number, not less than four, as the Board 
may from time to time determine. The Councillors may all be 
elected by the voters or all appointed by the Board, or some 
be elected and others appointed as the Board may decide. 
The general rule is that the Councils consist of both elected 
and appointed Councillors. 

Country Districts are administered by Country Authorities 
which consist of not less than three members, all of whom are 
appointed by the Board. The Board may add to or diminish 
the number of the members. The Board appoint the Chairman 
of all Village Councils and Country Authorities. 

The Local Government Ordinance deals with the general 
sanitary provisions for the colony under the following heads : — 
Drainage. Nuisances. 

Water Supply. Offensive trades. 

Water Closets. Unsound meat. 

Scavenging and Cleansing. Infectious and Epidemic 

diseases. 
Common Lodging Houses. Hospitals. 
Mortuaries and Burial of the Dead. 

The members of the Local Government Board are— - 
The Honourable Dr. Godfrey, Surgeon General, 

Chairman. 
Frank Fowler, Esquire, Commissioner of Lands and 

Mines, Deputy Chairman. 
The Honourable the Colonial Civil Engineer. 
The Honourable George Garnett. 
The Inspector General of Police. 



i94 

The Director of Science and Agriculture. 

The Mayor of Georgetown. 

The Reverend F. C. Glasgow. 

S. A. H. Culpeper, Esquire. 

Dr. W. deW. Wishart, Health Officer for Georgetown. 

The Honourable W. J. Robson, Auditor General. 
The members of the Village Districts Committee are — 

The Honourable Dr. Godfrey^ Surgeon General, Chairman. 

F. Fowler, Esquire^ Commissioner, Lands and Mines, 
Deputy Chairman. 

The Honourable George Garnett. 

The Honourable the Colonial Civil Engineer. 

The Director of Science and Agriculture. 
The members of the Country Districts Committee are — 

The Honourable Dr. Godfrey, Surgeon General, Chairman. 

Frank Fowler, Esquire, Commissioner, Lands and Mines, 
Deputy Chairman. 

The Honourable George Garnett. 

The Honourable the Colonial Civil Engineer. 

The Reverend F. C. Glasgow. 



FLORA. 



(By J. F. Wahy, F.L.S., F.R.H.S.) 
Visitors to the colony must of necessity land at George- 
town and are at once struck with its tropical appearance, for 
everywhere palms are the main feature with a thick dark line 
of vegetation below. Those who come via the West Indian 
I«lands are acquainted already with a mountainous type of 
scenery but are not prepared for a land so flat as Demerara, 
for there is no rising ground for many miles inland. 

The palms first seen are Coconut, Cocos nucifera, and the 
Cabbage, Oreodoxa oleracea, easily distinguished from each 
other by their decidedly different habit. 

The vegetation below these is principally of Courida, 
Avicennia nitida ; White Mangrove, Laguncularia racemosa, 
Black Mangrove, Hhizojjhora JIangle, Bindooree, Drepanocar- 
2)U8 lunulatus, all growing in the lowlying land which at high 
tide is covered by the sea. Just above high tide is the Seaside- 
grape, Coccoloba uvifera, the Mahoe, Hibiscus liliaceous^ and 
the Nimble-bush, Bontia daphnoides. 



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195 

At first sight Georgetown gives the impression of a beau- 
tiful flora rich in flower and foliage, stateliness of form in 
palms, and trees, but it is for the most part imported, most 
parts of the tropical and sub-tropical world being represented, 
there being little indigenous beyond a few trees and climbers ; 
temperate plants are there as annuals or a few window plants. 
Roses are there flowering more or less all the year round but 
their life is comparatively short. 

Rodway's " Flora " states " The great characteristics of 
" the vegetation of Guiana are altitude and size. The trees 
" tall, the leaves broad, and the flowers immense." This is 
typical of the far away forests and reaches which visitors rarely 
see and naturally they take away the impressions immediately 
under their view. Very few indeed get to see the " illimitable 
"forests, the magic natural garden, or the open savannahs and 
" mountains regions," which can only be seen by much trouble, 
hard work and often privation. 

It is well known that few of the pretty indigenous plants 
will thrive in Georgetown so near the sea and they cause a deal 
of disappointment in refusing to become established in uncon- 
genial surroundings. 

The largest trees in Georgetown are, the Silk-Cotton, 
Eriodendron mvfractuosum, the Sand-Box, Hura crepitans, the 
Hog Plum, Spondias lutea, and the Long John, Triplaris 
siirinamensis, all found scattered throughout the colony. Large 
trees of Mahogany, Swietenia Mahogani are rare j the largest is 
at the residence of the Bishop of Guiana. 

The Saman, Guango or Rain Tree, Pitliecolohium Saman, 
and the Oronoque, Cock-Tree or Sand Koker, Erytlirina 
glauca, both from Venezuela, are of frequent occurrence. 

The Wild Pine, Bromelia spicata, and the Bird- Vine, 
Loranthus, of various species are common on the larger trees. 

An occasional Royal Palm, Oreodoxa regia, is to be seen, 
distinguished from the " Cabbage" by its more erect habit. 

Main Street has its avenue of Samans, Carmichael Street 
one of Brazilettos, Peltojjhorium ferrugineum, of Australia. 

Waterloo Street an avenue of the Roble of Trinidad, 
Platymisciwm polystachium. 

Camp Street an avenue of Angelin or Bat-seed tree, 
Andira inermis of the West Indies. 

Thomas Street is planted with the Savonette or Bitch- 



196 

wood, Loncliocarpus latiJoUus of South America, and East 
Street with Pithicolohium filicifolmrn or Naked Indian of 
Jamaica. 

These streets all run south to north. 

In the canals of these various streets are to be seen the 
Egyptian Lotus, NeluYnbiwtn speciosum ; the Water Lettuce, 
Pistia Stratiotes ; and the Giant Water Lily, Vict07'ia regia. 

In Government House Gardens, west side, conspicuous are 
two Bamboos, Bamhusa Brandisii, and Drendrocalamus mem- 
hranaceus, both of Burma, Also the Religious Fig or Peepul, 
Ficus religiosa \ the Cuban Cedar, Cedrela odorata: the Crab- 
wood or Crab-nut tree, Carapa guianensis ; and two palms, the 
Barbadian Fan-palm, Thrinax barbadense, and the Sugar-cane 
Palm, ChrysaUdocarj^us lutescens. On the east side are the 
Brazil etto, Cce.saljnnia jyaucijuga ; Gustavia augusta, Khlein- 
hovia hospita, and the Pimpler Palm, Bactris major. 

Taking now the streets running west to east. Church and 
North streets are divided by the Lamaha Canal, on either side 
of which is a row of palms of three species of Euterpe^ E. 
Jenvnaniv. E pentricosa, and a species from Florida; at the east 
end is a row of common bamboo^ Bambusa vidgarh. 

Regent Street runs direct from the base of the town to the 
Botanic Gardens ; the western half is planted with Mahogany, 
cind the eastern half with three species of Albizzia, A. Lebbek 
of India, known in Barbados as " Woman's tongue " ; A, procera 
of tropical Asia and Australia, and A. speciosa of Australia. 

Half way up is the Bourda Cemetery where are some 
Eucalyptus alba. 

South Street has but a few ordinary trees. 

Near the Law Courts is a short row of Eelicium deci])iens 
of India, and some Trinidad cokerite palms, Maximilliana 
Caribma. 

At the Town Hall are good specimens of the Weeping 
Palm of South California, Washingtonia fillifera, and some 
Poui or Hakea trees, Tecoma sp)eGtabilis. Some Fiddle-wood 
trees, CitJiarexylon cinereum of tropicalAmerica occur in Com- 
merce Street opposite. 

Along High Street are trees of Flamboyant, Poinciana 
regia of Madagascar — fairly common all through the town, — 
Long John ; the Cannon-Bali tree, C our oupita guianensis ; Cassia 
Siamea of Siam, and Loncliocarpus violaceus of the West 




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197 

Indies. At the Assembly "Rooms is a Phulcara, Erythrlna 
indica of Tropical Asia, and a Looking-glass tree, Heritiera 
littoralis, from the Moluccas. A very tall Araucaria Gooldi 
of New Caledonia is at the Mason's Lodge in Church Street. 

At the Public Buildings we find Pterospermum acerifoUum 
and P. lancsefolmm, both from India : Lonchocarpus sericeus 
of tropical America ; the Wakenaam Lilac, Jacaranda ovcdifolia 
of South America ; the White-wood of the West, Tecoma 
pentaphylla ; Thespesia pojmlnea of Asia and Africa, one of the 
Mahoe ; Dillenia indica, the Chalta of the Coolies ; Cassia 
Fistula, the Bois Casse ; Caesaljnnia paucijuga, the Braziletto 
of the West Indies ; PacJiira aquatica, the Cannaheri or Bas- 
tard Cacao ; Bactris major, the pimpler palm, indigenous ; 
Latania Loddigesii, the white palm of the Mauritius ; and 
Caryota urens, the Wine or Fish-tail palm of India. 

At the Russell Memorial west of the Public Buildings, is 
Bactris flavispina, another indigenous pimpler palm. 

The Brickdam has a mixed avenue, with several kinds of 
trees not yet met with : Bischoffia javanica of Java ; Parhla 
higlandulosa of Malaya ; Hippomane Mancinella the Man- 
ehioneal of the West Indies ; Terminalia Cataypa, the Seaside 
Almond ; Ade7ianthera pavonina, the Circassian-bead tree of 
India; Stercidia alata, Fterocarpus macrocarpus, and Calophyl- 
lum Inopliylhim, all from India ; Erythrina umhrosa, the Madre 
del Cacao of South America ; Ficus leucosticta and Cedrela sp, 
both indigenous. Spathodea campaimlata occurs at the Alms 
House. 

At the east end is a fine avenue of the Cabbage Palm. A 
similar avenue is seen at Houston on the East Bank, Demerara 
River ; this is however mixed with the Royal Palms and the 
Euterpe from Florida. 

A few Awarra palms, Astrocaryum tucumoides, are to be 
seen at various places, but there is only one Acquero palm, 
Abtrocaryum Tucuma, in town, that in Russell Street. 

In various places are seen, Capparis jamaicensis^ the White 
Willow of the West Indies ; Moringa pterygosperma, the Horse- 
raddish tree of India ; ParMnso7iia aculea,ta of tropical America, 
the Jerusalem Thorn ; and PitJiecolohium unguis-cati, one of 
the Bread-and-Cheese trees. 

Climbing plants are not numerous but most are strong 
growing and cover large spaces. The most conspicuous is 



198 

Bougainvillea Sanderiana of a striking purple colour, seen now 
in almost every street. A second species, B. lateritea, terra- 
cotta coloured, is in fair evidence also, whilst a third, B. glabra, 
though much older, has become rare : this has pink bracts. 

Securidacca voluhilis, indigenous, is not common in town, 
but is rife in the country the only plant in town is in Camp 
Street. 

Thunbergia grandiflora of Burmah, mauve coloured, and 
the white form Th- grand, alba are very conspicuous. 

Antigonon le^topus and A. guatimalense, both of South 
America, the red and pink coralita, are fairly common. Parana 
vo^ubilis of Malaya, known as white coralita, is very unlike 
these, bearing a mass of tiny white flowers in long wreaths. 

Bignonia magnifica of New Grenada is a rampant creeper 
bearing a profusion of purple flowers. B. unguis- cati, the cat's- 
claw vine of the West Indies. B, alliacea, the garlic-vine. 
Ipomaea Learii^ the Morning Glory, flowers deep blue; J. Bona' 
Not, nocturnal, flowers white ; I, sujperba of Mexico, flowers 
pink ; I. sinuata of North America, the Noyeau-Vine, and /. 
quamocliU the Sweet William or Cypress Vine, are all fairly 
common. 

Allamanda Schottii of Brazil, the largest of Allamandas 
is rather rare. 

Jacquemontia cwrulea and /. violacea with dark and light 
blue convolvulus-like flowers are fairly common, the light blue, 
introduced by the writer from Barbados. 

Stephanotis floribunda of Madagascar is a great favourite. 

Lonicera caprifoUum, the Honeysuckle, gives us a breath 
of Europe. 

Gombretum Aubletii, indigenous, flowers of flat bottle- 
brush form, crimson and yellow. 

Qloriosa superba of India, a scandent herbaceous lily with 
peculiar corkscrew-like flowers. 

Clerodendron Thompsonii of tropical Africa, the Bleeding 
Heart vine. 

Allamanda cathartica, indigenous. 

In the Promenade Gardens are all the plants cultivated 
in the town generally as well as many not common. Some we 
have seen already and will therefore be passed over here. 

Trees : — The Cannon Ball tree, Couroupita guianensis, 
indigenous, deciduous, one of the most remarkable of plants ; 



1 

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199 

it loses it foliage three to four times a year in a few days and 
becomes re-clothed in as short a time ; the flowers are hand- 
some, peculiar, and powerfully sweet-scented, borne on long 
naked branches on the stem of the tree. The fruit is like 
a Cannon-Bail which when mature emits a horrible stench. 

Kichxia africana, a supposed African Rubber. 

Leptospermum puhescens, from Australia, a bottle-brush 
flower with fragrant perfume. 

Grevillea rohusta, the Australian Silk-Oak, 

Myristica moschata, the Nutmeg of the Moluccas. 

Plumieria alba, the Frangipani of the West Indies. 

Diospyros discolor, the Mabola of India, known here as a 
Peach. 

Clusia insignis, an indigenous Balsam Fig. 

Lagerstraemia Flos-Reginae, the Queen of Flowers of 
India. 

Melicoccoa hijuga, the Cheneps or Honey-Berry of tropical 
America. 

Brownea Rosa, the Rosa del Monte of Venezuela. 

Mammea americana, the Mammee tree of South America, 
dioecious, both sexes present. 

Cinnamomum Cassia, the Cassia-bark tree of China. 

Gynocardia ordorata, the Caulmoogra of India, the oil 
from which is a specific for leprosy. 

Sterculia fcetida, of the tropics generally; its flowers 
emit a vile odour. 

Bauhinia variegata, of Burmah and China, the Chapeau 
Napoleon, leaves double, flowers beautifully variegated. 

Eucalyptus alha, from the Islands of Timor, a distinct 
white-stemmed, white-leaved tree. 

Gasuarina equisetifolia, the She Oak or Beefwood of the 
Pacific. 

Ficus elastica, the Assam Rubber. 

Brexia madagascariensis, one of the few trees with green 
flowers. 

Carapa guianensis, which supplies crab-nut oil and the 
crab-wood timber. 

Cordia Sehestena, the Sebesten of the West Indies. 

Barri7igtonia racemosay of the Moluccas, flowers nocturnal, 
fruits large and square. 

Tecoma pentaphylla, seen at the PublicJ^Buildings. 



200 

Copaifera Gorshiana, the Inhambe Balsam of tropical Asia. 

Csesalpinia coriaria, the Divi-divi of South America, the 
curious pods of which are used for tanning purposes. 

Ficus nitida of Java, the Evergreen of Barbados, and F. 
indica of India, both Banyan Figs, their character plainly show- 
ing in the huge root-props. 

Cassia Callianthaf idigenous, produces masses of bright 
yellow flowers. 

Bomhax pentaphyllaf an indigenous silk-cotfcon tree. 

Castilloa elastica, the Central American Rubber. 

Fngenia acris, the Barbadian bay tree. E. officinalis, the 
Allspice tree of commerce. 

Cupressus Goveniana, a conifer, probably the only plant of 
its kind in the colony. 

SaHx Humholdtiana, the erect willow of South America, 

S. hahylonica, the weeping willow. 

Eucalyptus tereticornis, the Flooded Gum of Australia. 

Blighia sapida, the Akee of West Africa, the fruit of 
which provides a delicious esculent. 

Sapium sehiferum, the Wax tree of the Tropics. 

Cratseva gynandra, the Garlic Pear, indigenous. 

PacMra ins ignis, the Cannaheriballi, indigenous; on which 
is growing a strong indigenous climber, Calychlamys riparia, 
producing a grand mass of large yellow flowers, 

Gustavia speciosa, indigenous, large white flowers. 

Pithecolohium dulce, of tropical America, one of the Bread- 
and-Cheese trees. 

Vatairea guianensis, the Ourisoura, indigenous, with large 
panicles of deep purple flowers. 

Eperua Jenmani, oae of the Wallaba trees with beautiful 
purple flowers. 

Lagerstrseniia indica, the Crepe flower of India. 

Palms. 

Euterpe edulis, the Manicole, indigenous. 

Corypha umhraculifera, the Talipot of India. 

Martinezia corallina, a Gri-Gri palm of Barbados. 

Phoenix canariensis, the Canary Date. 

Livistona chinensis, the common Fan Palm of China ; 

L. Hoogendorpii and L. rotundifolia, both of Java. 

Cocos amartti the Roseau palmiste of the West Indian 
Islands, 



Plate 40. 




TALLIPOT PALM, PROMENADE GARDENS. 

Takes about 23 years to fruit, and then dies. 

Photo hy J . Williams. 



201 

Pinanga KuMii, of Malaya. 

Pritcliardia pacifica and P. Thurstonei, of the Pacific. 

ChrysaUdocarj)us hdescenfi, the sugar-cane palm of Mada- 
gascar. 

Latania Loddigesii, the grey palm of Mauritius. 

Thrinax Parviflora, of Jamaica and San Domingo. 

Sahal mauritliformis, of the West Indies. 

Bactris minor y the Paripee, or Peach Palm of New 
Grenada. 

Verschaffeltia splendida, of the Seychelles. 

Bictyospermitm ruhrum, D. album, and D. aureum, of Mauri- 
tius. 

Coperiiicea cerifera, the Carnauba Wax of tropical America. 

Licuala grandis, of New Britain, and L.elegans of Sumatra. 

Calyptrogyne Sivartdi, the Long-Thatch of Jamaica. 

Ptycospernm Ilacarthurih of tropical Australia. 

Archonto phoenix Cunninghamii, of Australia. 

Hyophorhe amaricaulis, of Mauritius. 

Hyophorhe Versehaffeltii, from the Mascarene Islands. 

Elais guineensis, the Abais, or African oil palm. 

Etiterpe slenophijlla, the Rayhoo, indigenous. 

Phoenix rupicola, from the Sikkim Himalayas. 
Sheubs and Others. 

Ravenala madagascariensis, the Traveller's tree of Mada- 
gascar, and R.guianensis, an indigenous species. 

Heliconia Bihai, the Balisier or flowering plantain of South 
America ; H.pendula with pendant flowers, and H.ereda with 
upright flowers, both indigenous. 

Ixora, of about a dozen species. 

Sihiscus, many kinds, double and single. 

Buranta, three kinds. 

Bauhinia, several kinds. 

Datura^ several kinds. 

Tecoma capensis and T. Stans. 

Tabernaemontana or Cape Jasmines, three kinds. 

True Jasmines, Jasminum, five kinds. 

Brunfelsia americana, known as Jasmine, of tropical 
America. 

Gaesalpinia pulcheirima, and C. Gillesii, both West Indian, 
known as Dr. Doodle or Flower Fence. 

Crossandra undulaefolia, of India, 



202 

Eranfhemumi three species with variegated foliage and 
four floriferous. 

Flemingia strohilifera, of India with Hop-like inflorescence. 

Gardenia radicans, of China. 

HolmsJcioldea sanguinea, the Chinese Parasol flower of India. 

Lawsonia alha, and L.coccinea, the Henna or Mignonette 
shrub of Arabia. 

Thunhergia ereda, and its variety alba, of tropical Africa. 

Murraya exotica, the Limonia of tropical Australia. 

Nerium Oleander, the oleander of Europe with pink and 
white flowers. 

Punica granatum nanum, a dwarf form of the Pomme- 
granate. 

Quassia amara, both red and yellow forms, the quassia- 
wood shrub. 

Rondeletia s])eciosfi, of Mexico. 

Spiraea cairtonensis, of China. 

Thevetia nereifolia, the Goodluck of the West Indies. 

Tinnaea aethiopica, the tree Violet of tropical Africa. 

Galphimia glauca, of Mexico. 

Tithonia tagetifora, of Mexico, a bushy Sunflower-like 
plant. 

Acalypha hispida, the Chenille plant, with many long 
crimson inflorescences. 

UrosTcinnera spectahilis, of Guatemala. 

Petrea alba, and P. volubilis, white and purple wreath 
flowers. 

Ruellia coromandelina, scandent, flowers sulphur-coloured 
or white. 

Begonia nitida, and B. suaveolens, flowers pink. 

Crotalaria juncea, the Sunn Hemp of tropical Asia, 
flowers bright yellow. 

Cicphea microjpetala, the Cigar Flower of Mexico. 

Evolvulus alsinoides, of tropical America. 

MuehlenbecTcia jplatyclados, of the Solomon Isles, with 
curious flat stems and many joints. 

Imjpatients SuUani, the Zanzibar Balsam. 

Pentas carnea, of tropical Africa. 

Bivinia humills, of tropical America, the Cat's Blood. 

Russellia juncea andji?. verticillata, both Mexican, 

Salvia sjjlendens, of Brazil. 



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203 

Ginger-Roots and Bulbous Plants. 

Hedychium coronariiim, the Ginger Lily of India, 

Carina of many forms. 

Crinum, several kinds, ground lilies. 

Hymenocallis, flowers with webbed crowns 

Eucharis grandiflora, the Eucharis Lily from New 
Grenada. 

Hi^peastrum equestre, the Scarlet Lily of Mexico and 
Guiana. 

Polianthes hiberosa, the Tuberose. 

Variegated Foliaged Plants. 

Codiaeum, of many varieties, the so-called Crotons of many 
and various colours. 

Acalypha, several kinds of various colours. 

Graptopliyllum, several kinds, croton-like. 

Sancheda nohilis,oi Ecuador, foliage yellow striped. 

Panax, several kinds, with fern-like foliage, known as 
Angelica. 

Aralia, several handsome kinds, 

Phijllanthus nivosus, the Snow bush, white tipped ; P. 
atrojpurjpureus, almost black ; P. roseo-pidus with rosy variega- 
tion. 

Coleus, of many beautiful forms. 

Annuals. 

These are Cosmea, Dahlia, Dianthus. Gaillardia, Globe — 
Amaranth, Marigold, Nicotiana, Phlox, Sunflower^ Zinnia and 
Torenia. 

Roadside plants are scarce in Georgetown. Ruellia tuherosa, 
the Minnie-root ; Asclepias curassavici, the Bastard Ipecacuan- 
ha ; Clerodendron fragrans, and C. Siphonanthus ; and Wedelia 
carnosa are occasionally seen where the parapets are not kept 
very closely weeded. 

The old Military Burial ground at Eve Leary is planted 
up with various kinds of Eucaly]ptus and Melaleuca Leucaden- 
dron, the White Tree of Australia. 

The Botanic Gardens are not included in these notes, as 
the flora there is extensive and requires a separate handbook. 

The Fruits growing in the Colony. 
The Mango, Mangifera indica, is ubiquitous, i.e., common 
kinds. Good named grafted kinds are being largely distributed, 



204 

The Star- Apple, ChrysopJiylhim Caimito of tropical Ameri- 
ca, a fairly large graceful tree with fruits apple-like, purple and 
green. 

The Star Plum, ChrysopJiylhim mQnopyrenmm, fruit like a 
small plum. 

The Guava, Psidium Guajava, common all through the 
West Indies and tropical America, of many varieties, mostly 
yellow, varying in size of fruit. P. pyriformis, fruit solid, pear- 
shaped. P. Cattleianum of Brazil, the Strawberry Guava ; P. 
cerasoides, also of Brazil, the Cherry Guava. 

The Sapodilla, AcJiras Sapota of South America, a dense 
headed tree with brown sweet fruit, of two distinct forms, egg- 
shaped and round. 

The Governor Plum or Sidium Cherry, Flacourtia RamonU 
cMi of Madagascar ; a small tree, dioeceous, fruit a round plum. 

The Carambola, Averrhoa Caramhola, of India and China ; 
fruit 5 angled, yellow, sub-acid. 

The Bilimbi, Averrhoa Bilimhi, of India and China ; fruit 
like a tiny cucumber, very acid. 

The Akee, Blighia sapida, of the Pacific, fruit like a red 
egg, a delicious esculent. 

The Loquat or Japanese quince, Eriohotrya japonica, of 
Japan and China ; fruit a small yellow plum. 

The Malacca Apple or French Cashew, Eugenia m'daccen- 
sis of tropical Asia ; fruit, a crimson pear. 

The Plum-Rose, Eugenia vulgaris, the Rose- Apple, E. 
jamhos, both of Tropical Asia ; and J^. aquei of Burmah ; fruit 
similar, but yellow, red and white respectively. 

The Java Plum, Eugenia jamholana of tropical Asia ; and 
the Jamoon, E. paniculata of Bourbon ; fruit dark purple, 
small, astringent. 

The Surinam Cherry, Eugenia Michelii of tropical Ameri- 
ca ; fruit, a channelled cherry. 

The Mammee Apple, Mamtnea americana ; fruit, a large 
brown ball, makes good preserve. 

The Cheneps or Houey-Berry, Melicocca hijuga, of tropical 
America, dioeceous, fruit, small green plums. 

The Barbados Cherry, Malpighia glabra, of the West Indies, 
the common hedge plant of this colony, fruit a cherry. 

The Nutmeg, Myristica moschata of the Moluccas^ fruit, egg- 
shaped, yields the nutmeg of commerce. 



205 

The Balata, Mimiisops glohosa, the indigenous Balata-gum- 
tree ; fruit, a small drupe. 

The Avocado Pear, Fersea gratissima of tropical America ; 
several varieties of round, pear-shaped, green and purple fruits, 
a delicious esculent eaten uncooked. 

The Pomegranate, Punica granatum of southern Europe 
a^d Mauritius ; fruit, a crimson apple-like berry. 

The Cashew, Anacardium occidentale, of tlie West Indies ; 
fruit succulent, astringent, with kidney-shaped seed at the end 

The Hoobadie or Wild Cashew, Anacardium rJiinocarpum, 
indigenous. 

The Tamarind, 'Tamarindus indicus, of India and Arabia, 
fruit used as a conserve. 

The Seaside Grape, Coccoloba uvifera, of the West Indies ; 
fruit grape-like, fairly sweet. 

The Seaside Almond, T'ermiyialia Catappa, common to 
both East and West Indies ; a thick flattish drupe. 

The Soursop, Anona muricata ; the Sugar Apple or Sweet- 
sop ; ^. squamosa ; tlie Custard Apple, A. reticulata, all West 
Indian, and all with a creamy sweet pulp. 

The Pine Apple, Ananassa sativa, well-known and culti- 
vated in all the tropics. 

The Papaw, Carica pa.jpaya^ of Brazil, dicecious, fruit glo- 
bose or oblong, firm and sweet of a peculiar flavour. 

The Sweet Orange, Citrus aurantium. 

The Tangierine Orange, C. aur. var. nohilis. 

The Seville Orange, C. vulgaris. 

The Citron, 0. 7nedica. 

The Lemon, C. medica. var. Limonum. 

The Lime, C. med. var. limetta. 

The Shaddock, C. decumana. 

The Grape or Forbidden Fruit, C. paradisica. None of 
these Citrus are grown in sufficient quantity to supply 
the ordinary want, though the cultivation is being largely 
extended. 

The Banana, Musa sapientum, in several kinds. 

The Granadilla, Passiflora quadrangular is, of tropical 
America, fruit large, green, succulent. 

The Simitoo, P. laur i folia ; and the Bell-apple or Water 
Lemon, P. 'maliformis, both indigenons ; fruit, egg-shajDed, chan- 
nelled, and roundish respectively. 



206 

The "Water Melon, Cucumis Citrulhis, and the Musk Melon 
C. Melo, both eastern, largely cultiv^ated. 

The Sorrel or Rozelle, Hihiscus Saldariffa, of India of red 
and whitish forms ; fruit used for jam and making the Sorrel 
drink. 

The Bread Fruit, Artocarpus incisa, and the Bread Nut, 
A. mcisii var. nucifera, both from the Pacific, much alike in 
general appearance. Fruit large, globose ; the first smooth, 
solid, without seeds ; the latter rough containing a large 
quantity of seeds. 

The Jack-Fruit, Artocarpus integrif alius, of the East 
Indies, fruit of a similar consistence to the Bread-Nutj but 
considerably larger, quite rough, also containing many seeds 
which are used boiled or roasted. 

The Lakoocha, Artocarpus LaJcoocha of India ; fruit, the 
size of a closed fist, knobby, of a pleasant sub-acid flarour. 
This is the only one of the four used as a sweet fruit. 

The Barbados Gooseberry, PeresJcia aculeata ; fruit, a yellow 
berry^ covered with leafy bracts ; in taste like a sharp goose- 
berry. 

Vegetables. 

The Plantain, Musa paradisica, of India; fruit in ^' hands," 
large, finger-shaped, three-cornered. 

The Cassava, Manihot utilissmia, of Brazil, roots tuberous ; 
of sweet and bitter forms, the first used as vegetable and the 
latter for starch, farine and topioca. 

The Sweet Potato, Ipomsea batatas, originally from the 
East Indies, of several varieties, roots tuberous. 

The Yam, Dioscorea sativa, of India, of many forms known 
under various names ; roots tuberous, some very large, others 
small ; the Buck yam is a favourite, roots small, of white and 
purple forms. 

The Tannia or Taro, Colocasia macrorhiza, of tropical Asia. 
A large form grown in Jamaica is known as Cocoes ; foliage 
sagittate, tubers oblong. 

The Edda or Eddoe, Colocasia esculenta, foliage peltate, 
tubers round. 

The Water Calalu, Colocasia a7itiquorum , foliage sagittate, 
no edible tubers, the young leaves are used. 

The Hog Tannia, Colocasia indica, a large thick-stemmed 
tannia, gives a coarse food. 



207 

Indian Kail, Colocasia nymphaeifolia, of which the leaves 
are used^ a delicate vegetable. 

Green Calalu, Amaranthus caudattts, a good spinach. 

Spanish Calalu, Basella rubra, with succulent, elliptical, 
foliage, also a good spinach. 

The Giant Cockscomb, Celosia cristata majort an excellent 
spinach. 

The Bonavist, Dolichoi Lahlab, in several varieties of white 
and purple flowers, both flat and round-beans. 

The Black-Eye Pea, JDolicIios sjphaerosjjerma, much used 
by the poorer classes. 

The Increase Pea, similar without the black eye. 

The Yard-Long Pea, DoUchos sesquipedale, a very useful 
vegetable. 

The Pigeon Pea, Cajanus ■ indicus, a shrub, bearing flat, 
slightly constricted pods. 

The Lima Bean, Phaseolus hmaUis, a delicious vegetable. 

The Goa Bean, Psophoc^rpus tetragonolohus, a late intro- 
duction^ flowers like the Sweet Pea : fruit, a large bean, square, 
winged, as delicate as French beans. 

The French or Kidney Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, a well- 
known vegetable but not largely cultivated. 

The Tomato or Love-Apple, Lycopersicum esculentunij 
extensively cultivated. 

The Egg Plant or Boulanger, Solarium Melongena of several 
forms, also extensively cultivated. 

The Ochro or Gombo, Hibiscus esculentus, fruit, corrugated 
finger-shaped, a mucilaginous esculent grown everywhere. 

The Squash, Lagunaria vulgaris, both long and round 
forms ; and the Pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo of several kinds, both 
very much utilized. 

The Loofah or Nunewah, Luffa aegyptiaca, a cucumber- 
like smooth fruit ; and the Gingliee, L. acutangula, fruit similar 
but ridged ; the first rather bitter^ the latter a delicate vegetable. 

The Cho-Cho or Chrystophine, Sechium edule, very scarce, 
a delicious marrow. To obtain plants for cultivation it is 
necessary to plant the whole fruit as there is but one seed 
which germinates in the fruit at the apex. 

The Eschallot or Shallot, Allium aescalonicum, extensively 
cultivated and used as seasoning. 

Cabbage, Beet, Carrot, Lettuce, Onion and Radish are 



208 

luxuries cultivated ojily in private gardens and seen occa- 
sionally in the market. 

FiBEE-YIELDING PLANTS. 

Agave americana, the American Aloe, or century plant ; 
inflorescence 20 to 25 feet high, leaves large and broad. 

Agave mexicana, very similar, leaves narrower. 

Agave lurida, leaves glaucous, inflorescence 20 feet. 

Agave Morisii, leaves thick, broad and curved, inflorescence 
12 to 15 feet. 

Agave rigida var. sisalana, the Sisal Hemp, leaves long, 
narrow, glaucescent, inflorescence 20 to 25 feet. 

Furcraea glgantea, the Langue de Boeuf, leaves long and 
large, inflorescence 30 to 35 feet. 

Furcraea cubense, leaves long and large with large hooked 
spines, inflorescence 20 to 25 feet. 

Furcraea cuhense variegaia, a variegated form, otherwise 
similar. 

Bromelia Pinguin, the Pinguin or Wild Pine Apple. Pine 
Apple-like with very long leaves and sharp hooked spines ; 
inflorescence a short central mass. 

Bromelia Jcaratas, the Crowa, or Silk Grass, with few or no 
spines, otherwise similar to the Pinguin. 

Sansevieria guineefisis, the Guinea Flax ; leaves erect, nar- 
row, green and white blotched. Inflorescence a short spike 2 
to 3 feet. 

Boehmeria nivea and B. utilissima, the Rheea, Ramie, or 
China Grass ; herbaceoms, perennial. 

Tucca aloifolia, the Spanish Needle, foliage narrow, rigid ; 
inflorescence a tall panicle of white flowers. 

Musa textilis, the Manilla Hemp, Banana-like with rather 
narrow foliage. 

TJrena lohata and JJ. sinuata, roadside shrubs, known as 
Pitwa. 

Hibiscus t'diaceus and JT. ehtus, the Mahoe of the Tropics 
generally ; H. tricuspis and Thesjpesia populnea of tropical Asia 
and Africa ; also Cordia Myxa, the Weeping Clammy Cherry of 
India ; all yield excellent bast useful as tying material for gar- 
dening purposes. Mauritia fiexuosa, the Ita or Aeta palm, 
indigenous, provides a fibrous twine called Tibisiri. 

Orchids. 

A large number of these is found in the colony, most of 



1 



209 

which are only interesting botanically, most are epiphytal, 
some terrestrial, in sandy or peaty soil. The most desirable 
are : — Cattleya violacea (superba) ; C. Laurenciana and C. 
labiata var. Oncidium Lauceanum, O. luridum, 0. altissimum 
aad O. irdifolium. Brassia Laurenciana, B. guttata and B. 
maculata. Stanhopea grandiflora and S. eburnea. Gongora 
maculata and G, atropurpurea. Coryanthes macrantha, C. 
speciosa and C. maculata. Cafcasetum tridentatum, C. sacca- 
tum, C. longifolium and C. trifidum. Epidendrum ciliare, E. 
fragrans, E. variegatum, E. nocturnum and E. Schomburgkii. 
Scuticaria Steelii. Brassavola cucullata, B. nodosa and B. 
angustata. Paphinia cristata. Schomburgkia marginata and S. 
crispa. Batemannia Colleyi. Bifrenaria aurantiaca and B. longi- 
cornis. Ornithidium album. Rodriguesia secunda. Burlingtonia 
Candida and B. venusta. lonopsis utricularioides and I. teres. 
PeristeriacerinaandP. pendula. Vanilla planifoliaandV. palma- 
rum. Cynoches Loddigesii. C. chlorochilon and C. purpurea. 
Cyrtopodium Andersonii, terrestrial. CyrtoperaWoodfordii, ter- 
rertrial. Blefcia ilorida, terrestrial. Sobralia liliastrum, and S. ses- 
silis, terrestrial. Habenaria, terrestrial. Cleistes rosea. C. surina- 
mensis, C. lutea, and C. parviflora, terrestrial, Spiranthes, 
terrestrial. 

The East Coast. 

The East Coast from Georgetown to Berbice gives some wild 
vegetation. Courida, White Mangrove, Oronoque, Hog-plum and 
a few Samans are the principal trees for a considerable distance. 
At Enmore, the Bindooree comes in ; here also to the south is an 
avenue of Oleander, Nerium Oleander of southern Europe and 
Asia, and some Date Palms, Phoenix dactylifera, to the north, 
these planted. Soon begin the Wild Gooseberry, PhyUantJms 
antillanus ; the Clammy Cherry, Cordia Collacocca : three low 
climbers, Echites hifiora ; Sarcostemma clausum ; the Bitter Tally, 
Mihania amara ; and a strong climber PJntada polystachya ; all of 
which continue right through the journey. Common shrubs are : 
— Cassia alata, the Carrioncrow bush ; Cassia occidentalis, Wild 
Senna or Stinking Weed ; Cordia AuUetii, the Black Sage. 

The swamp plants are : — -Typlm domingensis, tlxe Bull-rush ; 
Cyperus artic^UaUis, the Bizzy-bizzy ; Caladium arhorescens, the 
Mucca-Mucca ; Dieffenhacliia Seguine, the Dumb Cane ; Acros- 
tichum aureuma the Swamp Fern ; Heliconia psittaconim, 
Carina glauca and Jussisea suffruticosa. 



210 

The actual aquatics are : — Nymphsea a'ttipla, Hydrocleis 
Commersomi, Eicliornea casrulea and E. aztirea. Floating are : — 
Pistia Stratiotes, the Water Lettuce ; Salvinia auriculata, and 
Azola carolinensis. Beneath the surface, with beautiful lace- 
work foliage, the flowers only above, are : — Utricularia oligos- 
permaj Mayaca JluviatiUs, and Cahomha aquatica. Neptunea 
oleracea covers the surface from the sides of the trenches. 

Planted about the small houses en route are : — Bontia 
daphnoides, the Nimble-bush ; Parkinsonia aculeata, the Jeru- 
salem Thorn ; Pandanus Veitchii, a variegated Screw-pine ; 
and the Vetivert, or Khus-Khus Grass, Anatherum ynuri- 
catum. 

At Mahaica we meet Anona 2)ctXustris, the Monkey apple; 
Acacia Farnes'ana, the Opopanax ; and Bandin Mussaenda, the 
Bird-chit ; and little further on Hcematoxylon Campechiamcm, 
the Logwood in extensive clumps; the Gooseberry also 
abundant. 

From Mahaicony to the Berbice river are trees of Silk 
Cotton, Garlic Pear, Hog-plum, Bird-lime, Calabash, Guava, 
Clammy Cherry, Courida, Lead Tree, Accena glauca ; the Long 
John, the Whykee, Inga ingoides ; the Trumpet Tree or Bois 
Cannon, Cecropia peltata; the Pimpler Palm in great masses, 
and the common Bamboo, Bambusa vidgaris. The roadside 
bushes previously noted continue, besides which, there are now : 
— The common Sage, Lantana camara ; the Belly-ache bush, 
Jatroplia gossypifolia ', two Pitwa, Urena lohata and Malachra 
capitata ', the Horse-eye Bean or Cowitch, Mucuna urens, 
climbs everywhere, and a little MormodicB: clings in the low 
bushes. Arundo occid^ntalis occupies large stretches, and A. 
saccharoides a few patches. Ihalia geniculata is here in the 
trenches. 

At Fort Wellington and onwards we come across the 
Cokerite Palm, Maximilliana regia ; a few Soap-berry, Sapin- 
dus saponaria ; Buck Vomit, Guarea trichUUoides, and Mahoe, 
Hibiscus elatus. The Necklace-pod Bean, Mullera moniliformis 
begins here mixed with Bindooree in low wet ground, and the 
Croc-Chien Palm, Desmoncus major, appears, with Cissus trifo- 
liatus and Clitorea Ternafea. Mango trees and Cabbage Palms 
are here in quantity. 

The river Berbice is lined on the west side with Black 
mangrove, Hhizophora Mangle. 



211 

The Town of New Amsterdam. 

The general vegetation is similar to that of Georgetown, 
but much less in quantity and less cared for. fSand-box trees, 
Cabbage Palms and Flamboyant are conspicuous. Samans on 
the Esplanade. In a few gardens are fruit trees and ornamen- 
tal plants. On a palm stem a handsome Aroide, Potlios aurea 
of the Solomon Islands, is conspicuous, also Piper Betel, the 
Betle Pepper or Pan, of the East Indies on others. The Public 
Gardens contain a large collection of plants, duplicai^es from 
Georgetown. Xylojpia jamai censis a Spice Tree, and Ingou 
liet^Tophylla are here. Birdvine, of several species of Loran- 
thus, is rampant. Roadside plant : — Glerodendron Siphonan- 
thus ; Lidigofera anil the West Indigo ; Crotalaria incana ; 
Asclejpias curassavica, the bastard Ipecacuanha ; — -a yellow 
variety is also found eastward of the town and nowhere else ; — 
Lantana trijolia ; Thunhergia alata ; a pale blue Convolvulus, and 
the red Cammindica. In scattered bushes are : — Calotropis pro- 
cera, the Maddar of India ; Erythroxylon macrophyllum, the 
Manadockie ; Desmanthus depressus ; Cassia hicapsularis, the 
Money-Bush • Triphasia trifoUata, the Bargamot Lime ; and 
Clerodendro7i aculeatum, the Bitter Fence or Wild Coffee. 

On the South are innumerable Mango trees and Awarra 
Palms, Astrocariumtucimwides : 3.ho Euphorbia trigona,Pedi' an- 
thes tithymaloides, and the Belly-ache bush, all dangerous plants. 

Lufa aegyptidca, the Nunewah, Sponge Gourd, or 
Strainer Vine is growing everywhere where coolies reside. 

Along the Waterside is a mixture of Bindooree, Necklace- 
Pod Bean, Mahoe, White Mangrove, Courida, Soapberry, Cala- 
bash, Gooseberry, Garlic Pear, Coccoloha latifolia, Allamanda 
cathartica, Mucuna vrens, Bignonia pyramidalis, B. unguis-cati^ 
Yernonia scoparia, Argyreia populifolia, Securidacca voluhilis, 
Entada polystachya, StigmapJiyllon ciliatum and Echites hiflora. 

The Suddie Route. 

By steamer to Suddie viewing the flora of the islands en 
route is not enticing to strangers. At first nothing is seen but 
black Mangrove or Courida ; then Mucca-Mucca ; Inga, Cassia 
hirsuta, and Bindooree with Bignonia pyramidalis, EcJiites 
hiflora, Allamanda cathartica, Entada pclystachya, and a few 
Cyclanthiis. Of palms there are : — the Cabbage, an occasional 
Royal, Manicole, Aeta^ Pimplers, Croc-Chien and Cocoanuts. 
The common trees are : — Trisle, Pentaclethra filamentosa ; 



212 

Mora, Bimorphandra Mora ; Whykee, Inga ingoides ; Buck 
vomit, Guarea trichilloides ; White-wood, Tecoma pentaphylla ', 
Button-wood, Conocarpus erechis, Spice tree, Xylopiajamai 
censis ; Bastard Cacao, Pachira aqimtica ; Soap-berry, Sapindii- 
saponaria ; Trumpet-wood, Cecropia peltata \ Itchia or Pigeons 
berry, Byrsonima spicata^ Mahoe, Hibiscus elatus ; Oronoque ; 
Silk Cotton ; Long John and Hog Plum. 

The She-Oak, Casuarina equisetifolia, grouped at the 
buildings. The common bamboo in. plenty, bird vine and the 
wild pine infesting the trees. 

The vegetation about Suddie is as unkempt as at New 
Amsterdam. Fine Silk Cotton trees and Angelins, Hog-plum 
and Buck Vomit abound. 

A few Lignum-vitae, Guaiacum officinale ; Crtidya sp., 
Manna Ash or Neem^ Melia azadirachta, are there, and quanti- 
ties of Awarra Palm and Mango trees. 

The waterside is a repetition of the islands. The Sugar 
Apple, Anona squamosa, is fairly common. Roadside plants 
are represented in the Pitwa, the Belly- Ache plant, Old Maids 
or Perriwinkle^ Vinca rosea, and the Velvet leaf, WaWieria 
canescens. 

Further south vegetation is plentiful, a happy hunting 
ground for a botanist. Here is seen the Incense Tree, 
Protmm hej'taphyJla. 

The landscape at Onderneeming School is like an English 
park, the principal trees being Angelins, dense woods behind. 
Here are cultivated many kinds of economic plants and vege- 
tables for daily consumption. It is also a centre for distributing 
plants for the Board of Agriculture. 

The Noeth-West. 

The flora of the North West as seen in passing is not attrac- 
tive. Till just before reaching Morawhanna there is absolutely 
nothing but Courida and Mangrove, the latter forming very high 
thick banks. Then come a few attenuated Manicoles, Troolies^ 
Cokerite, sickly Cocoanuts, some Bamboos and Swamp Fern. 

The town is disappointing, the ground too low to grow 
anything important, and there is nothing but what one sees in 
a low-lying wayside village. At the Grovernment Agency little 
is left of the beautiful garden planted by Mr. E. F. im Thurn 
(now Sir E. F. im Thurn, K.C.M.G.) but a few choice palms, 
baniboos, shrubs and bright flowering climbers. 



213 

Both up and down the Barima river Courida and Mangrove 
continue on both sides for a great distance, with here and 
there a Mahoe, a Cannaheri, a.nAllama7ida, Bignonia, Gacoucia 
and Marcgraavia straggling through, the Bird Vine and Wild 
Pines in abundance. There are also a few Orchids. The 
various openings show cultivations of plantain and banana, 
where are also grown sweet potato, tannia and yam, etc., in 
fair quantity. 

Some distance below the town Mr. Farnum has a clearing 
and Mr. D. Young another above the town, where both Sapium 
and Para Rubber are being cultivated ; at both places Sapium 
is found in its wild condition. 

At Isoorooroo, a good distance up the river, is the Govern- 
ment Rubber Station where both Sapium and Para Rubber 
are growing on the low land near the river, and various 
economic plants on the ground rising to the hill behind. 

A few Mora trees are seen about here. 

Behind these clearings are many indigenous plants which 
would make a long list to enumerate and which would gladden 
the heart of a stranger botanist. The beautiful Passi/lora 
Jenmani and GuHavia gracillina are here, and in the swamps 
a great number of Troolie palms. 

The flora of this district has never been fully investigated ; 
it is very rich in species, and in the hands of a capable officer 
would form a large contribution to the known flora of the 
colony. 



FAUNA. 

(Bi/ James Rodway,) 

The Neotropical region of which British Guiana forms a 
part is noted for its diversified forms of life. Although there 
are no great mammals like the elephant or hippopotamus, or 
herds of antelope as in South Africa, many interesting types are 
to be found by one who knows where to look for them. They 
are certainly not conspicuous, and the traveller who spends his 
time on board a steamer or on a beaten track will probably see 
nothing, for the game cover is so dense that only an Indian or 
trained huntsman can detect the animals of the forest. 

British Guiana is largely made up of forest and stream and 



214 

its fauna is suited to this environment. Those that live on 
the ground often take to the trees when the rivers are in flood, 
while some are as much at home in the water as on land. In 
the dim light of the forest nothing living is seen and were it 
not for the reverberating roar of the howling monkey, the 
whirr of the cicada and the occasional strange note of a tree 
frog, you would say that it was devoid of animal life during the 
day. At sunrise and on the approach of night, however, the 
birds come out and make a little stir, and the buzzing of insects is 
also heard. But it is during the night that the animals come from 
their lairs, the rodents to feed on the fallen nuts and fruits and 
the carnivora to fall upon their natural prey. The hum of 
insects is continuous, fish spring from the Avater to capture 
them, the goatsuckers utter their startling calls of " Who are 
you ? " and " Whip poor Will," while the ovvls startle a new- 
comer with cries which have suggested a " midnight murdered 
victim." 

The largest mammals are the tapir and the manatee ; the 
first is practically amphibious and the other lives entirely in 
water. Having no weapons of ofience and only colour and 
thickness of skin for protection, they will probably die out in 
time, for they already appear to have become less numerous 
than early records suggest. Meanwhile, however, they form an 
important meat supply for the native Indian. Other game 
animals are peccaries, deer and the species of cavies which 
range from the adourie, hardly larger than a rat, to the great 
water hare or capybara which may be compared to a small pig. 
The Indian, however, has little prejudice in regard to his meat, 
but will even eat alligators and snakes. 

Relics of a very ancient fauna are seen in the marsupials — 
opossums or yawarries, — which are looked upon as pests from 
their fondness for chickens. The sloths are also of an ancient 
type ; they are well protected by their resemblance, when at 
rest, to tangles of roots or the nests of termites. These termites 
are so numerous everywhere that the}^ afford a good supply of 
food to the great ant-bear and smaller ant-eaters. Armadillos 
are curious animals, successors to the giant Glyptodon, as sloths 
are to the Megatherium. 

The monkeys are fairly common and the cats, which range 
from a species little larger than the domestic animal, to the 
jaguar, preserve the balance of life. Bats are everywhere in 



I 



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215 

hollow trees and under tangles of bush-ropes ; species of spiny 
and other rats are also plentiful. 

More species of birds have been found in British Guiana 
than in the whole of Europe, j^et they are rarely seen in great 
numbers. Few species assemble in flocks, but the exceptions 
are very striking. Nothing can excel in brilliancy of colour a 
flock of macaws in the rays of the morning sun, and the red 
ibis is perhaps more showy. Those gems the humming-birds are 
generally alone ; every individual is worthy of the most patient 
observation as it flies from flower to flower. Other showy birds 
are also worthy of notice, but as a rule their voices are rather 
curious than harmonious. Nevertheless, some have sweet and 
melodious notes, although we cannot find anywhere or at any 
time such a concert as is heard on a May morning in an English 
wood. 

The largest birds are the Negro-Cop, or jabiru, and the 
harpy which last almost rivals the golden eagle. The curious 
hoatzin, a link with reptiles, is common in Berbice. Of game 
birds we have on the coast, ducks, plovers, pigeons, snipe and 
spurwings. and in the interior the curassow and many others. 

The large alligator or cayman is found in the upper 
reaches of the Essequebo and two smaller species are common 
on the coast. Snakes are also plentiful, about half a dozen 
species being poisonous ; rarely, however, is anyone killed by 
them. Boas thirty feet in length have been reported but the 
average length of a fair sized constrictor is about twelve feet. 
Tree frogs are numerous. 

The rivers swarm with fish, the largest being the arapaima, 
the tarpon or cuffum, pacou, lukanani, and a host of small kinds 
provide a large part of the food supply of the Indian. Some of 
the armoured fishes are very interesting, especially the hassers, 
which protect their nests and young in a manner not common 
in other species. Off the coast are sharks, saw-fish, jew-fish, 
queriman, gilbacker from which isinglass is obtained, snapper 
and many others. The electric eel is found in the rivers of the 
interior, where also lives the dreadful caribe or perai, which, 
if it scents a wounded animal, or even man, will crowd round in 
shoals and devour the object. 

Crabs, crayfish and prawns are plentiful on the coast but 
the shores are too muddy for mollusca. Dead shells are thrown 
upon the beach in some places in such quantities that they are 



216 

used to mix with road-making material, but hardly a dozen live 
shells can be found. 

Scorpions and centipedes live in old houses and in gardens, 
hut are rarely seen, and the great mygale or bird-eating spider 
is found in the forest. These venomous creatures are much 
feared, but from personal experience I may safely state that 
their venom is by no means so dangerous as is generally 
supposed. 

Insects are exceedingly numerous. The local Museum has a 
collection of about twenty thousand. Some are lovely and 
harmless, others disgusting — stinging wasps and ants are very 
common everywhere — mosquitos plentiful at certain seasons, 
notably about October. At night there is a continual hum like 
a singing in the ears, which ceases at sunrise. 

Butterflies do not appear as numerous as in some 
other countries, one species only, the yellow Callidryas 
eubule, congregating in immense flocks. Sometime a con- 
tinual line of males will pass southward for hours, 
their broad yellow wings glowing in the sunlight when 
passing a river. Morphos of a shiny metallic blue flutter 
about in th(3 forest and on the creeks, and Heliconii flit about 
among the flowers. Species of Agrias, Catagramma, Prepona, 
Papilio and a host of smaller genera are to be seen in the 
forest, but in the inhabited portion of the colony these are 
hardly seen. 

Moths are most plentiful, the larger species crowding 
round the electric lights, where they may be sometimes com- 
pared with the bats that hunt them. One of the largest in the 
world, the great owl moth, Thysania Agrippina is fairly 
common, as are also other Noctuids and hawk moths. The 
humming-bird hawk moth and a large number of others fly by 
day, many of them gaily coloured. Possibly the most interest- 
ing of these is the large family of Syntomidae which mimic 
wasps so closely that the collector hesitates to handle them. 
It is also remarkable that the moth and the wasp fre- 
quent the same flowers, when only a very close observer 
can tell the difference between them. 

Wasps are very numerous, but none of them is able to take 
the place of those in Europe as fruit pests. Our fruits are so 
well protected by thick skins and, in some cases, acrid secre- 
tions, that only bats and rodents can succeed in getting 



217 

at the pulp. Some of the wasps are very large and sting 
severely, but as they do not frequent houses to any great ex- 
tent they may be considered harmless. Sometimes, however, 
some of the mud-daubers make their nests in open rooms, and a 
person may be stung if he accidentally gets in the way. 
These and other solitary species are very interesting and even 
useful, for the number of larvae, cockroaches, grasshoppers and 
spiders which they store up as food for their young must greatly 
reduce the pests. The sociable wasps are also very interesting ; 
their nests are everywhere on the trees and are often most 
beautifully constructed. It is curious to note that one species 
will catch blood-sucking flies when these pests are at work. It 
is rather startling when the wasp flies suddenly at a man's face, 
but when he knovvs what it is doing only a feeling of relief from 
the flies ensues. Some of the wasps are adorned with brilliant 
colours, often prismatic, and they vary in size from little larger 
than a gnat to monsters much larger than the hornet. 

Bees are fairly common but no species equals the European 
species in its capacity for storing honey. Ants are everywhere ; 
they take the place of the house flies and wasps of other coun- 
tries. Monster beetles are found in the forest and a host of 
insignificant species make their presence known at certain sea- 
sons by crowding round the lights. Sometimes these hardbacks, 
as they are called, become pests as they fly into the lamps and 
fall on a person sitting below. They are however quite harm- 
less in a perfect state although as larvae they probably, like 
the European cockchafer, injure the roots of plants. Some are 
pests to palms, others to the sugar cane. Many are lovely in 
their brilliant colours, one species being used as the head of a 
scarf pin ; the fireflies may be mentioned for their light. 

For delicate loveliness nothing can exceed the dragon 
flies ; their gauzy wings and brilliantly coloured bodies 
make them exceptionally beautiful, for hardly a single species 
is anything like dull in appearance. They are also useful as 
they destroy mosquitos both as larvae and perfect insects. To 
the same family belong lace-wing flies and termites. The latter 
are the great scavengers of the forest where their nests may be 
seen everywhere. When they enter our houses they become 
pests and must be expelled at any cost. 

Possibly the Orthoptera are the most curious insects in 
the colony ; grasshoppers, mantidae and phasmidae are equally 



218 

intereating. In them we have the finest examples of mimetic 
resemblances to twigs and leaves. Some of them are strikingly- 
beautiful, the colour and markings of green, brown and autumn 
colouring of leaves being wonderfully imitated. Now and 
again locusts become pests to cultivated plants but they rarely 
swarm to any great extent. Cockroaches are plentiful in dirty 
houses, or where rubbish is allowed to accumulate. Flies are 
very numerous in species but do not appear in swarms or ever 
become such pests indoors as in some other places. Mosquitos 
abound only at certain seasons, and are not very troublesome. 
Plant bugs and their allies are numerous ; the six-o'-clock 
cicada being one of the most curious from its making a razor- 
grinding like whirr every evening at sunset during certain 
seasons. 

Coming now to the lowly organisms, which are only dis- 
tinguishable by the microscope, we have a wide field for the 
student. With so many canals and ditches it might naturally 
be expected that our waters would swarm with both animal 
and vegetable life. Insect larvae are of course present in 
swarms ; these live on the simpler animalculae. Then come the 
worms to which that wonderful and lovely family the rotifers is 
generally considered to belong. It is interesting to note that 
while the higher animals are quite distinct from those of the 
Old Worlds nearly all the rotifers and protozoa are of the same 
species as those of England. 



FINANCIA] 


L. 

ncia 


I years 1906-1907 a 




Comparative Statement of Revenue for the jlna 


nd 


1907-190S. 














1906-07. 


1907-08. 


Customs Revenue— 


£ 


s. 


d. 


£ 


s. 


d. 


General Import Duties... 


289,280 


11 


3i 


291,313 


7 


8 


Wines and Spirits 


30,318 


8 


11" 


32,578 


1 


1 


Tonnage Dues 


10,030 


18 


101 


10,381 


8 


Hi 


Storage, &c. ... 


2,247 


5 


2i 


2,344 


3 


7 


Excise Revenue— 














Rum Duty ... 


7,595 


12 


7 


8,151 


7 


4i 


Distillery Tax on Rum,.. 


3,871 


it 


2 


3,125 


18 


74 


Retail Spir.ts Licences... 


62,028 


6 


8 


64,149 


3 


4 


Other Licences 


24,672 


3 


2| 


24,883 


15 


104 


Ordinance I of 1890, Bitters and 














Cordials 


82 


19 


10^ 


143 


8 


94 


Duty on Matches 


3,590 


8 


4 


2,964 


15 


10 


Stamps— 














Inland Revenue 


6,470 


13 


3i 


6,392 


8 


8 


Fees, Ordinance 10 of 1893 (Judicial) 


4,276 


9 


2 


4,276 


9 


2 


Death Dvities 


2,196 


4 


5 


1,661 


16 


6 


Fees and Taxes 


6.905 


6 


m 


8,254 


16 


4 


Government Lands and Houses ... 


2,994 


10 


n 


2,694 


14 


4 


Government Establishment 


10,712 


12 


li 


10,75U 


11 


11 


Post Office 'Jelegraphs and Tele- 














phones ... 


16,140 


13 


3i 


17,767 


10 


34 


Crown Lands— 














Acre Money ... 


1,166 


17 


li 


1,246 


7 


8 


Fees, &c. 


1,427 


13 


9i 


1,420 





7 


Royalty on Timber, Shingles, &c. ... 


1,396 


13 


n 


1,503 


10 


'% 


Do. on Stone, Sand, Shell 


4 


4 


3 


14 





Do. on Balata and Gums 


2,679 


18 


9^ 


4,105 


19 


6 


Licences to collect Gums, &c. 


3 


2 


6 


3 


2 


6 


Rents — Ballata Collection 


1,861 


18 


5 


2,502 


1 


S 


Rent of Crown Land, &c. 


1,193 


4 





1,007 


13 


9 


Gold Industry— 














Fees, Licences, &c. 


5,313 


11 


2^ 


4,870 


1 





Royalty on Gold 


12,466 


12 


10| 


9,802 


6 





Do. on Precious Stones 


19 


18 


64 


1 


11 


3 


Miscellaneous— 














Fines and Seizures 


3,906 


11 


2 


4,873 


10 


114 


Receipts 


4,030 


6 


li 


4,031 


18 


8^ 


Interest 


9,588 





4 


10,746 


7 


10" 


Sales of Crown Lands, &c. 


174 


13 


n 


3,240 


13 


5 


Repayment of Loans ... 


7,091 


18 


6i 


7,090 


1 


54 


Total 


£535,745 


13 





£548,293 


5 


94 



220 



Comparative Statement of Expenditure for the Financial years, 1906-1907 

and 1907-1908 :— 





1906-1907. 


19074908. 




£ s. d. 


£ s. d. 


His Excellency the Governor 


5,127 6 Hi 


4,751 5 li 


Legislature 


262 18 9 


188 16 0^ 


Government Secretariat 


4,603 5 4i 


4,723 16 6i 


Auditor General ... 


3,740 5 8i 


3,780 19 6 


Receiver General 


12,454 1 


12,160 7 


Commissioner of Stamps ... 


895 11 1 


796 8 


Customs 


15,354 17 Oi 


15,427 9 7 


Harbours 


1,245 4 7h 


1,095 15 111 


Pilotage 


2,207 17 4i 


2,330 9 11 


Lands and Mines... 


15,073 9 1"^ 


1.5,498 7 9^ 


Immigration Department ... 


6,974 16 lOi 


6.745 10 5i 


Lecal Government Board ... 


2,046 13 4^ 


2,028 8 10 


Registration 


1,531 9 


1,405 11 3 


Commissioner, Essequebo & Pomeroon. 


1,446 14 2 


1,497 1 24 


North West District 


1,251 15 7i 


1,343 6 4i 


Judges 


4,086 5 9i 


4.091 6 I"' 


Law Officers 


2,561 12 2^ 


2,604 14 3 


Magistrates 


12,888 6 


12,846 5.| 


Administration of Justice ... 


5,293 9 4| 


4,710 9 111 


Official R3ceiver ... 


891 1 11 


928 17 6 


Registrar 


4,663 13 9^ 


4,837 14 8 


Police 


48,102 6 8 


49,644 15 


Fire Brigade 


3,269 6 5 


3,023 2 4i 


Prisons 


11,177 2 lOi 


11,585 18 U 


]Vlinisfcers of Religion 


20,146 4 4 


19,929 1$ 


Poor ... 


12,246 11 Hi 


13,475 1 4" 


Medical Department 


30,084 6 Sh 


30,890 15 6i 
37,651 10 5| 


Hospitals and Asylums 


34,481 9 10^ 


Vacination 


163 8 5h 


113 11 


Education — 






Queen's College 


2,539 12 7i 


2,645 4 14 


Primary 


26,537 4 4 


26,589 14 54 


. Miscellaneous ... 


884 13 8 


1,007 15 74 


Onderneeming School 


2,035 19 2 


2,128 4 24 


Orphan Asylum 


1,136 11 11 


1,098 11 9 


Post Office 


21,502 5 01 
7,695 15 9| 


22,696 18 94 


Science and Agriculture 


8,379 10 14 


Colonial Civil Engineer 


6,564 7 8 


6,571 17 10 


Public Works — 






Annually Recurrent 


15,558 11 


17,040 6 5 


Extraordinary... 


6,982 5 7 


3,593 16 84 


Roads 


19,412 4 11 


20,226 16 8 


New 'W"orl<s 


2,008 18 10 


2,. 509 9 7 


Municipal 


10,001 1 2 


9,732 4 1 


Subventions 


32,202 4 7^ 


33,480 8 lOi 


Militia and Volunteers 


4,661 19 1 


3,750 14 4" 


Pensions 


37,935 19 5 


40,552 3 34 


Misc llaneous 


10,595 17 9 


6,192 7 11 


Public Debt 


41,313 15 5 


41,350 9 7 


Interest unfunded debt 


131 10 1 


348 13 11 


Unprovided 


51 6 10| 


45 7 104 


Total 

■ 


£ 514,053 6 3 


£ 520,046 2 94 ; 



221 



Liabilities and Assets. 
On the closing of the Books on 31st March, 1908, the 
liabilities and assets of the colony stood as follows : — 



Liabilities. 


Assets. 




£ s. 


d. 








Deposits ... 


68,782 8 


9 


Cash Balance in 






Unclaimed Balances 






Colony and in hands 


£ s. 


d. 


and Dividends 


7,988 10 


8^ 


of Crown Agents ... 


74,801 19 





Cash held for invest- 






Advances 


9,325 14 


n. 


ment for repayment 






Deposits invested ... 


7,257 10 


9^ 


of Loans (Reserve 






Investments of Su.r- 






Fund) ai d Sinking 






plus Revenue 1906- 






Funds ... 


4,030 1 


Oh 


1907 ... 


6,474 11 


8 


Surplus ... 


33,358 15 


7 


Investment Surplus 












Cash at call 

£ 


16,300 
114,159 16 





£114,159 16 


1 


1 



Ten years ago the account showed a balance on the wrong 
side in round figures of =£170,777. 

Public Debt. 
The Public Debt of the colony on the same date as above 



was 



For sums borrowed for the construction of Public 



Works and public purposes 



... £ 799,320 



For sums borrowed by the Consolidated Immi- 
gration Loan Commissioners on the ultimate 
security of the Revenues of the Colony ... 120,000 

Total ... £ 919,320 

or £11,600 more than on the 31st March, 1907. The increase 
is accounted for by an issue of bonds to the extenli of £12,500 
for Sea Defence purposes under the provisions of the East 
Demerara Sea Defence Ordinance (No. 7 of 1906) less a 
redemption of bonds due for payment aggregating .£900. 

Out of the £799,320 above noted, loans have, from time 
to time, been made to Corporations and Public Bodies. The 
sum now outstanding on this account is £135,784, and repay- 
ment is regularly and punctually made by the several debtors. 

The sum of £218,036 17s. 6d. stood at the credit of the 
Sinking Fund account at the end of the year, and provision is 
also regularly made for interest on the colony's debt. 

Taking the population of the colony at 304,549 souls, the 
Public Debt, not including that portion of it raised for Immi= 
gration purposes, amounts to £2 12s. 5|d. per head. 



222 

Statement at 3 1st March, 1908, of the sums 
borrowed for the construction of Public Works ; 
for public purposes ; for the introduction of immi- 
grants ; and for other purposes ; and of the means 
applicable for the redemption of the Bonds or 
liquidation of the debt yet unpaid.* 

( 1 ) Money borroiued for which the Revenue oj the Colony 
is directly pledged. 

Under Ordinance 3 of 1886, a sum of $1,200,000 was 
authorized to be raised for public purposes. Of this amount 
:|266,400 consists of 4 per cent. Bonds, and $933,600 
of Inscribed Stock at 4 per cent. On the 31st March, 1908, 
$209,760 of the Bonds remained unpaid. 

These Bonds were issued for fifty years by the Crown 
Agents and are payable at their office. Downing Street, Lon- 
don, by annual instalments, by means of a Sinking Fund to be 
formed on the cumulative principle, into which will be paid a 
sum equal to 1 per cent, per annum, on the total amount of 
Debentures issued. The repayments commenced in July, 1892, 
and are made either by annual drawings, by lot, or by the pur- 
chase of the Bonds in the market, at the option of the Crown 
Agents. The Sinking Fund is on deposit in the London and 
Westminster Bank. Ordinance 10 of 1886, authorized the con- 
version of the Debentures into Inscribed Stock free of 
any cost to the holders. The amount of Debentures sur- 
rendered in exchange for Inscribed Stock is .£194,500. 
Interest payable on 15th January and 15th July. The loan was 
oifered at a minimum price of £97. The average price obtained 
was £98 2s. 8d. 

The Stock will be repayable on the 15th July, 1935, by 
the operation of a Sinking Fund of 1 per cent, per annum, 
commencing on the 15th July, 1891. The Sinking Fund is 
invested in Colonial Stocks. Interest payable on 15th January 
and 15th July. This Stock was oifered by Crown Agents in 
Exchange for above Bonds at an}- time up to 31st May, 1891. 
By Treasury ISfotice in "London Gazette", 23rd December, 
1902, this Inscribed Stock was added to the list of authorized 
Trustees Stock. 



Taken from the Blue Book for 1907-1908. 



223 

Under Ordinance 7 of 1887, a sum of $2,500,000 was 
authorized to be raised for public purposes. Of this amount 
a sura of $1,841,280, was so raised between 1888 and 1895, of 
which $1,272,000 was outstanding on the 31st March, 1908. 

These Bonds were issued in the colony for a term of 
twenty-five years with option to the Government to redeem 
them at the expiration of ten years from the date of issue or 
at any time thereafter, on twelve months' previous notice 
being given in the Official Gazette. Both principal and interest 
are secured on the General Revenue and Assets of the Govern- 
ment of British Guiana (not specially appropriated by any 
Ordinance in force before the passing of the "The Public 
Loan Ordinance, 1887 ") and a Sinking Fund of equal annual 
proportion of the capital sum raised will be provided, which 
will be applied to the extinction of the debt. The amount 
provided has been invested by the Crown Agents in the 
purchase of Inscribed Stock of other Colonies. 

By Ordinance 19 of 1896, a sum of $2,500,000, was 
authorized to be raised for Public purposes. A sum of 
$1,421,376 was raised between 1898 and 1907; $1,200,000 
consisting of Inscribed Stock and $221,376 of Bonds. 

£150,000 bearing interest at 3 per cent, was issued on 
1st February, 1898, for a term of forty-seven years with option 
to the Government to redeem at par on or after 1st February, 
1923^ on six months' notice. Interest payable 1st February 
and 1st August. Stock offered by the Crown Agents at a 
minimum price of £96 10s. Average price obtained, <£96 16s. 4d. 

£100;,000 additional and identical with above Stock was 
issued on the 1st August, 1901, at a minimum of 93 per cent. 

The abovementioned Stock was issued by the Crown 
Agents under the Public Loan Ordinance, 1896^, and Inscribed 
Stock Ordinance, 1897^ and by Treasury Notice in " London 
Gazette," 23rd December, 1902, was added to the list of 
authorized Trustees Stock. 

A Sinking Fund at 1 per cent, per atmum will be provided 
annually for the redemption of the above Stock. 

£28,900 was issued in the Colony on 1st June, 1900, for 
a term of twenty-five years with option to the Government to 
redeem at the expiration of ten years from the date of issue 
or at any time thereafter, on twelve months' notice being given 
in the Official Gazette. Interest at the rate of 3^ per cent, is 



224 

payable on 1st June and 1st December on £28,400, and 3| per 
cent, on the same dates on .£500. 

£4,720 was issued in the Colony at 3| per cent, on the 
1st April^ 1901, on the same conditions as to redemption as 
the preceding loan. Interest payable 1st April and 1st October. 

A Sinking Fund of 2| per cent, per annum will be provided 
for the redemption of this and the foregoing issue. 

£12,500 was issued in the Colony at 3| per cent, on 
1st July, 1907, for a term of 50 years with option of redemp- 
tion as in the preceding loans. 

Interest payable 1st January and 1st July. A Sinking 
Fund of 1 per cent, per annum will be provided for the 
redemption of this issue. 

(2.) Mo7iey borrowed on account of Planters for Immigration 
2nirj)oses, guaranteed hy the General Revenue. 

Ordinance 7 of 1864 provided for a loan for the introduc- 
tion of immigrants from the East Indies, the outstanding 
amount of Bonds not to exceed $1,920,000 at any one time. 

From 1865 to 31st March, 1907, $6,611,865.60 has been 
raised, of which $576,000 was outstanding on the 31st March, 
1908. 

Bonds bearing interest at 4 per cent, which fall due in 
ten years from date of issue to the value of £70,000 were issued 
by the Crown Agents in August, 1906, offered at a minimum 
of £100 per cent. Average price obtained £100 16s. lid. 
Interest payable 15th February and 15th August. Principal 
payable at par on 15th August, 1916. Both capital and 
interest are payable by the Crown Agents. 

Bonds bearing interest at 3^ per cent, which fall due in 
ten years from date of issue to the value of £50,000 were issued 
in the colony in August, 1898, at par. Interest payable 
1st August and 1st February. The principal is payable in the 
colony at par. in August, 1908. 

The Caj)ital and Interest of these Bonds are payable out 
of the money received from planters under the provisions of 
the Consolidated Immigration Loan Ordinance, 1864. 

The grand total of the Public Debt on 31st March, 1908, 
stood at $4,412,736. (£919,320.) 



225 

AEGICULTURAL RESOUECES. 



(By J. B. Harrison, C.M,G., M.A., F.LC, F.C.S., 
Director of Science and Agriculture.) 

Sugar. 

The sugar-cane with its products is the most important 
of the agricultural resources of the colony. The sugar industry 
of British Guiana, in common with that of the West Indian 
Islands and of some other countries, has passed through many 
vicissitudes during the last quarter of a century. But the 
industry has fairly well held its own in the face of prices 
which at times have been so low as to be more or less 
unremunerative, and of seriously lessened yields in places 
owing to the sugar-cane having become on them subject to 
disease to an extent not previously experienced. The aiea of 
land, about 70,000 acres, under this crop is practically the 
same as it was eighteen years ago, while the average crops of 
sugar-products are somewhat higher. In round figures the 
colony exports in normal years about 114,000 tons of sugar, 
3,600 Casks of molasses, 2,500,000 gallons of rum, and 12,000 
tons of cattle-food prepared from the refuse-products of the 
sugar-cane. But if scarcity of labour did not stand in the way 
of the expansion of the sugar-industry, the colony would be 
able to produce many times the quantities of sugar-products 
for which it is now responsible. 

As in many other sugar-cane producing countries, the 
sugar-cane in British Guiana has suffered much in late 
years from fungoid diseases. The Bourbon which was the 
best variety cultivated and the source of the far-famed 
" Demerara Crystals," has either developed a certain tendency 
to disease or lost to a marked extent the resisting powers to 
fungoid attacks it once possessed, and thus has fallen off in 
its yields. When the Bourbon cane first showed signs of tendency 
to disease, the planters of the colony took the matter seriously 
in hand, and succeeded in more or less keeping the diseases under 
control by the adoption of, as far as possible, every precaution 
that was suggested by the authorities at Kew, or was indicated 
by their own experience. But they have not been as success- 
ful as they would have liked to have been, and hence have 
had to resort to attempts to obtaining an equally satisfactory 



226 

variety from seed, with the result that now more than half of 
the area under sugar-cane is in varieties other than the Bourbon. 

As far as obtaining varieties which yield mere heavily 
than the Bourbon now does, or which give remunerative crops 
on land on which that variety has never flourished, these 
endeavours have been attended with a large measure of success. 
But a variety which approaches the Bourbon as a source of 
" Demerara Crystals " has not yet been secured. This sugar 
does not owe its high reputation solely to the high proportion 
of sugar it contains, but to its pleasing colour, flavour and 
especially to its aroma. The first of these has been more or 
less successfully imitated in " Yellow Crystals " but the latter 
appear to be unattainable artificially in the perfection which 
ciharacterises "Demerara Crystals" made from the Bourbon 
cane. This sugar is a special product of the colony and when 
made in British Guiana it may be said to be a " vintage " pro- 
duct of the Bourbon cane. 

The experiments made in British Guiana have had for 
their object securing or producing reliable varieties of sugar- 
cane from which planters might select kinds to suit their special 
conditions of soil, rainfall, etc., and this has been more or less 
successfully accomplished. In the year 1899 not more than 
550 acres were planted in new varieties in the colony, whilst 
at the present time over 38,000 acres are under them. The 
records obtained and published by the Board of Agriculture 
show that certain new varieties of sugar-cane have given over 
large areas mean results of 30 per cent, higher than the returns 
obtained from the Bourbon on the same plantations during 
the eight years 1901 to 1908. About 25 per cent, of the area 
occupied with new varieties are under kinds imported from 
Barbados, which have been raised there by Mr. J. R. Bovell ; 
whilst about 75 per cent, are under kinds raised in British 
Guiana. The most promising varieties up to the present are 
208 B. 376 B and 147 B. imported from Barbados, and D 625 
and D 145 raised in Demerara. 

The sugar-manufacturing industry has been compelled by 
economic conditions to become one almost solely for large capi- 
talists and companies. Smaller cultivators can pursue the 
sugar-cane-growing industry with fair success, and it is hoped 
that by obtaining more robust and more productive varieties of 
sugar-cane than is the Bourbon an impetus may be given to 



227 

caue- farming as apart from manufactm-ing. Cane-farming is 
carried out to some extent by small proprietors and villagers, 
and its extension on a mutually profitable basis to the farmers 
and to the manufacturers is very desirable. 

Rice. 

This industry is emphatically one pursued by small farmers 
and its development in the colony has been mainly due to the 
East Indian settlers. The black people in the colony are also 
entering with some enthusiasm into this industry. The proprie- 
tors of sugar-estates give every encouragement in their power 
to their employes to carry on rice-growing. 

The returns made to the Board of Agriculture show 
the great extension which has taken place in this industry of 
recent years. In 1898 the acreage returned by cultivators as 
being under rice was about 6,000 acres, for 1908 it was returned 
as about 38,000 acres. The increase in the crop of rice between 
1898 and 1908 represents about 31,000 tons of cleaned rice per 
annum, the value of which probably is about $1,250,000. 

The enormous area in British Guiana pre-eminently suita- 
ble for the cultivation of rice, will enable this colony to become 
the granary for the West Indian Islands if ever the cultivation 
of Sea Island cotton attains the great development which is 
said to be in the future for it in those islands. 

The rice generally grown in the colony is known as 
Creole rice, and seems to be a variety which has originated 
there by unconscious selection. It is of excellent quality, equal 
to any that has ever been imported into the colony. The 
choicest type of the Creole rice is that known as the " Berbice." 
The only variety which excels this type in quality is that 
best of all rices, the Carolina Golden Grain, but it is hoped 
by experimental cultivation to obtain in the future varieties 
of equally good quality but of higher yielding powers. 

With this object in view large numbers of varieties of 
rice have been imported into the colony by the Board of 
Agriculture. About 100 of these are at present under cultiva- 
tion at the Government Experimental Fields, 

Cacao. 

Cacao-planting is an industry of some promise in parts of 
the colony, but unfortunately it requires for its successful in- 
stallation command of more capital than small farmers usually 
possess. Cacao requires for its satisfactory growth, land 



228 

well-drained to the dej-th of from three to five feet, and 
on land of this sort it does very well indeed. There 
are great areas* Of land a few miles up the lower reaches 
of the rivers where good drainage can be easily ensured 
and upon them cacao flourishes. It is to be regretted 
that persons with command of sufficient capital and with 
knowledge of the cultivation of cacao have not taken up its 
growth in these parts of the colony to a greater extent than 
has been done. 

At present only about 2,000 acres are planted in cacao ; 
their yield is mostly used for the local demands of the colony, 
and thus the export is small, not more, as a rule, than from 
400 to 500 cwts. per annum. That exported brings a good 
price, owing perhaps in part to the fact that the cacao grown 
in British Guiana contains a somewhat larger proportion of 
alkaloids than is usually the case, but mainly to the great 
care which is exercised in fermenting and curing the beans. 

In some plantations kola-nuts are grown among the cacao, 
and a small yearly export of about 40 cwts. testifies to that fact. 

Among subsidiary products, which do well wherever cacao 
and kola flourish, nutmegs occupy a prominent place. 

Coffee. 

In the earlier part of the last century British Guiana, and 
especially the county of Berbice, was celebrated for the high 
quality of the coffee it produced. Unfortunately, about the 
time of the cessation of slavery, circumstances beyond the 
control of the planters necessitated the gradual abandonment 
of the cultivation. 

At the present time about 1^300 acres are occupied in coffee- 
cultivation, practically the whole of their product being con- 
sumed locally. Two kinds of coffee are cultivated in the 
colony, the Arabian or so-called Creole kind, and the more 
recently introduced Liberian variety. Both sorts grow with 
exceptional vigour, and the former is singularly free from 
disease. 

Large areas of low-lying land in British Guiana are 
ideally suited to the growth of Arabian coffee. The meteoro- 
logical conditions of these parts of the colony are very similar 
to th se of the higher parts of many of the West Indian 
Islands, and when this is borne in mind the excellent way in 
which coffee grows on them ceases to be surprising. 



229 

It is greatly to be regretted that local conditions, especially 
scarcity of available labour, have restricted the extension of 
the area under cultivation and that the low price of coffee does 
not offer much inducement for small capitalists to take up its 
cultivation, while the two causes combined appear to offer almost 
insurmountable difficulties to its cultivation on the large scale. 
The Liberian variety grows very well indeed in many 
parts of the colony, and wherever it flourishes it proves very 
prolific ; in fact, at times the difficulty is to restrain its bearing- 
propensities sufficiently to prevent the tree permanently 
injuring itself. It is, however, on the coast-lands more 
adversely affected by unfavourable meteorological conditions 
than is the Arabian kind. But this is not the case at some 
distance back from the coast-line. 

Banaxas. 
Probably the most promising of the colony's undeveloped 
agricultural resources is the cultivation of bananas. There are 
few, if any, places better suited, from soil and meteorological 
conditions, and from the topography of the land with its sys- 
tems of natural and artificial waterways, than are the coast-lands 
of British Guiana for the cultivation of this fruit. The bananas 
grown in the colony are of large size and of excellent flavour. 
If facilities are provided for the rapid transport of the 
fruit from the colony and for placing them on the market, there 
can be little doubt that a great impetus will be given to the 
cultivation of bananas in the colony, and that in the course of a 
few years British Guiana will become one of the leading places 
in the world for the exportation of the fruit ; unfortunately, at 
present lack of satisfactory means of transport to the consum- 
ing countries makes this impossible. 

Coco-nuts. 
The area planted in coco-nuts has been steadily, though 
slowly, increasing for some years past, while of late years a 
marked tendency has arisen for planting them. This area can 
be very largely extended. But the exports of coco-nuts are very 
small, almost negligible, seldom more in any one year than 
250,000 nuts. This is due to the fact that the great majority 
of those grown are utilized in the colony for the preparation 
of oil and of cattle-food. The oil obtained from them has gradu- 
ally displaced the imported coco-nut oil, and retarded the im- 
portation of other edible oils. 



230 

Cotton and other Fibres. 

The climate of the coast-lands of British Guiana and the 
heavy nature of their available soils are not favourable for the 
growth of Sea Island, or even of Egyptian cotton, with com- 
mercial success. 

There are, however, several varieties of cotton in the 
colony which have been growing there for generations, and thus 
are practically indigenous. In the earlier parts of the last cen- 
tury cotton obtained from some of these varieties formed a very 
important export from the colony. The cottons are perennial 
tree-cottons, and grow with great vigour, being able on suita- 
ble land to withstand the detrimental effects of the somewhat 
erratic meteorological conditions of the coast-lands. These 
conditions result in periods of excessive rainfall and in others 
of more or less prolonged drought, and so seriously affect the 
yields of all the varieties Introduced up to the present from 
other countries that there is little or no prospect of their cul- 
tivation proving remunerative. The lint of the local kind 
is short-stapled, is about the same quality or somewhat better 
than rough Peruvian, and is worth 8d. to lOd. per lb. 

In many places and over large areas on the coast-lands 
and along the lower reaches of the rivers several varieties of 
commercially valuable fibres grow very readily. Unfortunately, 
the development of their cultivation so as to add them to the 
available resources of the colony is checked by the sparseness 
of the population of these districts. 

Citrus and other Fruits. 

Limes grow remarkably well on the lighter soils of 
British Guiana, especially where these are at some little distance 
from the sea. The trees are very free from disease, 
and bear heavy crops of large, thin-skinned and juicy 
fruit. There is no apparent reason why British Guiana 
should not become one of the most important producers 
of limes and their products in the world. The cultiva- 
tion of lime-trees is an industry peculiarly well-suited to 
the smaller land-owners and the peasantry of the colony, espe- 
cially for those residing on the lower reaches and in the islands 
near the estuaries of the great rivers. Much attention is at 
present being devoted towards the establishment of a citrate 
of lime industry in the colony. 

In the same belts of country, where cacao, and cofiee 



231 

flourish, oranges — especially Tangerine oranges — and other 
varieties of citrus-fruits, grow well and yield excellently 
flavoured fruit in abundance. 

Mangoes flourish and give very heavy yields on the better- 
drained parts of the coast-lands, the fruit of several kinds of 
them being of excellent quality. Large, excellently flavoured, 
pine-apples are a characteristic product of the belts of light- 
lands near the rivers. 

RUBBEE. 

Of late a good deal of interest has been taken in 
the cultivation of rubber-yielding plants in the colony, 
Very little rubber is exported at present and all that 
is appears to be collected from indigenous trees of 
the Sapium family. These attain great sizes in the for- 
ests of the coast-lands and are also found in the inte- 
rior of the colony. The rubber-yielding variety on the 
coast-lauds is the Toukpong of the natives, or Sapium Jen- 
mani of the botanists. Plantations of this tree are being made 
in the North Western District of the colony, and it is hoped 
these will be attended with success. 

There are numerous trees belonging to various varieties of 
Hevea growing in parts of the forests, but unfortunately the 
valuable kind, Hevea brasiliensis, one of the principal sources 
of Para rubber, is of rare occurrence in the colony. 

Experimental rubber plantations have been recently 
started by the Government in the North Western and Demerara 
Districts with the object of ascertaining which varieties of 
rubber-bearing trees are the more suitable for the local con- 
ditions of the coast-lands. Experimental plantings of Hevea 
brasiliensis and of other rubber-producing trees are being 
carried on on some of the sugar- plantations and on land granted 
for that purpose by the colony. It can be said with certainty 
that many parts of the colony appear to be almost ideally 
suited for the cultivation of various kinds of rubber-trees. 
Pastoeal Industeies. 

There are very large areas of land along the coasts of the 
colony which, when sufficiently drained, are very well-adapted 
for pastoral pursuits, especially for cattle-raising, and the time 
may be confidently looked forward to when the colony will be 
the main source of supply of cattle for the West Indian Islands. 
Great developments may take place in cattle-ranching on the 



232 

very extensive savannahs but probably this will not be in the 
near future. 

Horses are raised in some numbers on the plantations and 
farms of the coast-lands and the industry of horse-raising is 
capable of very great development. 

In order to assist in the extension of the pastoral industries 
the Government of the colony has imported several pure-bred 
bulls, rams and boars, and thoroughbred stallions. 



THE MINING INDUSTEY. 

[By Frank Fowler ^ Commissioner of Lands and Mines.) 

For many years previous to Sir Walter Ealeigh's ill-fated 
expedition to this Continent in 1617, the country lying between 
the rivers Amazon and Orinoco, and known as " Guiana," was 
believed to contain gold in wondrous quantity. 

Within the confines of Guiana there was supposed to 
exist a vast Empire which had been founded by a member of 
the Royal Family of Peru after the downfall of that Empire. 

The capital of Guiana was the City of Manoa or " Eldo- 
rado," and it was believed by the old historians to have been 
situated at Lake Amucu in the Rupununi district of this 
colony. This city was supposed to contain vast wealth and to 
be literally paved with gold. 

With such a reputation it is not surprising that many and 
various were the attempts made to reach it. 

The first expedition in this part of Guiana in search of 
gold was made in 1720, up the Berbice river, and various 
other expeditions were made up the Essequebo, Mazaruni and 
Cuyuni rivers during the ensuing 20 years, but with no success. 

Still, as gold had been discovered in Dutch and French 
Guiana on one side, and in Venezuela on the other, the belief 
remained that the precious metal existed in this colony also, 
and in 1863 a well-organized attempt was made by a company 
of English capitalists, styled " The British Guiana Gold 
Company," who sent an expedition up the Cuyuni river. 

Gold-bearing quartz was discovered at Wariri, a spot on 
the right bank of the river about 25 miles from its mouth, but 
the project was abandoned owing to the district being in 
dispute between this colony and Venezuela. 



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Attention was again directed to the auriferous possibilities 
of the colony in the eighties, and after some encouraging 
results from expeditions to the Essequebo and Cuyuni Districts, 
alluvial washing for gold became a recognized industry of the 
colony in 1886, when the Government brought into force the 
first Mining Regulations. 

From this time onward the industry developed with great 
strides^ and from a small production of 250 ozs. in 1884, the 
amount of gold produced rose steadily in each year until in 
the financial year 1893-94 it reached its highest limit of 
138,528 ozs. 

Gold has been discovered practically all over the colony, 
but the few expeditions up the Courantyne and Berbice rivers 
have found only traces of it. 

The history of the gold industry of this colony is but little 
different to that of other countries. As usual, as soon as it had 
been proved that gold existed in the colony and in paying quan- 
tities, a mad rush to the fields took place, small companies 
were formed on all sides and expeditions sent up to search 
for the precious metal, in many cases in charge of incom- 
petent, and often untrustworthy, men. 

A large number of these expeditions were however success- 
ful^ and large areas of land were prospected, and work was car- 
ried on for many years, but eventually most of the companies 
came to an end, with disastrous results to the share- 
holders who were chiefly the merchants, planters and shop- 
keepers in the colony. 

The consequence is that there are very few small companies 
at work now and no one with money to invest cares to finance a 
gold venture, 

Tributees. 

With a few marked exceptions such as the Peters' 
Mine, Omai and the Konawaruk dredging, the major portion 
of the gold that has been produced during the last six or seven 
years has been the results of the work of the tributer or^ as 
he is locally called, the "pork-knocker." The origin of this name 
is unknown but is given to a large class of men who originally 
started work in the fields as labourers with a claim-holder on 
some placer. After the collapse of the small companies and 
syndicates, these labourers having once been bitten with the 
gold fever remained in the districts and obtained leave from 



234 

the owners of claims to fossick around in the old workings. In 
this way large quantities of gold were obtained ; small bodies of 
men^ five or six or even ten in number bound themselves together 
and worked up all the old tailings that had been roughly and care- 
lessly put through the sluices in the earlier days. The work was 
cleaned up at the end of each day and the results equally divided 
between the men. Each man would then take his share of the gold 
to the nearest shop and sell it, buying his necessary food, etc., 
in return. 

These men often obtain fair remuneration, but in the 
majority of cases the results are not encouraging and the work 
is very arduous. 

The tributers are often driven to every expedientto obtain 
gold, and many go to the extent of sinking small shafts on the 
hill sides until they meet pay dirt, this being carried up in sacks 
and taken to the nearest water where it is washed in a " tom." 
Many of the hills are riddled by shafts and tunnels made by 
these men in this manner. 

The largest nugget yet obtained in the colony which 
weighed 333 ozs. and was of pure gold, was found by some pork- 
knockers in the Five Stars district in the upper Barima river. 

As soon as the tributer started, provision-shops became 
necessary, and they sprang up on all sides in the various 
districts. The necessaries of life can now be easily ob- 
tained in the fields at fair prices and of fair quality. 

The shops are an important factor in the carrying on of 
the industry and it can be easily recognized of what great 
advantage they would be to any company who desire to pros- 
pect in the colony, as they save all the trouble and expense of 
transport to the fields from Georgetown. 

They are situated along all the large main roads and 
trails in the districts, and are easily reached by would-be 
purchasers. 

Alluvial Washing. 

Until 1890 all the work carried on was alluvial washing, 
and this is the method generally adopted at the present time 
throughout the various districts. 

The gold obtained is, as a rule, coarse, and large nuggets 
are often found; the following being some of the principal 
ones : — 

84 ozs, at Omai, 





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90 ozs. in Puruni. 
333 5, at Five Stars, Baiima. 
111|^ ,, at Tiger Creek, Potaro, 
80 ,, at Mahdiana Placer, Potaro. 

After prospection has proved that the ground will pay 
for washing, a pit is dug 14 to 20 feet square, and all 
the overburden, where such occurs, which varies in depth 
from 3 feet to 6 feet, is dug out until the pay dirt or 
gravel is reached. In this pit a " torn " or " sluice " is then 
erected. 

The '' torn " is an open box about 8 feet long^ 3|- feet wide^ 
and 15 ins. deep. To one end is fixed an iron screen or 
perforated plate at an angle of 45 degrees, and the box 
is hung on pickets driven into the ground in the pit, near 
to the side where water has been brought by means of a small 
ditch dug from the nearest stream. 

Into the " torn " is thrown the gravel dug out of the pit 
and this is worked backwards and forwards by one or two 
men, being forced continually against the iron screen, all the 
while having a constant stream of water passing through the 
mass. This process liberates the gold ; the sand and dirt 
being washed away runs into a tail ditch, the large stones left 
in the " torn" being thrown out by a fork. Where nuggets occur 
they are discovered against the iron screen, and the fine 
gold passing through the perforations is caught in quick- 
silver placed in riffles in a small box below the end of the 
'*tom." 

The " tom " is cleaned up at the end of the day's work, the 
screen and riffles being removed, and the fine sand and gravel 
with all amalgam and quicksilver carefully brushed down the 
"tom" into a " battel" or " battea," a shallow conical iron or 
wooden dish about 18 inches in diameter. The liquid quicksilver 
is poured off into a wooden bucket and the sand removed and 
washed out of the battel by a circular oscillatory movement of 
the dish in water, leaving the amalgam at the bottom. This 
amalgam is then placed in a small cloth or chamois skin and 
carefully squeezed so as to remove as much of the quicksilver 
as possible. The amalgam left in the cloth is then flattened 
out into what might be termed pancakes, and placed in a flat 
iron dish or shovel over an ordinary fire and roasted until all 
the mercury has been volatilized. The gold then remains as a 



236 

dull yellow mass which can be broken up with the fingers into 
" gold dust." 

" Sluicing " is carried on practically in the same way as the 
work of the " torn" but has the advantage of allowing a larger 
number of men to work at the pit, which is made about twice 
the size of a pit for the " tom." The sluices are wooden 
boxes about 12 feet long and a foot wide and deep, placed 
end to end so that the end of the one box fits into the end of 
another. Sometimes as many as six are used and riffles are 
placed in two or three of the end ones with quicksilver to 
catch the gold, the day's production being cleaned up in the 
same way as in the case of the " toms." 

The loose gravel, clay and sand are not puddled as in the 
" tom " but are allowed to run through the whole lengths of the 
sluices, the rush of water carrying the mass along until it drops 
at the end, the miner depending on the water to do the clean- 
ing work for him. On this account the sluice is not suitable 
for stiff clay ground which requires puddling as in a " tom," 
but it has the advantage of enabling a larger area of ground 
being worked out in one day with proportionately fewer men. 

The tributer has another method of working called 
" crabbing." This consists in searching around in all the creeks 
and hillsides, and in old workings, for pieces of quartz in which 
there is visible gold. This quartz is pounded up and any nuggets 
of gold found are carefully put aside. The fine gravel and sand 
resulting from the pounding are then taken to the nearest creek 
and washed in the " battel " ; in many cases good " finds " have 
been obtained in this manner, and it demonstrates the richness 
of the float quartz that is found in large quantities all over 
the fields. 

Quartz Mining. 

In 1890 numerous outcrops of gold-bearing quartz found 
in the districts, attracted the attention of miners from Europe, 
America, and South Africa, and some large companies were 
formed to work the reefs which had been located at Kanaimapu 
and Appaparu in the Demerara river, and in the vicinity of 
Arakaka, on the Barima river. North West District. 

Succees did not crown their efforts and the majority of 
the companies formed for this purpose have ceased to exist. 

At the Barima Mine however^ an English company is now 
at work developing, and good results are anticipated from the 









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237 

crushing operations, as during the earlier period of its history 
7,796 ozs. of gold were obtained from the ore crushed. 

In 1903 an American company purchased nine daims in 
the Puruni river owned by some brothers named Peters, who 
had for two or three years been digging out the face of an out- 
crop of quartz at this spot, and crushing the ore so obtained 
in a very small and primitive way, but with very good results. 

This company, named the '' British Guiana (Puruni) 
Gold Concessions Company, Limited," at once started 
systematically to develop their property and very soon had a 
small 15-stHmp mill at work, the first crushing being made in 
September, 1905, since which date work has been steadily carried 
on, with the result that up to 31st March, 1909, 28,549 ozs. of 
gold have been obtained. 

Some large and valuable reefs have been opened up, and 
the prospects of the mine are very promising. 

Hydeaulicing. 

llie most successful alluvial washing was carried on at 
*' Omai " in the Essequebo river and the claims at this spot 
were eventually purchased by a syndicate of German capi- 
talists styled " The Guiana Syndicate " who decided to work 
the ground by hydraulicing, and extensive machinery was 
erected for this purpose. 

Washing was commenced in September, 1902 and was 
steadily carried on until September, 1905 when the work was 
closed down, as it was found that the cost was too great to 
allow" of any profit. 

During this period the company obtained 27,123 ozs. of 
gold. 

A small dredge, and later on a very large one, were erected 
and worked on one of the creeks and flats of the property, but 
the result has been disappointing and the company has now 
closed down all work. 

Unfortunately the district around Omai did not lend itself 
to a natural head of water being obtained for hydraulicing, and 
it was necessary to erect and maintain large pumps for the 
purpose of obtaining the necessary water pressure. The cost of 
their working and upkeep was enormous, the fuel alone being 
a considerable item of the expense. 

The property is not by any means worked out, only about 
60 acres having been sluiced, out of an area of 410 acres, and 



238 

there is no reason why large quantities of gold should not yet 
be obtained by the old methods of sluicing which first brought 
Omai into prominence. 

As far as the records show, 82,712 ozs. of gold have been 
obtained from Omai since it was discovered, and of this amount, 
about 51,000 ozs. were obtained previous to the purchase by 
" The Guiana Syndicate." There is no doubt that the ground 
in the vicinity is very rich. 

Dredging. 

The possibilities of dredging the rivers and ' creeks for 
gold had for some years previous to 1900 claimed attention, 
and eventually an English comjoany styled " The British 
Guiana Gold Dredging Company," erected a dredge on the 
Barima river, but after a brief period of work which resulted 
in little gold, the venture was abandoned and the dredge was 
purchased by " The Guiana Syndicate " and put to work at 
Omai, where it was very successful for about two years. 

Another English company, called " The Guiana Gold Com- 
pany," hold a dredging concession on the Konawaruk river, 
a tributary of the Essequebo above Potaro, and com- 
menced operations in December, 1906, with very gratifying 
results, 6,976 ozs. of gold having been obtained by their dredge 
up to 31st March, 1909. 

The Company is erecting another dredge on this river 
and will probably still further increase their plant. 

The dredging possibilities in the Potaro district are very 
marked and will probably attract attention some day. 

Diamond Mining. 

During the early years of the gold industry, diamonds 
were often found in the production when being cleaned up at end 
of the day's work, and the stones naturally attracted attention. 

Eventually an expedition to the upper Mazaruni in 1890, 
whilst searching for gold, discovered small diamonds in the 
gravel in some numbers. 

In the following years several expeditions were despatched 
to this district and located and worked land for this purpose, 
but although the stones were found in considerable numbers 
they were small, and of no great value, and the search was 
practically abandoned. 

In 1900, a company named " The British Guiana Diamond 
Syndicate," obtained a concession for 2,U00 acres on the 



239 

Putareng Creek, a tributary of the Mazaruni river, and later on 
another company styled, " The Mazaruni Company," obtained a 
similar concession for 5,858 acres in the same district. The 
latter is still carrying on work, but the first company is defunct. 

Diamonds have been found on the left bank of the 
Curibrong River near \vhere it empties itself into the Potaro 
river, and some work was carried on there for a time but 
eventually abandoned as the stones obtained were small and 
few. 

Large numbers of stones have been found by the various 
workers, and of good quality, but of small size, the average 
being 10 or 15 to the carat. 

The industry has languished of late years, the excessive 
cost of transport prohibiting any development. 

A very large area of ground has been prospected and 
proved to contained diamonds and should the Government be 
able to open up the district by a road, which they hope to do 
in the near future, the industry will again receive the attention 
it well deserves. 

The system of work carried on has been practically the 
same as that of sluicing for gold, only that of course no 
quicksilver or liffles are used. 

The gravel or pay dirt is puddled and gradually forced 
through a series of iron screens, the holes in which begin with 
half inch in the first screen and are gradually reduced down to 
one eighteenth of an inch in the last one. The fine gravel which 
has passed through this last screen is collected and thrown 
on a large iron plate on a table, and being spread out is 
then carefully searched for the diamonds which are easily 
recognisable by their brilliant lustre and shape. 

Transport. 

In the early days of mining in the colony, the labourers 
had to pull the boats loaded with food and tools for days from 
the termini of the steamers up the diff'erent rivers to the 
different placers, but all this has been done away with of late 
years with the opening of roads and the extension of the 
steamer communication, which enable the men to get direct to 
the districts, in a few days from Georgetown. 

All that is now necessary in carrying out an expedition, is 
to engage the labourers in town and then go on board the 
steamer which runs to the district selected ;, arrangements can 



240 

easily be made with the principal shopkeepers at all the mining 
centres for further transport^ if such is necessary. 

Mining Laws. 

The Mining Regulations of the colony are very generous 
and comprehensive. Prospecting licences are issued for $5, or 
20s. lOd. which are in force for 1 year from date of issue. These 
licences give the holder the right, either by himself or some 
properly authorised agent, to locate any number of claims 1,500 
ft. long by 800 ft. wide. 

Claims. 

Claims are located by cutting a boundary line at least 
four feet wide, and putting up posts or beacons at each corner, 
with a board on which must be painted in legible letters the 
name of the locator, number of prospecting licence, and date 
of location, and, after it has been obtained, the number of the 
claim licence, a tablet with a special number, obtained at 
time the claim licence is issued, and on payment of one shilling, 
must also be affixed to one of the posts on the claim. These 
claims exist for so long as the holder pays the yearly rent of 
$5 (20s. lOd.), which is due in advance every 1st April, and they 
give a right to the use of the surface and to all deposits within 
the vertical planes in which the surface boundaries lie. These 
licences can be revoked by the Governor for non-working of 
land, and can be " jumped " by any one if the boundaries are 
not kept open and notice boards in position. 

Exclusive Prospecting Rights. 

Any person can obtain an " exclusive permission " or 
really a prospecting concession, for three years, of a large area, 
on payment of §10 (£2 Is. 8d.) deposit with application and a 
yearly rent payable in advance of V^c (3jd.) per acre. 
Boundaries can be natural features such as streams or mountains, 
or lines must be cat around as in locations for ordinary claims. 
This title reserves to the holder the sole right to prospect and 
locate what claims be desires during the time he holds it ; bona 
fide exploration work must be carried on all the time or the per- 
mission is liable to cancellation. He can also at any time during 
the period for which the permission is granted, cut out and aban- 
don any portion of the area which is not considered profitable, 
and secure a corresponding reduction in the annual rental*. 

* The conditions on which these Permissions are ordinarily granted, are 
printed elsewhere. — Vide Index. — Ed. 



241 

Concessions. 

The Goveruor may grant to any person who can produce 
satisfactory evidence of his financial ability to work the land, 
mining concessions for large areas under special leases for any 
period up to 99 years. These concessions in addition to being 
subject to some clauses of the Mining Regulations, have special 
conditions as to continuous work and mode of same attached, 
a breach of which renders them liable to cancellation. A yearly 
rental of 20 cents (lOd.) per acre is payable in advance on 
1st April and, as in cases of exclusive permissions, a deposit 
of $10 (<£2 Is. 8d.) must be made with the application.* 

Surveys. 

Surveys by a Government Surveyor of all mining conces- 
sions are required before issue. The fee for this work is 10 
cents (5d.) per acre, plus actual cost of work and taking the 
surveyor to and from the spot. 

Dkedging Concessions. 

Dredging concessions of rivers or creeks are granted under 
special leases for any term of years up to 99, with special con- 
ditions attached as to continuous work. 

Rental is 10 cents (5d.) per acre payable in advance each 
1st April and a dejoosit of $10 (£2 Is. 8d.) must be made \^ith 
application. Surveys must be made as in mining concessions 
unless area of concession can be accurately ascertained and end 
boundaries can be defined by some natural feature. 

No concessions can be " jumped" like an ordinary claim 
for failure to keep the boundaries open. 

All claims and concessions give holder the right to use 
timber on them and in the case of dredging cimcessions this 
right extends over a width of 150 feet on each bank of stream. 
A record of all gold or precious stones obtained must be 
accurately kept on claim shewing daily returns, and copy of 
this book must accompany all gold or precious stones when 
being taken off claim for conveyance to Georgetown. 
Disposal and Conveyance of Gold, etc. 

Gold and precious stones can be sold in any district to a 
person specially licensed to purchase same. Gold on being con- 
veyed to Georgetown must be taken to the Warden at the nearest 
gold station and a permit obtained for its conveyance to town, 

* The conditions on which concessions are granted will be found else* 
where. — Vide Index, — Ed. 



U2 

and within 24 hours of its arrival there it must be taken to the 
office of the Commissioner of Lands and Mines and royalty paid 
thereon at the rate of 70 cents (2s. lid.) per ounce. No 
royalty is payable on precious stones obtained from a claim, 
but they must be declared at the nearest Government station of 
she district, and a permit obtained for their conveyance to 
Georgetown. Precious stones found on prospection pay royalty 
of 10 per cent, of value either in payment or kind, and must 
be taken to the Commissioner of Lands and Mines in the 
same way as gold. 

Labour. 

The labourers employed in the Gold and Diamond in- 
dustries are chiefly negroes, natives of the colony, and of French 
and Dutch Guiana, and the West Indian Islands, and no better 
men could be got for the work. They are of strong physique 
and capable of great endurance but they object to steady 
continuous work. 

All labourers engaged on a concession or claim, with the 
exception of aboriginal Indians, must be registered at the In- 
stitute of Mines and Forests. 

The Institute, which has its chief office in Georgetown and 
branches in all the mining centres, will engage and register 
labourers for a small fee. The daily wages generally paid range 
from 36 cents (Is. 6d.) to 72 cents (or 3s.) and rations according 
to a scale laid down by the Government, but now that shops are 
so well supplied and are so plentiful in the districts, it is 
possible to arrange with a shopkeeper for the feeding of the 
labourers at a cost, according to the locality, ranging from 20 
cents to 30 cents per man per day. 

Labourers are registered to serve for a period of, usually, 
three to four months, and receive advances ranging from $4 to 
$8 a man according to arrangement. 

Where 50 men are employed a qualified dispenser 
must be employed to attend to them when ill. The 
regulatirns also require that certain medicines must be kept on 
each claim or concession. A Register of persons employed must 
be kept on the claim shewing rates of wages, amounts earned and 
deductions made, and at the end of the contract each labourer 
must be given a certified account shewing these items and balance 
due. Failure to pay wages for 14 days after they are due 
entails a penalty of $50. (£10 8s. 4d.)in a ddition to the liability 



243 

to pay the wages due. Ou the other hand a labourer who fails 
to carry out his contract of service is punished by fine or im- 
prisonment : and where a fine is paid, any sum owing to the 
employed by such labourer by way of advance or otherwise is 
refunded out of the fine paid. All servants must be returned 
to the place where engaged at cost of the employer. Death on any 
claim or on journey to and fro must be reported to the nearest 
Warden as soon after as possible. 

All surroundings to camps and residences must be kept 
clean and in a sanitary condition to the satisfaction of the 
Warden of the district who can at all reasonable times enter 
premises and claim to satisfy himself if this is done. 

The Warden can reserve any creek for drinking purposes, 
and such creek is not open to location. 

Mining Disputes. 

All disputes arising under the regulations are settled by 
the Warden of the district in which they arise, and only the 
Supreme Court has the power to set aside a Warden's decision 
after appeal has been made against it. 

The reader who desires to obtain more precise and 
detailed information as to the mineral resources of the colony 
is advised to purchase and peruse " The Geological Handbook 
of the colony" which contains a mass of valuable geological and 
mining data edited by Professor Harrison, M. A., C.M.G., the 
Government Geologist. The book can be purchased at the office of 
the Crown Agents for the Colonies, 3, Whitehall Gardens, 
London, S.W., Dulau and Company, 37, Soho Square, London, 
W., and in the colony for the small sum of five shillings. 

Below is a statement showing the gold produced in the 
colony from 1884 to 3Lst March, 1909, and also a list of some 
of the old companies who worked in the fields in the early years 
of the rush, with the gold obtained by them during the time 
work was carried on. 

With the exception of gold and diamonds no mining for 
any other minerals is carried on in the colony. 

The following shows the gold obtained by alluvial washing 

from the principal claims in the various fields in the colony 

during the years 1893 to 31st March, 1908. 

Potaro — Ozs. 

Inflexible Syndicate ... 1894-1900 ... 12,387 

Compromise Syndicate ... 1895-1901 ... 5,028 

M^hdiana Company ... 1894-1900 ... 9,395 



244 

Ozs. 

Rhodius Syndicate ... 1894-1900 ... 17,190 

Ganiett Syndicate ... 1894-1908 ... 42,505 

Hope Placer ... ... 1894-1899 ... 8,375 

Prosperity Placer ... 1894-1899 ... 4,060 

Essequiho — Omai — 

Jacobs, Correia and Rosa ... 1890-1899 ... 23,918 

Guiana Syndicate and Deme- 
rara Exploration Coy. ... 1902-1907 ... 31,745 

North West District — Barima — 

Arakaka Placer and Mining 

Company ... ... 1894-1901 ... 11,385 

Cuyuni — 

Pistano and Richards ... 1894-1900 ... 14,212 

Mazaruni — 

Barnard Syndicate ... 1894-1908 ... 26,139 

The following shows the gold obtained by quartz-milling 
in the colony during the years 1894 to 31st March, 1909. 

JJemerara River — Ozs. 

Kanaimapoo Gold Mining 1894-1900 ... 756 

Company, afterwards Gold 

Quartz Syndicate. 
North West District — Barima — 

Barima Gold Mining Com- 1896-1909 ... 11,281 

pany now Briiish Guiana 

Gold Mines, Limited, 
Winter Gold Mining Com- 1897-1899 ... 2,191 

pany now Briti.sh Guiana 

Gold Mines, Limited. 
Gates Syndicate ... 1897-1898 ... 986 

Sir Walter Raleigh Gold 1896-1897 ... 79 

Mining Company. 
Barr Robertson Syndicate 18961905 ... 2,120 

afterwards Sealey Mine now 

H. M. Engelen. 

British Guiana (Puruni) Gold 19051909 ... 28,549 

Concessions Company, Ltd. 



THE CROWN LANDS. 



Information for Applicants for Crown Land for 
Purposes other than Mining. 

Of the total area of 90,277 square miles which the colony 
comprises, it is estimated that there is an available area of 
approximately 88,000 square miles of Crown Land not yet dis- 
posed of. This area comprises extensive tracts of forest-covered 
country containing many valuable kinds of timber, and large 
areas of savannah or prairie land well adapted for grazing 
cattle, while the lands on the banks of the lower reaches of 



245 

the several rivers are very fertile and well suited for agricul- 
tural purposes. 

The disposal of the Crown lands, for purposes other than 
mining, is provided for under Ordinance No. 32 of 1903 and 
regulations framed thereunder, which vest in the Governor 
the sole power in dealing with them. The Ordinance and 
regulations are administered by the Lands and Mines Depart- 
ment, the head of which is styled the Commissioner of Lands 
and Mines, hereinafter referred to as the Commissioner. 
Forms of Title Issued. 

The forms of title under which the Crown Lands are 
disposed of may be classed under four general heads, — Grants^ 
Leases^ Licences and Permissions. 

Grants. 

Land having trees thereon suitable for wood-cutting pur- 
poses, or for the collection of rubber or balata, is not sold, but 
is reserved to be dealt with under special licences granted for 
those purposes. It is however provided that all timber on any 
lands sold, and all rubber, balata and other substances obtained 
therefrom, shall be the property of the grantee. 

The form of title given for Crown land purchased out- 
right is termed a '' Grant," which is signed by the Governor. 
No Crown land shall be sold for a less price than fifty cents 
(2/1) per acre. From time to time the Commissioner shall 
publish in the Gazette the price at which the Governor has 
decided Crown land shall ordinarily be sold. The area of 
tracts sold outright is ordinarily limited to from 25 to 100 
acres, the ordinary applicant being restricted to 25 acres 
unless he can show that he is financially able to cope with 
a larger area. Tracts of larger area than 100 acres are 
in special circumstances sold to approved applicants. 

Land sold outright, or " granted " as it is termed, can be 
dealt with in the same manner as private property and may be 
leased, mortgaged or sold by the " grantee" at will. The 
grantee must keep erected at each of the front boundary paals a 
notice board showing in legible letters the registered number 
of the grant, and the bearings and length of the side and front 
boundaries ; and must keep the boundary lines of the tract open 
to the satisfaction of an inspecting officer of the Land and Mines 
Department. This condition is in force for 10 years from 
the date of the grant and non-compUance with it during that 



246 

period renders the grant liable to cancellation at the discretion 
of the Governor. At the expiration of the 10 years, the grant 
shall in all respects be regarded as freehold property. 

In addition to the form of grant above-mentioned the 
Governor has the power to make grants subject to such condi- 
tions as he may think fit. 

Cost of obtaining a Grant — for tracts of from 25 to 100 
acres in extent the charge is ordinarily — a sum of fifty cents 
per acre, which includes all costs of survey and preparation of 
the title. For tracts of larger area than 100 acres such sum 
per acre as the Governor may fix according to the estimated 
value of the land having regard to its situation, etc. 
Homestead Grants. 

A grant not exceeding five acres forming portion of a block 
of land reserved to be granted as homestead grants, may be 
purchased by an individual who is the head of a family, and is 
21 years of age, on his signing a declaration to that effect 
before a Justice of Peace. 

The conditions attaching to a homestead grant require 
the holder to erect a dwelling on the land within one year 
from the date of issue, and to reside on the land continuously 
for 10 years, during which period he must beneficially occupy 
or cultivate one-fifth of the area during the first year and 
thereafter increase this area yearly by at least one-tenth of 
the whole area of the tract, until he has the whole of the tract 
cultivated or beneficially occupied. 

Notice boards must be erected and boundary lines kept 
clear, as in the case of Grants. 

A grantee who complies with the above conditions for 
10 years is at the end of that period given an absolute title to 
the land, which may then be treated as private property. 

Cost oj obtaining Homestead Grant. — The sum of fifty cents 
for each acre applied for. 

Leases and Licences of Occupancy. 

Land for agricultural purposes (other than the cultivation 
of rubber for which special conditions are prescribed), or for 
grazing purposes, can also be obtained under lease or licence 
of occupancy for any term of years, or during His Majesty's 
pleasure, as the case may be. The area licensed for agricultural 
purposes is ordinarily limited to from 25 to 100 acres. 
To approved applicants a larger area may be leased or licensed. 



247 

Licences of occupancy for agricultural purposes are 
ordinarily granted subject to the following conditions : — 

The holder shall not transfer his interest in the land 
or sublet any portion of the laud without the permission 
of the Commissioner. 

If aboriginal Indians are employed, a book must be 
kept, to be open to the inspection of any officer of 
the Department of Lands and Mines, or any Commis- 
sary, or any Officer of the Police Force, showing the 
particulars of every such Indian and the rate of wages 
and amounts paid, and wages must be paid in money 
except with the permission of the Protector of Indians, 
and must be paid (as such Indian may desire) either 
weekly or at the expiration of his contract, or part 
weekly, and the remainder at the expiration of his contract. 
No spirituous liquor shall be given to any aboriginal 
Indian as an equivalent for or in part payment of 
any work done on or in connection with the land. 

Notice boards must be kept erected and boundary 
lines kept open, as in the case of grants. 

Rental must be paid in advance within the first quarter 
of each financial year. 

At least one-fourth of the tract must be cultivated 
or beneficially occupied within two years from date 
of issue of licence, and must thereafter be main- 
tained in good order to the satisfaction of the Com- 
missioner. 

All timber on the land licensed and all rubber, balata or 
other gums obtained from trees thereon, or any 
orchids or plants obtained therefrom, shall be the pro- 
perty of the licensee and may be sold or disposed of 
by him without payment of any royalty. 
Leases. — The Governor is empowered to grant leases on 
such conditions as he may think fit ; that is to say, when the 
conditions above mentioned are not applicable to the particular 
purpose for which it may be desired to grant a lease, he may 
impose such conditions irrespective of the above as he may 
consider fit. 

Cost oj obtaining Lease or Licence for agricultural pur- 
poses. — The fees payable on Leases and Licences of occupancy 
for agricultural purposes are : — ^ 



248 

Fee on application ,.. ... ... ...$ 5 00 

Survey fee — per acre for the first 500 acres ... 30 

for each acre above 500 and up to 1,000 ... 20 

for each acre above 1,000 ... ... ... 10 

(The Commissioner may permit any applicant to supply all 
labour, materials, and appliances needed for cutting lines and 
for aiding the surveyor in making the survey, and in such case 
shall, on completion of the survey, refund to the applicant from 
the fee deposited with his application, the cost of such labour, 
appliances, etc). 
Rental — 

For small tracts of 25 to 100 acres for agricultural purposes 
the rate is ordinarily 5 cents per acre. For larger areas from 5 
cents an acre upwards, as may be fixed by the Governor accord- 
ing to the estimated value of the land. 

Licences to cut Wood. 
The Regulations provide that land containing valuable 
timber shall not be sold or licensed for agricultural purposes 
but shall be reserved to be dealt with under special licences to 
cut wood. Such licences may be obtained for any desired 
term of years or during His Majesty's pleasure (as the case may 
be) for any area not exceeding in ordinary cases 2,000 acres. 
Larger areas are granted in special circumstances to approved 
applicants who can satisfy the Governor of their ability to 
work them. 

The conditions attaching to wood cutting licences are : — 
The licensee shall pay in advance the annual rent speci- 
fied in the licence. 

He must not transfer or sublet his interest in the land 
without the Commissioner's permission. 

He must work the tract to the satisfaction of the Com- 
missioner. 

He must comply with the same conditions in regard to 
the employment of aboriginal Indians and the payment 
of their wages as are attached to leases and licences of 
occupancy. 

Notice boards must be kept erected at extremities of 
facade or some other conspicuous place and boundary 
lines kept clear as in the case of grants and licences 
of occupancy. 

No greenheart tree must be cut which will square less 



249 

than 10 inches, and no bullet tree must be cut without 

the Commissioner's permission. 

Royalty payable — On greenheart or other hardwoods of a 
specific gravity higher than -7 one cent (|d.) per cubic foot; 
other timber with a specific gravity not more than '7 is subject 
to a royalty of one half of one cent (^d.) per cubic foot. Shingles 
pay 10 cents (5d.) per 1,000. Paling staves, 12 ce nts (6d.) 
per 100 and vat staves and tacouba paling posts 10 cents per 
100 feet. Charcoal pays one cent per bag of not more than 
100 lbs. and firewood 8 cents (4d.) per cord. Other small 
royalties are payable on wattles, spars, posts, etc., and barks. 
(See index under " Royalty.") All royalties must be paid 
forthwith after the delivery to the authorised officer of the 
permit granted for the removal of the article from the tract. 

Security — Before the licence is issued the licensee must, if 
required by the Commissioner, give security to his satisfaction 
in a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars that the Crown 
forests shall not sutFer any injury and that all royalty shall be 
duly paid. If such security be not given for two months after 
the Commissioner has notified that it is required, the applica- 
tion shall be forfeited and all fees deposited shall be 
forfeited. 

Cost oj obtaining Wood-cutting Licence — 

Fee on application — $5. 

Fee for survey — where a survey is required — -as to which 
see under '' Surveys,"— at the rate prescribed in the case of 
Leases and Licences of Occupancy. 

Rental — at the rate of $5 for any area up to 500 acres, 
and 1 10 for any area greater than 500 acres. 

Timber Depot and Cart Paths. 

The holder of a wood-cutting licence may obtain permis- 
sion to occupy as a depot for storing his timber, etc., and to 
cultivate any portion thereof for the support of himself and 
his labourers an area not exceeding 5 acres on a river or 
creek, and to make and use a timber or cart path connecting 
same with his wood-cutting tract, on payment of a fee of $1 
and a rental of $1 per annum. 

A licensee may, on obtaining a Permission at the cost of 
$1 from the Commissioner, bleed balata from bullet-trees which 
he has obtained special permission to fell for the purpose of 
being squared but from no others. 



250 

LicEXCEs TO Collect Balata and Rubber. 
Licences conferring the right to collect both balata (the 
gum of the buUet-tree) and rubber, are granted for a term not 
exceeding 15 years or during His Majesty's pleasure (as the 
case may be.) The area allowed under a licence is com- 
paratively large, being 50 square miles in all districts north of 
the Siparuni River computed as follows, — a fa9ade or width of 
4 miles along the river, on which the tract is situated by 
a depth inland from the river of 12| miles. In the less 
accessible districts south of the Siparuni River an area of 
250 square miles, more or less, defined as far as practicable by 
natural features such as creeks, etc., is allowed under one 
licence. 

Security. — Before the licence is issued the applicant must 
give security to the Commissioner to his satisfaction in a sum 
not exceeding five thousand dollars that the Crown forests shall 
not suffer any injury and that the royalty shall be duly paid. 
If such security is not given within two months from the date 
the Commissioner calls upon the applicant to give it, the 
application shall be cancelled and all fees paid shall be forfeited. 
A person holding more than one licence may in lieu of giving 
separate security in respect of each tract give security in a 
maximum sum of $5,000 in respect of all such tracts. 

These licences carry the same conditions as regards 
transfer and subletting of the holder's interest ; employ- 
ment of aborigines and payment of their wages, and 
erection of notice boards, as are prescribed in the case of 
licences to cut wood, and in addition are subject to the 
following requirements :— 

The licence shall not confer the right to plant rubber, 
balata or other trees, and the Governor may grant lease 
or license for any purpose whatsoever to any person, 
any portion of the land licensed, and the right of the 
licensee to any portion so granted, leased or licensed 
shall thereupon cease and determine. 

No person shall be employed in any capacity whatever 
on or in connection with the tract licensed who has not 
been registered in the Department of Lands and Mines. 
Any person found labouring on a tract in contravention of 
this regulation is liable on conviction to a penalty not 
exceeding $25, 



251 

The licensee must work the tract to the satisfaction of the 

Commissioner, provided always that the Commissioner may 

grant permission in writing to cease work on the tract for 

such time as he may think fit. 

No bullet tree shall be cut or bled which measures less 

than 36 inches around the circumference measured at 4 

feet above ground. 

No tree shall be cut or bled on more than three-quarters 

of its circumference at any one time nor shall any tree be 

bled until the wound caused by a previous incision has 

healed. 

The incisions in the bark must not be more than 1-J- 

inches wide and must not be the full depth of the bark. 

Any person who bleeds any tree in contravention of any of 
the three preceding conditions is on conviction liable to a 
penalty of $48. A licensee is empowered and expected to 
prosecute an offending employee. Inability on the part of a 
licensee to fix the responsibility for any injury caused to the 
tress on a tract licensed to him is in practice treated as 
evidence of lack of proper supervision. Where the injury is 
not in' the opinion of the Governor of such a serious nature as 
to warrant the cancellation of the licence and the enforcing of 
the bond for the full amount, the licensee is required to pay to 
the Government, by way of penalty money^ such a sum as the 
Governor may in his discretion fix having regard to the extent 
of the damage done. The fact that an offending employee is 
prosecuted and convicted at the instance of a licensee does 
not, of necessity, absolve the licensee from responsibility. 

Royalty on balata and rubber — 2 cents (Id.) per lb. 

Cost of ohtaining a Balata Licence. — 
Fee on application $8. 
Rental of $20 per annum. 

In the case of two contiguous tracts held by different 
licensees the common boundary of which is not defined by 
natural features, the Commissioner may require such boundary 
line to be cut and defined at the joint expense of the licensees. 
Cost of cutting such line — 5 cents per rood of length. 
Licences to collect Gums and Orchids. 

Any person desiring for the purpose of trade to collect 
any gums other than balata or rubber, or any tonka beans or 
plants, or to collect orchids whether for trade or not, must 



252 

obtain a permission in writing from the Commissioner, 
Fees payable: — 

For a permission to collect gums, etc. ... $ 1 

For a permission to collect orchids — 

For export ... ... 5 

For trade, but not for export ... 2 

Such permissions run for the period of the financial year 
only, i.e., from L«t April to 31st March following or for any 
part of such period. 

Royalty payable where such gums, etc., or orchids are 
exported : — 

Gums, etc. ... ... 1 cent a lb. 

Orchids ... ... 5 cents each. 

Licences to Quarry. 
Licences to quarry stone, sand, gravel, shell, caddy, 
kaolin, etc., are issued for any term of years or during His 
Majesty's pleasure (as the case may be) on conditions similar 
to those attached to wood-cutting licences as regards transfer 
of interest, employment of aborigines, erection of notice boards 
and keeping open of boundary lines. 

Operations must be commenced within such time from the 
date of the licence as may be fixed by the Governor and must 
be thereafter continued to the satisfaction of the Commis- 
sioner on pain of cancellation of the licence, 

Blasting operations must be carried on only between 
sunrise and sunset and a red flag must be hoisted at the spot 
of quarrying at least 5 minutes before each blast. 

The applicant for a licence;, except where the application 
is for a licence to quarry stone, must enter into a bond in the 
sum of $240 (£50) or deposit that sum with the Receiver 
General, in security for the payment of royalty. 
Royalty payable : — 

Kaolin ... ... 5 cents a ton. 

The royalty must be paid forthwith on delivery to 
the authorised officer of the Department of Lands and 
Mines of the permit for removal issued by the licensee or his 
agent. 

Cost of ohiaining a Licence to Quarry. — Fees payable : — 
Fee on application — other than for a licence 

to quarry stone ... ... $5 00 

On application for a licence to quarry stone 24 



253 

Survey fee — at same rate prescribed for 

licences to cut wood. 
Rental — such annual sum as the Governor may fix. 
Sand, Shell, Gravel, etc., may be removed from Crown 
land on obtaining a permit from the Commissioner, available for 
six weeks after date of issue, for which there is no charge, 
stating the weight or quantity of such sand, etc., the 
place whence it is to be taken, the mode of its removal 
and its ultimate destination. Royalty at the rate of 1 cent 
per ton must be paid at the time such permit is granted. 
Leases foe the Cultivation of Rubber. 
The Governor may grant leases of areas of laud of any 
size for the purpose of cultivating rubber thereon, for a term 
of ninety-nine years, subject to the following conditions : — 

No rent shall be payable for the first ten years. From 
the eleventh to fifteenth year inclusive, there shall be pay- 
able in advance an annual rent of 20 cents (lOd.) per acre 
on the total acreage of tlie concession. From the sixteenth 
year onwards the rent shall be 50 cents (2s. Id.) per acre 
per annum. In default of payment of such rent on the day 
on which it is due, the lessee shall in addition pay interest 
thereon at the rate of 6 per cent, per annum for each day 
of default. 

For any rubber, balata or other like substances obtained 
on the land, whether from indigenous or cultivated trees, 
during the first ten years of the lease, there shall be paid 
to the Government royalty at the rate of 2 cents per lb. 

The lessee shall each year plant up with rubber trees, with 
an average of not less than sixty trees to the acre, one 
twenty-fifth of the area, until he shall have so planted up 
ten twenty-fifths of the total area of the tract, and he 
must maintain such cultivation in good order. 

In clearing the land for cultivation, no bullet tree or rub- 
ber producing tree shall be destroyed without the permis- 
sion in writing of the Commissioner of Lands and Mines. 

The lease carries the same conditions as to transfer, 
employment of aborigines, erection of notice boards, and 
keeping open of boundary lines, as are prescribed in the 
case of Grants and Licences. 

The lease shall not confer on the lessee any right to take 
or obtain mineral oil from the land or from any deposit in 



254 

or under the land, and all officers of the Crown or Govern- 
ment or oth^r persons thereto specially authorised by 
the Government shall at all times have the right to enter 
such lands for the purpose of obtaining mineral oil there- 
from ; Provided that the lessee shall have the right to 
compensation for any damage suffered by him in conse- 
quence of such entry and the obtaining of mineral oil 
from the said lands. 

The land leased shall be subject to the right of way 
across any portion of it to the Crown Lands aback of the 
said land for the officers and servants of the Crown and 
others thereto authorised by the Crown or Govern- 
ment. 

Tf the lessee pays the rent reserved and observes and 
performs all the covenants and conditions of the lease he 
shall peaceabW and quietly possess and enjoy the land 
without any interruption by the Crovvn or any person 
lawfully or equitably claiming from or under the Crown. 
If any of the terms and conditions are not complied 
with or the rent is not paid within 15 days after it 
becomes due, the Commissioner shall have the right to 
re-enter and take possession of the land without paying 
compensation for any buildings and machinery thereon. 

If all the terms of the lease have been complied with, 
the lessee shall have the right at any time after the 
expiration of ten years from date of the lease to purchase 
the land leased at the price of four dollars (16s. 8d,) an 
acre and on payment of the said price an absolute grant 
of the land shall be made to him and such land shall 
thereafter be in the same position as private land. 
Cost of obtaining Lease for Rubber Cultivation. — 
Fee on application, — $5. 

Survey fee — including diagram — at the rate of 30 cents 
(Is. 3d) per acre up to 500 acres ; for each acre above 500 
and up to 1,000 at the rate of 20 cents (lOd.) per acre for 
each acre above 1,000 at the rate of 10 cents (5d.) per acre. 

Permissions. 

The Governor may, provided he is satisfied that the 

number of trees to be cut or to be bled is not sufficient to 

warrant an applicant being required to take out a licence, or 

where in other special circumstances the cost of taking out the 



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usual licence would be prohibitive, or where the issue of a 
licence is impracticable, authorise the Commissioner, on pay- 
ment of such fees as the Governor may deem reasonable, to issue 
a permission to any person to occupy any Crown Land for any 
purpose and to cut, gather, take and remove any article grow- 
ing thereon, on payment of the royalty and subject to such 
other conditions as the Governor may think fit. 

Where the boundaries of the tract are not creeks or other 
well defined boundaries, the applicant must mark the 
boundaries by cut lines. 

The charge for such a Permission shall be sucli as in each 
case the Governor may fix, having regard to the purpose for 
which the Permission is sought. 

Procedure in regard to Applications and Payment 

OF Fees. 

Every application must be in writing signed by the 
applicant and addressed to the Commissioner. Application 
forms may be obtained free of cost at the Lands and Mines 
Department. 

The application must state distinctly the name of 
the person for whose benefit the grant, lease, licence or 
permission is sought to be obtained, whether such per- 
son is the actual applicant or not and the purpose and 
term of years for which such Lease, Licence or Permission is 
required. 

The application must also contain a full description of the 
land to which it relates, and the applicant must, if called upon 
to do so, furnish such further information as may be required 
by the Commissioner for the purpose of determining whether 
there are any valid reasons why a Grant, Lease, Licence or 
Permission should not be granted. 

An applicant must deposit at the time he lodges his 
application — 

When the application is for a Grant — one half the pur- 
chase money. 

When the application is for a Ilomesteail Grant — the 
whole cost. 

When the application is for a Lease^ Licence or Per^nission 
— the prescribed fee payable on application, and, when 
a survey is required, the fee for survey. 

On receipt by the Commissioner the application is 



256 

advertised (if he thinks fit) for three consecutive Saturdays. 
Any person desiring to oppose the issue of the Grant, Lease, 
Licence or Permission applied for, must give notice to the 
Commissioner, stating the grounds of opposition, within seven 
days after the third advertisement. The appUcation is then sub- 
mitted to the Governor for his order thereon, the grounds of 
opposition being stated by the Commissioner when notice of 
such has been received. 

On the completion of the survey of the land applied for, 
the applicant is called upon by the Commissioner to pay the 
balance of purchase money or rent due as the case may be 
and to give the necessary security in cases where security is 
required to be given. 

If an applicant fails for two months to comply with such 
demands, or, within the same period, fails to have the land 
surveyed where permission has been obtained to have the 
survey made by a surveyor other than a Government Surveyor, 
his application shall be cancelled and all fees previously paid 
shall be forfeited. 
Permission to start work pending survey of the tract 
and the issue of title. 

On the Governor approving of an application, the Com- 
missioner, if he has reason to believe that the rights of any 
other person will net be affected, may, pending the execution 
of the survey and the issue of the Grants Lease, Licence or 
Permissson, grant leave to the applicant to take possession at 
once and to commence work on the land, and for the removal 
of any substance or thing therefrom, on liis giving such security 
as the Commissioner may deem necessary to ensure the Govern- 
ment against loss in the event of no Grant, Licence, Lease or 
Permission being issued. Any permission so granted shall be 
at the risk of the applicant in the event of the application being 
opposed. The security which in practice is usually demanded 
by the Commissioner is the payment of all fees and the giving 
of the necessary security in cases where security is required to 
be given under the Kegulations. 

Surveys. 

With the approval of the Commissioner an applicant 
may employ a duly qualified Surveyor other than a Govern- 
ment Surveyor to make the survey of the tract included in 
his application, except where a grant or licence is to be 



257 

set up for sale at public auction, in which case the tract 
must be surveyed by a Surveyor of the Department of Lands 
and Mines. 

No survey of any land in respect of which an application 
is made shall be necessary — 

(a.) if the land has been previously surveyed and the 
diagram is on record in the office of the Department of 
Lands and Mines and the Commissioner is satisfied that 
the boundary lines are open and well defined. In such 
case the applicant must pay, instead of survey fee, a 
fee of from $2 to $5 for a copy of the diagram to be 
attached to his title deed ; 
(b.) when the tract is bounded by creeks or other well- 
defined limits or when the boundaries are otherwise 
well marked ; 
(c.) when the application is for a licence to collect balata, 
rubber or other gums or plants, unless in any of such 
cases the Commissioner considers a survey is necessary ; 
(cl) when the application is for the renewal of a licence 

for a tract which has already been surveyed. 
A tract to be sold by grant, or leased or licensed for 
agricultural purposes must, where practicable, be laid out in the 
form of a rectangular parallelogram with the facade on a river 
or creek, and the area whenever practicable must be a multiple 
of 5 acres. All such tracts when the area is 100 acres or 
under are laid out with a fixed mean length or depth of 300 
roods and a fagade or width of a number of roods equal to the 
number of acres comprised in the ti'act, e.g., 25 acres = 300 
roods mean depth x 25 roods facade ; 75 acres = 300 roods 
mean depth x 75 roods facade, and so on. 

Within every distance of not more than 200 roods facade, 
a space of 5 roods in width by the entire depth of the adjacent 
tracts shall, whenever practicable, be reserved for Government 
roads or channels, and a space of 66 feet from high water 
mark shall be reserved across the facade of each tract. 

Land to be licensed for wood-cutting, or quarrying pur= 
poses, or for the removal of clay, etc., shall, where a survey is 
require dj be laid out in such manner as will best enclose the 
trees, stone, clay, etc. 

Plurality of Applications. 
Where two or more applications are made in respect of 



258 

the same tract all being for a grant thereof, or all for a licence 
of occupancy for the same purposes, and more than one of such 
applications are received before notice of any one of them has 
been published, the grant or licence of occupancy shall be 
exposed to public competition at auction unless the Governor 
otherwise directs. Where the applications so received are 
some for a grant, and some for a licence of occupancy for a 
stated purpose, or are all for licences of occupancy but not all 
for the same purpose, the Governor may direct that a grant or, 
if it appears to him expedient, a licence of occupancy for such 
of the said purposes as he deems best, shall be exposed to 
public competition at auction. The land comprised in any 
grant, licence or permission may be exposed to public competi- 
tion as a whole, or may be divided and separately exposed, as 
may appear most advantageous to the public interest. 

Where the privilege of obtaining a grant, lease, licence or 
permission is to* be exposed to competition at public auction 
as above described, the Commissioner shall publish a notice 
setting forth the time (being not less than 21 days after publi- 
cation of such notice) and the place of such sale and the parti- 
culars of such grant, lease, etc. The land must be surveyed 
before the sale and each applicant must deposit the sum requir- 
ed to be deposited by an applicant afc the time of making appli- 
cation. At the close of the sale the Commissioner shall return to 
every unsuccessful applicant the sum deposited by him. After 
the close of any such sale the highest bidder, if he was not an 
applicant, must forthwith pay to the Commissioner the full 
cost of obtaining the grant, lease, licence or permission pur- 
chased, including the first year's rent where rental is payable, 
together with the sum bid for the privilege of obtaining the 
vsame. If the highest bidder was an applicant, he must forth- 
with pay the balance of the purchase money, or the first year's 
rent, as the case may be, together with the sum bid by him for 
the privilege of obtaining such grant, lease, licence or permission. 
Renewal or Extension op Licences and PERMisfcioNS. 
Renewal. — An application for the renewal of a licence or 
permission is dealt with in the same manner as an original 
application. Fees payable : 

On an application for renewal of a licence of occupancy, 
or a wood cutting licence, or a quarrying licence other 
than a licence to quarry stone |5 ; 



250 

On an application for renewal of a balata licence $8 ; 

Ditto, of a licence to quarry stone 24 cents. 

Survey fee — (where a survey was made for the original 
licence and the boundary lines are not open and well 
defined and the Commissioner considers a survey necessary) at 
the rate paid for the original survey ; where a re-survey is not 
necessary, a fee of $2 to $5 for a copy of the original diagram. 
Rent — where rent is payable on the original licence or permis- 
sion, at the rate payable on such original licence or permission. 

Extension. — After the expiration of a licence or permission 
the Commissioner may, on application being made before the 
expiration thereof, and where he is satisfied that the conditions 
have been faithfully observed, and that the quantity of land not 
worked, or trees uncut, or unbled^ (as the case may be) is not 
sufficient to warrant the applicant going to the expense of 
applying for a new licence or permission, extend the licence or 
permission with all its conditions for a further term not exceed- 
ing one year on payment of a fee of $1 for such extension. 
Where the Commissioner refuses to grant such extension, the 
applicant may appeal to the Governor. 

Transfee of Licences and Permissions. 

An application for the transfer of a licence or permission 
must state the particulars required to be stated in the case of 
an original application. 

Notice of the application must be published for three con- 
secutive Saturdays. Any person may within seven days of the 
last advertisement oppose the transfer on the ground that he 
has a right, title or interest in the licence, or that he is a 
creditor for a liquidated sum of the applicant. If within seven 
days after notice of opposition has been given, legal proceedings 
to enforce such claim are not commenced and notice of such given 
to the Commissioner in writing, such opposition shall be no bar 
to the transfer. On production of a certificate from the Regis- 
trar, or clerk of the Magistrate's Court, as the case may be, that 
such claim has been satisfied or dismissed, the application shall 
be proceeded with. Where the grounds of opposition are 
other than a claim for a liquidated sum, the Commissioner shall 
report the reasons of opposition given for the Governor's order. 
Where no notice of opposition is given, and if no reason to the 
contrary appears to the Governor, the transfer shall be 
executed by the Commissioner. 



260 

At the sale at execution of the holder's rights under 
a licence or permission, the purchaser shall, on produc- 
tion to the Commissioner of a copy of the conditions of sale 
signed by the Registrar, together with a certificate that the 
purchase money has been paid, be entitled on payment of the 
prescribed fee for a transfer, to have an entry made on the 
Register of licences or permissions of such sale and purchase, 
and also to have endorsed on the face of the licence or per- 
mission that a transfer of the same has been made to such 
purchaser. Fee payable for a transfer of a Lease, Licence 
(except a licence to quarry stone), or Permission, — $4. For 
the transfer of a licence for quarying stone, a fee of 24 cents. 

Sub-Letting. 

Leave may be granted by the Commissioner to the holder 
of any licence to sub-let his tract or any part thereof, on pay- 
ment of a fee of twelve cents (6d.) 

No lease so granted shall in any way relieve the original 
licensee from responsibility for non-fulfilment of any of the 
ccnditions under which the licence was issued, or prevent the 
forfeiture of such licence for non-compliance therewith. 

Genekal. 

No grant of Crown Land, nor any Lease, Licence or 
Permission to occupy Crown Land, issued as abovementioned, 
confers on the holder thereof the right to any mineral in any 
land so granted or occupied or to take or obtain mineral oil 
from such land : But all officers of the Crown or Government 
and other persons thereto specially authorised may enter upon 
such land and may search and mine for and appropriate miner- 
als found therein or may obtain mineral oil therefrom as the 
case may be. 

The terms and conditions on which Crown Land may be 
acquired as above stated are in accordance with Crown Lands 
Regulations passed by the Governor and Court of Policy on 
the 10th May, 1909. It is proposed to bring these Regu- 
lations into operation as from the 1st October, 1909. 



00 

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O 

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261 
FORESTS. 



{By Michael McTurk, C.M.G., Commissioner for the 
Pom>eroon and Essequeho Rivers District.) 

The forest of British Guiana may be said to extend 
throughout the entire colony, broken at intervals by areas of 
savannah land, and is composed of a variety of timber trees, 
palms and other varieties of forest growth common to countries 
in tropical South America. 

Of timber trees there is a great abundance and suitable 
for every purpose; possessed too of great strength and dura- 
bility. Comparatively few of these timbersand their properties 
are generally known, even in the colony where they grow. Both 
for export and local consumption the demand has always been 
restricted to those kinds that have well known properties, and 
there seems to be a fear to adventure in the use of others 
of which there are several more suitable for certain purposes, 
both as regards size and durability, than the young and imma- 
ture timber of the well-known Hnds now generally used. 

From repeated cuttings over the limited area that has 
been worked since the colony became settled, much of the 
timber now procured is immature and has not the durability 
possessed by the same timber procured from the same locali- 
ties many years ago. Timber of the best quality is not to be 
obtained except at distances which, under present conditions of 
working, render it unprofitable to haul it to the place of ship- 
ment. 

Under existing conditions the workable area of the forest 
is limited, in the first instance, to that part extending inland 
from the sea coast to the falls and rapids on the several rivers 
over or beyond which timber by the present method cannot be 
transported ; and, secondly, to the distance inland within which 
it is profitable to haul it to the banks of the river or tributary 
creek for removal to a market. 

All hauling is done by gangs of men or by oxen. .These 
latter are expensive to keep as their food in nearly every 
instance has to be brought from Georgetown, and they are often 
weakened and sickened by repeated suckings of vampire bats 
and other causes. 

Thus, though the colony possesses a rich store of valuable 



262 

timber in the forest of its near interior it is practically inac- 
cessible and must remain so until modern means of removing 
it are available. 

Of the many forest trees we possess those best known are 
Greenheait {Nectandra Roclicei), Mora {Dimorphandra Mora^ 
Benth) and Wallaba [Eperua falcata Auhl.) 

Greenheart and Mora are two of the eight first-class woods 
at Lloyds. "^Greenheart is still exported in considerable quanti- 
tities to Europe from the Essequebo river, and till of late years 
was, next to sugar, the only article exported in any quantity 
from the colony. 

There are yet large quantities of Greenheart of the finest 
quality untouched by the axe ; a valuable asset in the colony's 
belongings, available for future enterprise and development. 

Mora is more plentiful than Greenheart and more acces- 
sible^ as it never grows far from the banks of the rivers and 
creeks, and in low situations. It grows to a large size and is 
useful for many purposes. Mora must not be confounded with 
Morabucquia, which is a somewhat similar wood but not so last- 
ing. The Morabucquia grows on high land, its bark is red and 
leathery looking and its seeds smaller than those of the Mora. 

There are extensive forests of Wallaba of which wood 
there are several varieties, all useful for some purpose or 
other, and it is of more general use and better known than 
any other wood in the colony. It is used for house framing, 
paling and vat staves, shingles, charcoal and firewood. 

A fault which affects the durability of our timber and 
which all acquainted with the subject will admit, exists in the 
time of felling and its immediate after use. Though scoffed at 
by many of the inexperienced, there is no doubt that timber 
felled after the new moon and until after the full of the moon, 
splits freely and has not the durability of timber cut at another 
time.f The logs may be squared at any time, but should not 
be cut within the pe iod mentioned. This is especially applica- 
ble to deciduous trees. 

Another cause that tends to disappointment in the durabi- 



* Greenheart was used in the construction of Nansen's ship, the " Fram.* 
The good ship " Discovery ' of Ant-Arctic fame is also stated to he built of 
Demerara greenheart. — Ed, 

t The matter would appear to be not free from doubt. As the result of 
experiments conducted in the neighbouring island of Trinidad some years ago 
the theory was rejected as one having no foundation in fact. — Ed. 



263 



lity of our woods is that they are rarely ever seasoned before 
being used. The tree is felled one day, squared on the morrow, 
and a few days after is sliced into boards on the sawpit, and 
yet a few days more often forms part of some building or 
boat. It speaks volumes for the woods of the Colony that 
under such adverse conditions their lasting powers are so 



great. 



Besides timber, which must always take the first place 
among the many resources of the forest, there are gums 
and balata. The collection of the latter substance has now 
become an established industry, large quantities being col- 
lected for export. This substance is procured from the Bullet- 
tree {Mimusops glohosa, Gaertn) of which there are large forests 
in the interior, and being comparatively easy of transportation 
its collection is carried on at distances further inland than is 
remunerative for any other industry. Gum Animi from the 
Locust tree {Hymencea Courbaril, Linn.) for which atone lime 
there was great demand, may still be had if sought for. This 
aum resembles amber in consistency and appearance and is often 
found in blocks of considerable size. Latterly a small quantity 
of rubber (derived from the tree known as Sapium Jenmani, 
Hemsl) has been exported, but its exploitation and attempts 
at its cultivation are yet in only a preliminary stage. There 
are many lactiferous trees in the forest yielding rubber in 
varying quantities, the best known being a species of He^ea, 
locally known as Hatti or Sibi-Sibi. This tree is plentiful and 
of spontaneous growth in many localities. Hiawa, an odori- 
ferous gum, not unlike camphor in consistency and appearance, 
can be had in considerable quantities from the tree of the same 
name {Protium heptaphyllum.) The tree is common all over 
the colony. Medicinal properties have been ascribed to this 
gum, but the writer has no experience of its efficacy. It is 
used by the Indians for scenting their oil, and in the Roman 
Churches as a substitute for incense. 

The experiment does not appear to have yet been tried, 
but there are many of the forest trees, from one cause or other, 
unfit to be used in any form of timber, which undoubtedly 
appear to be suitable for the manufacture of paper pulp. The 
stems of the large Caladimus {Galadium arborescens) locally 
known as Moco-Moco, which grows in large quantities along 
the banks of the rivers and creeks and in swampy situations all 



264 

over the colony, seem to be suitable for this purpose. 
Of fibrous plants there are many, but with one or two 
exceptions they are practically unknown, and the time and 
expense of decortication by hand has up to the present rendered 
any attempt to obtain fibre from them expensive and un- 
profitable. 

The aniline dyes of commerce have rendered vegetable 
dyes comparatively valueless in many instances, but as com- 
petitors of logwood, the woods known as Ducalli-Balli and 
Sacka — the latter a variety of Purple Heart {Copaifera-Martii, 
Ilayne var. puhiflora) both plentiful in certain localities, would 
bear a close comparison. In addition they are both handsome 
and durable woods and well suited for cabinet work and inlaying. 

Of barks containing tannin there are many, notably that 
of the Mangrove [Rhizophora mangle, Linn.) plentiful along 
the coast and within tidal limits up the rivers and creeks. This 
bark is used in the local tanneries. Other barks less known or 
more difficult to procure are not used or exported. 

Of oils from the forest trees that from the crab-wood tree 
(Carapa gui/anensis, Aubl.) is best known though only manufac- 
tured in a casual way by the Indians. The seeds of the Bullet- 
tree and most of the palms yield oil in varying quantity. On 
the Upper Essequebo River and its tributary, the Ilupununi, the 
tree yielding the Balsam of Copaiba {Copaifera guyanenis) is 
common. 

The following is a short description of sixty-three samples 
of wood collected by the writer for the Local and Paris Inter- 
national Exhibitions of 1878. The collection is by no means 
an exhaustive one ; it includes only such woods as were most 
easy of access, the difficulties of transportation being at the 
time of their collection even greater than at present *: — 

No. 1. SovLSiTiiCaryocartomentosmn Dec.) from the Moraballi Creek, 
Essequebo Riv^er, Soiiari thrives best and seems to attain to its largest 
size on the hills composed of a stiff yellowish clay, mixed with a 
gravelly kind of stone resembling oxide of iron. The trees are plenti- 
ful on the Essequebo, and seldom very far from a creek or the main 
river. Their average height is about 90 feet, and the timber can 
easily be got to square 24 inches ; it is very tough and cross-grained. 
The trunks of the trees are seldom used, but the roots make excellent 
floors and futtocks for ship-building, and can be had sufficiently large 

* The botanical names of the woods have been revised or supplied by the 
Forestry OfiScer according to their vernacular names as given by Mr. McTurk, 
—Ed. 



265 

to timber a vessel of large size. The Souari-nnt (Butter-nut) well 
known in the colony, is the fruit of this tree. The nuts, three or four 
in number, grow enclosed in a pulpy substance, or fruit, which before 
it drops from the tree greatly resembles in size, shape and colour, the 
Mammee Apple {Mammea americana, Lin.) 

No. 2. IJeterma, {Nectandra vKina) from the Moraballi Creek, 
Essequebo Kiver. Determa grows best on clayey gravelly soil, and is 
more plentiful in the Moraballi Creek than in any other part of the 
colony below the Kapids that I am aware of. The average height is 
about 100 feet, and it can be had to square up to 30 inches. This 
wood is of a colour resembling Cedar, and is used for planking boats, 
in the construction of railway carriages, and for many other purposes 
where a light and strong wood is required. Determa is also used for 
the masts and spars of vessels, the largest spars for these purposes 
procurable in the colony are of this wood, from 70 to 90 feet long, and 
14 inches in diameter at the smallest end. I have seen a log of this 
timber 42 inches square. 

No. 3 Kabukalli [Goupia glabra, Auhl,) from the Moraballi 
Creek, Essequebo River. This tree is plentiful all over the colony, 
and thrives best iu loose sandy soil. Kabukalli is one of our tallest 
forest trees, and grows very straight ; its average height is about 100 
feet, and it can be had to square up to 30 inches free of sap. Kabu- 
kaUi is used in boat building, and for timber is little inferior to Mora. 
This wood has a very unpleasant smell, and is disliked by worms. 
The Indians living in the wet savannahs, or where the rivers are free 
of bush to form a shade, prefer canoes made of this wood to any other, 
as they will not split from exposure to the sun. A gelatinous sub- 
stance forms on the stump after cutting down a Kabukalli tree it has 
a disagreeable smell, and never hardens. The specific gravity of this 
wood, as given in a letter by John F. Bourne, Esq., the then Colonial 
Civil Engineer of the colony, to J. Brumell, Esq., Secretary to 
the Committee for the Exhibition of 1862, was 1-154, Avater b«inff 
1000. "^ 

No. 4. Tataboo [Cassia, sp.) from the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo 
River. The tree from which the samples were cut was 104 feet high. 
Tataboo grows in sandy soils, and is not a very common wood. The 
average height of these trees is about 80 feet. The wood is dark- 
coloured, heavy and hard, and well adapted for mill-bed timbers; it is 
also used in boat building, house-framing, &c. Tataboo can be had 
to square up to 22 inches free of sap. 

_ No 5. Mamoori-balli, from the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo River. 
This tree is plentiful fn Essequebo, and grows best in sandy soil. The 
average height is about 70 feet, and it can be had to square 16 inches. 
The wood is tough and hard, and is suitable for house framing and 
other work where it will not be exposed to the weather. 

No. 6. Pakoorie, from Itoori-bisci Creek, Essequebo River. This 
tree is plentiful on the Itoori-bisci Creek and generally throughout 
the County of Essequebo ; it thrives best in loose sandy soil : The 
average height is about 80 feet, but it is a tree the trunk of which is 
very large compared with its height ; it can be had to square 
up to 36 inches free of sap. When arrived at maturity this is a very 



266 

durable wood, and is used for house-framing and manj^ other pur- 
poses. The tree produces an edible fruit of the size and colour of a 
large orange and a yellow sappy gum that is considered useless. 

No. 7. Waibaima, from the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo. This 
tree is a species of Cirouaballi or Siruaballi {Nectandra, sp.) The 
wood has a strong aromatic scent and bitter taste, and is about 
the best wood in the colony for planking vessels. The trees are 
numerous in the Essequebo and Demerara Kivers. Their average 
height is about 90 feet, and as there is little or no sap, the timber 
can be had to square a large size, 20 to 28 inches. For planking and 
all other purposes of ship-building for which greenheart is used, I 
think this wood is superior, and deserves to be classed among the 
first-class woods at Lloyd's for ship-building. 

No. 8. Kooroo-balli or Trysil {Pentaclelhra filamentosa), from 
the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo River, where this tree grows plenti- 
fully. The average height of the trees in the forest on the upper 
parts of the river is about 60 feet. On the coast lands and in the 
swamps aback of the estates, where large quantities of it are cut for 
firewood, it does not grow so large ; it can be had to square 10 inches 
free of sap, and is a dark close-grained wood suitable for making 
furniture. The bark of the Kooroo-balli is used by the Indians in 
cases of dysentery. 

No. 9. Itikiboura-balli {Byrsoaima hrachystachya D. C) from 
the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo River. Itikiboura-balli grows in 
clay soil and on the Islands in the rapids of the Essequebo. It is 
comparatively a rare tree below the rapids, and does not attain to an 
average height of more than 70 feet. The sap wood is white and its 
junction with the heart or tacouba, which is of a deep brown, almost 
black, colour is sharply defined. It can be had to square up to 15 
inches free of sap, and is used for making articles of furniture and 
walking-sticks. Itikiboura-balli is one of the heaviest and closest 
grained woods in the colony. 

No. 10. Seebadani, from the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo River. 
This tree grows in clay and sandy soil, and has an average height of 
90 feet. The wood is used for framing purposes, and can be had in 
large quantities ; it will square up to 20 inches and has very little sap. 

No. 11. Wallaba* from the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo River. 
This Wallaba grows in loose, sandy soil over extensive tracks of 
country, and is a wood known to everyone in the colony. There are 
four varieties of this tree, locally known as Bimiti- Wallaba, Itoori 
Wallaba, Karabimiti Wallaba and JSare-bebe meaning Humming- Bird, 
Baboon, Red Humming-Bird and Water Wallaba. The first two grow 

* Note. — The botanical namfis of the Wallaba varieties coi'responding to 
their vernacular names have not yeb been satisfactorily determined. 
The two piincipally used are ; — 

c! *4- isr n I ( E^jerua falcata, Aiibl. 

teott waiiaba \Eperua rubiginosa, Mig. 

Ituri or Itoori Wallaba {Eperua Jenmani.) 

Two other varieties seldom used are : — 

Wallaba with white Aowevs— (Eperua Schomburgkii, Bth.) {Bimiti ?) 

Sare-bebe or Water Wallaba [Macrolobium hymenoides). 



267 

on loose sandy soil, and the Karabimiti Wallaba on clay near the 
river-banks. Sare-bebe grows in the water at the edge of the river. 
The two last are never used ; from the Bimiti and Itoori Wallaba 
frames for houses are made, vat staves, jjaling staves and shingles, 
both for colonial use and for export to the neighbouring colonies. 
These trees are all plentiful, and have an average height of 80 feet, 
and can be had to square 20 inches free of sap. The scraped root of 
the Itoori Wallaba is used by the Indians as a cure for toothache. 

No. 12. Bartaballi. {Lucuma sp. Lucuma Bonplandii H.B.K.) 
from the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo Kiver. Bartaballi grows on 
clay and sandy soils, and is found plentifully up the Essequebo and 
Demerara Rivers. The tree averages a height of about 90 feet, and 
can be had to square up to 20 inches free of sap. The wood is close- 
grained, light and of a pale brown colour and is useful for making 
tables and other articles of furniture, and for partition boards, 
doors, &c., for houses. This tree produces a milky juice somewhat 
similar to that of the Burueh or Bullet tree (No. 15) but of a sticky 
nature ; its fruit is one of the best produced by any of our forest 
trees, and is eagerly sought for by the Indians during its season, 
(about the month of April) when, with characteristic carelessness, the 
trees are cut down in large numbers for their fruit. The specific 
gravity of this wood, according to Mr. Bourne, is '893. 

No. 13. Itoori Wallaba, see No. 11. 

No. 14, Tawaronero, or Bastard Bullet-tree {Humirium fioribun- 
dum. Mart.) This tree is plentiful throughout the colony, and grows 
on sandy soil, and near to, but not in, the swamps. The average 
height is about 90 feet, and it can be had to square 20 inches free of 
sap. The timber is useful for framing houses, wheel-spokes, and 
many other purposes, and where small sized timber is required is 
superior to greenheart. The tree produces an edible fruit about the 
size of a grape. At the expiration of a week or ten days after 
cutting away the bark from the stem of these trees, a minute fungus 
emitting an agreeable perfume grows upon them — this is scraped off 
and used by the Indians for scenting their hair oil. 

No. 15. Bullet-tree or Burueh [Mimusops glohosa, or balata, 
Gaert.) from the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo Kiver. This tree grows 
plentifully especially in Berbice, where it may be found 5 feet in 
diameter ; its average height is about 100 feet and it can be had to 
square 42 inches free of sap. During the time that windmills were 
used in the colony Bullet-tree was considered to be the best wood for 
the arms of a windmill. The gum known as Balata is produced by 
this tree. The wood is dark red, close-grained and solid, and, when 
free of sap, most durable. During the time that the fruit is ripe 
many of the trees are cut down. The fruit resembles the well-known 
Sapodilla in taste, and is about the size of a large English cherry ; 
from the seeds oil can be extracted. The bark of the Bullet-tree is 
used medicinally by the Indians in the form of a clyster for a disease 
called kainakuhu, or Carabisci sick, and occasionally as an emetic. 

No. 16. Fukadie, from the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo River. 
Fukadie grows on sandy soil. Its average height is about 80 feet, 
and it can be had to square 16 inches free of sap. It is used for house- 



268 

framing, and is a durable wood for indoor work. This tree is very 
plentiful on the Itooribisci Creek, and generally in Essequebo. 

No. 17. Karahura, from the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo River. 
Karahura grows generally throughout the colony in dry places. It 
is one of the lightest of colonial woods, and is only fit for partition 
boards and other indoor work of a similar nature. It is used by the 
Indians for making canoes ; its average height is 80 feet, and it can 
be had to square 30 inches. 

No. 18. Hooboodie or wild Cashew [Anacardium glganteum 
Hancock), from the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo River. This tree 
grows in low situations near water, and averages about 80 feet in 
height ; the wood is light and not very durable, and is only used for 
boards. The fruit of the Hooboodie is similar in shape to that of the 
ordinary Cashew {Anacardmm occidentale, Lin.), and as well as the 
bark is of an astringent nature, and is used medicinally in cases of 
diarrhaa. 

No. 19. Lallifer, from the Moroballi Creek, Essequebo River. 
This tree like Waibaima (No. 7), is a species of Ciroua-balli or Sirua- 
h&Wi {Nectandr a sp.) and is comparatively abundant on the Esseque- 
bo, but like all of the Siruaballi species is difficult to procure of large 
size free of holes ; the wood has a strong aromatic scent, and is 
used in boat-building. Its average height is about 70 feet, and it 
can be had to square 16 inches. 

No. 20. Manniballi, from the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo River. 
Manniballi grows in dry situations and its wood is distinct from and 
much more durable than that of Manni {Moronobea coccinea, Aubl.) 
a tree that grows always in swamps. Manniballi is a most durable 
wood when free of sap and like Tawaronero (No. 14), is superior to 
Greenheart where small sizes of timber are required. It grows tall 
and straight, is close-grained and of a brownish yellow colour. Its 
average height is about 100 feet, with a very small top. Manniballi 
produces a sticky yellow gum, which is not used for any purpose that 
I am aware of. This tree can be had to square 20 inches free of sap. 
No. 21. Kauta-balli {Licania mollis, Bent/i) from the Moraballi 
Creek, Essequebo River. There are two or three varieties of this tree, 
distinguished by the size of their leaves. Katau-balli grows to its 
largest size on clay soil mixed with gravelly ironstone. It is plentiful 
on hilly land and attains to an average height of 80 feet, and can be 
had to square 14 inches. The wood is useful for house-framing, ^ is 
hard and has a close straight grain. The fruit of the Katau-balli is 
not edible ; its bark made into charcoal, and ground to powder, is used 
by the Indian women to mix with the clay of which their pots, gob- 
lets, and other earthenware vessels are made. 

No. 22. Wadaduri, or Monkey Pot {Lecythis grandiflora, Aubl.) 
from the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo River. There are two varieties 
of this tree, plentiful throughout the colony, distinguished by the size 
of their leaves and the places where they grow. This sample is from 
the small leaved kind which grows to a large size on sand and clayey 
soil, and attains to an average height of about 100 feet. ^ It can be 
had to square free of sap 28 inches,^ The broad-leaved variety grows 
in swampy places and is a much' smaller tree ; its wood is not sq 



269 

durable as that of the small leaved variety. It is used for furniture, 
house-building, &c., and formerly for hogshead staves. The tree 
bears a nut which is sometimes eaten, and a fine oil can be extracted 
from the kernels. 

No. 23. Wamara, from the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo Kiyer. 
This tree is not plentiful in any part of the colony below the rapids. 
It grows on sandy soil and does not average more than about 60 feet 
in height, and can be had to square 12 inches free of sap. The heart 
or Tacouba is exceedingly hard, heavy, and veiy close-grained, 
resembling ebony. The sap wood, of which there is very little, is of a 
yellowish white colour ; on exposure to the weather it rots away from 
the heart rapidly. The Indians make their clubs from this wood; it 
is little used in the colony owing to its extreme hardness, but it is a 
fine wood for inlaying and other cabinet Avork. 

No. 24. Irriariadan [Cassia multifuga, Rich), from the Moraballi 
Creek, Essequebo Eiver, where it grows plentifully on high sandy 
soil. Irriariadan is a species of Trysil (No. 8), and is little known. 
It is a line wood of a dark brown colour, and suitable for cabinet work, 
partition boards, staves, and many other purposes. The average 
height is about 80 feet, and it can be liad to square 10 inches free of sap. 
No. 25. Dukuria, from the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo Kiver. 
Dukuria is plentiful throughout the colony and grows in dry soils ; it 
is used for house-framing, and many other purposes, and is a very 
serviceable wood. There are two kinds of Dukuria, fine and large 
leaved. Its average height is about 90 feet, and it will square 16 
inches free of sap. 

No. 26. Dakama-balli {Vouacapoua americana) from the Upper 
Essequebo Kiver, where the tree grows plentifully near the >yater ; 
its average height is about 80 feet, and it will square 20 inches 
free of sap. The wood is little used. From the seeds of the Dakama- 
balli a starch is extracted which is considered very efficacious in cases 
of dysentery or diarrhoia. The Indians when their cassava fails, use 
the starch mixed with decayed wood to make a kind of bread. The 
bark is useful for tanning. 

No. 27. Greenheart, or Bibiru {Nectandra Bodioei, Schomb.) from 
the Moraballi Creek, Essequebo Kiver. There are three varieties of 
Greenheart, yellow, black and mainop, all most serviceable and 
durable woods, if cut when arrived at maturity. Greenheart is one of 
our tallest forest trees, and logs can be had from 18 to to 24 inches 
square, and 70 feet long. It grows in clay soil near the rivers 
and creeks, and not over extensive tracts of country like Bullet-tree 
and Wallaba. Owing to the great demand for this timber and the 
want of legal restriction to prevent the cutting of the young trees by 
Wood-cutters and Charcoal-burners, it is becoming extremely difficult 
to procure good Greenheart, and its preservation is worthy of the 
attention of the Legislature.* Greenheart is one of the eight first-class 
woods at Lloyd's ; and admirable kelsons, knee and other timbers can 



* Since this was written legal restriction has been provided under the 
Crown Lands Regulations, which enact that no greenheart shall be cut which 
will square less than 10 inches. — Ed, 



270 

be had of it. Sawn iuto scantling it is used for planking vessels. For 
wharves, house-framing, mill timbers and many other purposes, Green- 
heart is unsurpassed by any other wood in the colony. From the bark and 
seeds " Bibirine " is extracted. The Indians use the seeds medicinally 
in cases of diarrhoea, and for food, ground and mixed with other meal, 
in times of scarcity. 

No. 28. Eta-balli [Vochysia tetraphylla, D.C.), from the upper 
Essequebo Kiver. Eta-balli is plentiful in low situations near the 
rivers and creeks. The wood is little used. The tree attains to an 
average height of about 90 feet, and will square 18 inches free of sap. 

No. 29. Wild Guava, from the up])er Essequebo Kiver, Wild 
Guava grows best in rocky soil. There are four varieties of this tree. 
The bark is a powerful astringent, and contains tannin. These trees 
are not plentiful, and the wood is little known or used, but where a 
light, tough and close-grained wood is desirable, Wild Guava should 
answer admirably. Its average height is about CO feet, and it will 
square 10 inches. 

No. 30. Arrisouroo [Pterocarpns guyanensis, AubL), from the 
upper Essequebo River, where it grows plentifully in low situations 
near the river. This wood is of a dark yellow colour, and has a very 
bitter taste ; it lasts long exposed to the weather, and is not eaten by 
worms ; for these reasons, I think it is well adapted for planking 
vessels, and making estates' kokers. The average height is about 
80 feet, and it will square 14 inches free of sap. A decoction of the bark 
is used for dressing ulcers, and the sap as a remedy for ring worm. 

No. 31. Kamarakata, from the upper Essequebo River. Kamara- 
kata is a dark brown close-grained heavy wood, of a bitter taste, 
and resembles Hackia (No. 4+), {Tabebuia ijentaphylla.) It is 
very lasting, and is used for boat timbers, tor which purpose it 
answers well. It grows in Mahaicony, and on the Essequebo in low 
places near the river, (often hanging over the water) and on the 
Islands, in and above the rapids, Kamarakata is comparatively a short 
tree, not averaging more than 50 feet in height, but has a large trunk. 
It can be had to square 22 inches free of sap — of which there is very 
little. 

No. 32. Dukala-balli [SicUroxylon sp.) from Moraballi Creek, 
Essequebo River. Dukala-balli grows in clay and sandy soil. The 
wood is of a deep red colour, heavy and close-grained, and is used for 
making articles of furniture, bedstead posts, &c. It takes a fine polish 
and is a durable wood. Dukala-balli grows to a large size; its 
average height is about 120 feet, and it will square free of sap 20 
inches. 

No. 33. Suradani {Hieronynia laxiflora, Milll) from the Moraballi 
Creek, Essequebo River. Suradani grows in low situations on the 
Essequebo River, and is plentiful. The wood is of a deep red colour, 
grows to a large size and is used for making canoes, planking boats 
and many other purposes. 

No. 34. Caraba, or Crabwood, white variety {Carapa guiaiiensis, 
Alibi.) There are two kinds, the white and red, both of which attain 
to a large size, and are very useful woods. From the trunks canoes 
are made ; and, sawn into boards, it is used for making furniture, 



271 

partitions, flooring, &c. Masts and spars are sometimes made from 
Crab wood. The seeds yield the well known ' Crab Oil' and the bark 
is used for tanning. Along with greenheart, this is one of the few trees 
in the colony that has all its parts useful. The average height of a 
full grown tree is about 120 feet, and it can be had to square 30 inches. 
The tree from Miiich this sample came was 170 feet in height and 42 
inches in diameter. 

No. 35. Foglekop {Sideroxylon sp.) from the Itoori-bisci Creek, 
Essequibo River. Foglekop grows in sandy soil, and is a light coloured 
close-grained wood of little weight and is plentiful on the Essequebo 
and Pomeroon Kivers ; sawn into boards it is useful for indoor wood, 
partitions, doors, &c. Its average height is about 70 feet, and it will 
square 12 inches. Foklekop bears a small edible fruit, the seeds of 
which contain oil. 

No. 36. tlouboo-baili, from the Itoori-bisci Creek, Essequebo 
Kiver, where the trees grow plentifully. The wood is of a light brown 
colour, variegated wdtli black and brown veins ; it takes a fine polish 
and is useful for making articles of furniture, and cabinet work of any 
description. Under water it lasts a long time, and on the bottom of 
a punt or boat will outlast almost any other wood. The tree attains 
to an average height of about 100 feet, and will square 20 inches free 
of sap. The bark contains a sticky gum. 

No. 37. Simiri or Locust {Hymencea Courharil Lin.) from the 
Itoori-bisci Creek, Essequebo Kiver. Simiri is abundant and grows 
best in white sandy soil. The wood is hard, heavy, and close- 
grained, of a brown colour streaked with veins, and takes a fine polish. 
It is used for making furniture, mill-beds and tree nails for planking 
of ships. There are two varieties of this tree. Simiri and K'wanarri, 
— distinguished by the size of their bean-pods ; the pulp surrounding 
the pods of the beans of both trees is edible. The Indians make 
wood-skin canoes from the bark. The tree yields the Cum Animi of 
commerce. The gum is found in large quantities where a tree has 
rotted away, many barrels-full being often taken from one spot ; the 
gum forms in the inner part of a hollow tree, and it may also be pro- 
cured in small quantities by tapping. 

No. 38. Hiawa-balli {Gonnarus guyaneii-ns Dec.) from the Itoori- 
bisci Creek, Essequebo River. This is a rare tree and its wood is in 
great request for cabinet-work. It is easily worked and of great 
beauty. Hiawa-balli grows on sand, and rocky soil, and often attains 
to a large size. Its average height is about 90 feet, and it will square 
free of sap 12 inches. It has a sticky gum similar to Houbooballi 
(No. 36). 

No. 39. Siribidanni, from the Itoori-bisci Creek, Essequebo 
River. Siribidanni grows in loose sandy soil and is plentiful in some 
localities. It does not grow to a large size and the wood is very sappy. 
The heart is of a purple colour, close-grained and hard, and is useful 
for inlaying and making furniture. The sap of this wood decays 
rapidly on exposure to the weather. The average height is about 50 
feet, and it will square free of sap 4 to 6 inches. 

No. 40. Simarupa {Simaritba ojficinalis, B.C.) from the Itoori- 
bisci Creek, Essequebo Ri\ er. Simarupa is plentiful throughout the 



272 

colony and grows to a large size on sandy soil and on islands in the 
river. The wood is of a light colour, light and close-grained, and is 
one of the most useful woods for partition hoards and other inside 
house-work. Wood ants will not eat or injure Simarupa. The 
average height of the tree is about 90 feet, and it will square 24 
inches. The bark of the root is used medicinally in cases of diarrhoea. 

No. 41. Kurahara, from the Itoori-bisci Creek, Essequebo River, 
Kurahara grows in sandy soil and onthe edges of swamps ; it is a very 
straight tree, with dark green leaves. The Avood is red, of the colour 
of Cedar, and floats in water ;it is used for making canoes, planking 
boats, and spars. The average height is about 90 feet, and it will 
square 20 inches free of sap. Kurahara has a resinous gum not used 
for any purpose that 1 am aware of. 

No. 42. K'wanarri (Locust). See No. 37. 

No. 43. Duka, from the Itoori-bisci Creek, Essequebo River. 
There are two or three kinds of Duka, all growing on dry sandy soil. 
The sample is from the largest kind. The wood is light, and sawn 
into boards is useful for indoor house work tables, &c. Its average 
height is about 50 feet, and it will square 10 inches. 

No. 44. Hackia [Tahdmia pGiitaphylla, White.) This tree grows 
plentifully in some localities on dry sandy soil, and during the time it 
is in flower, in the month of November, is one of the most beautiful of 
our forest trees. At this time on, the side of a hill, the bright yellow 
flowers of the hackia appear from a distance like a mass of gold 
against the dark green foliage of the surrounding forest. The wood is 
exceedingly hard, close-grained and heavy, and of a brown colour. It 
is valuable for making cogs and shafts, but is almost too hard for any 
other purpose. Average height about 65 feet. It will square 12 or 14 
inches free of sap. 

No. 45. Kuniara, or Tonkin bean, [Dipteryx odofclta Willcl.) from 
the Itoori-bisci, Creek, Essequebo River. Kumara grows plentifully 
in some localities!, especially above and on the islands in the Rapids of 
of the Essequebo River. Kumara is a close-grained heavy brown 
coloured wood, exceedingly tough and durable, 'and is useful for cogs, 
shafts, and any other purpose where a strong wood capable of re- 
sisting great pressure is desired. This tree yields the Tonkin-beans, 
well known in the colony ; they are used by the Indians to perfume 
their hair oil, and when put among clothing are supposed to keep away 
moths and other insects. An oilcan be extracted from Tonkin-beans. 
Average height about 90 feet, and will square 22 inches. 

No. 46. Kuraroo, or Bat -seed, from the Itoori-bisci Creek, Esse- 
quebo River. Kuraroo is a tree common throughout the colony, and 
may be seen growing in Georgetown, where it is known as Wild Olive. 
Its wood is hard but not very durable, and is little used ; it takes a 
fine polish and would be useful for furniture. This tree does not grow 
very tall, but the diameter of the trunk is great in proportion to its 
height. Its average height is about 60 feet, and it can be had to 
square 36 to 48 inches in short lengths. 

No. 47. Aramata {Dlplotropis hracliypetala Tal), from the Itoori- 
bisci Creek, Essequebo River. Aaramata is comparatively a common 
tree throughout the colony, and grows on sandy soil. It is a dark 



273 

coloured hard wood, and is used in boat-building, house-framing, and 
sometimes for cabinet work. Its average height is about 80 feet and 
it can be had to square 12 inches free of sap. A decoction of the bark 
is used by the Indians to wash their dogs, and sometimes their own 
heads to destroy vermin. 

No. 48. Caraba, or Crabwood, red variety {Carapa guyanensis 
Alibi.) (See No. 34.) 

No. 49. VVarikuri, WSiva.GOon, or White Cedan {Tabebuia hngipeSj 
Baker) from the Itoori-bisci Creek, Essequebo Kiver. It grows plentifully 
in SAvampy places. With the exception of its bark, it bears no resem- 
blance in any of its parts to Kurana or Ked Cedar. White Cedar 
when full grown is a dark brown, hard, heavy, and close-grained wood 
with a white sap, very durable especially under ground but splits on 
exposure to the sun. It is probably the best wood procuralde in the 
colony for|foundations. White Cedar grows luxuriantly in the swamps 
up the Lamaha canal leading into Georgetown. Its average height is 
about 60 feet, and it will square 10 inches. 

No. 50. Brown Cirouballi, or Siiuaballi [Nectandra sp.) from the 
lands of Mr. William Thompson, Pin. " Adventure," Essequebo. This 
tree grows to a large size, and is used like other Siruaballis for boat 
building, for which purpose they seem specially adapted. It attains 
to an average height of 90 feet, and can often be had to square 36 
inches. See Nos. 7 and 19. 

No. 51. Oolu {Trattinichla rJioifolia W.) from the Itoori-bisrl 
Creek, Esse([uebo River, where it grows plentifully in loose sandy soil. 
The wood has a strong aromatic smell resembling Hiawa No. 52 
{Protium hepjtap/iyllum Aubl.) is of the colour of pale Cedar, and 
should be useful for drawers and shelves of wardrobes. Its average 
height is about 90 feet, and it can be had to square from 16 to 18 
inches. Oolu produces a gum resembling Hiawa, but in much smaller 
quantities. 

No. 52. Hiawa [Protium licptaphyllutn 3Iarch)^ from the Itoori- 
bisci Creek, Essequebo Kiver. Hiawa grows plentifully in Essequebo 
in loose sandy soil; its wood is little used as it decays rapidly on 
exposure to the weather. Like Oolu (No. 51), it has a strong aromatic 
scent, is light, and should be useful for drawers and wardrobe shelves. 
This tree produces the gum known as Hiawa, or Resin of Conima, 
which is burnt as incense. The average height is about 50 feet, and 
it will square 10 inches. 

No. 53. Kurana, or Red Cedar [Ccdrela odorato, Lin.) from 
the Isorooro Creek, Upper Fomeroon River. It grows to a large 
size and is plentiful in some localities, notably so in the Waiui ; it is 
also found in the Cuyuui and Corentyue, and in the upper part of the 
Fomeroon ; it grows generally in low situations in clay soil. Red 
Cedar is a a most serviceable and valuable wood, and its uses are too 
well known to reciuire description. The tree averages 100 feet in 
height, andean be had 38 or 40 inches in diameter. It has very little 
sap. 

No. 54. Waciba, Washiba, or Bow- wood {Tecoma sp.), from the 
Issorooro Creek, Upper Fomeroon River. Waciba grows to a large size, 
but it is a rare tree, and little known. Its wood is of an olive colour. 



274 

is exceedingly tough, hard, and close-grained, and is the best known 
wood for bows. Its average height is about 120 feet, and it can be 
had to square 30 inches, free of sap. 

Ko. 55. Mora, White variety {Dimorphandra Mora Benth.) 
from the Issorooro <'reek. Upper Pomeroon River. There are three 
varieties of Mora, known as Ked Mora, White Moraand Morabucquia. 
The first two grow in swamps and near the Rivers, and Creeks, and 
are both very durable woods. Morabucquia, on the contrary, grows in 
high situations in clayey rocky soil, and is not a durable wood. Mora 
seeds are used by the Indians to make a kind of meal which is mixed 
with their cassava. The bark is used for tanning, and medicinally in cases 
of dysentery. Mora is used in ship-building, and is an exceedingly 
tough wood, difficult to split, and one of the eight first-class woods at 
Lloyd's. Mora grows to a greater size, and is more plentiful in the 
Barima Kiver than in any other part of the colony. It often attains 
to the height of nearly 200 feet, but in such cases has generally a 
hollow trunk ; it can be had to square 24 inches, free of sap and 
holes. 

No. 56. Tibicusi, or Bastard Letter Wood, from the Piraka 
Creek, Pomeroon Biver. Tibicusi, is a rare wood, and only used for 
bows, walking sticks and inlaying cabinet work. The heart is beauti- 
fully marked,"hard, heavy, and close-grained. The sap decays rapidly 
on exposure to the weather. Average height about 60 feet, and it 
will square 5 inches, free of sap. 

No. 57. Buro-Kora, Burracurra, Paira, or Letter wood {Brosimum 
Auhletii, Pocp, Piratinera guyanensis, Auhl.) Letter Wood is a rare 
tree, and the wood is used for the same purposes as Tibicusi. It is 
beautifully marked, close-grained, takes a high degree of polish, and 
is very heavy. Letter Wood trees are sometimes of large size, but 
the heart, which is the only useful part, is very small. — a tree of 20 
inches in diameter having only 7 inches of heart— average height 
about 60 feet. 

No. 58. Keritee or Kretti (Nectandra sp. ) from the Aroua-pia- 
koorco Creek, Pomeroon tliver. Keritee is a species of Sirua-balli, and 
is plentiful in some localities. The wood has a strong aromatic scent, 
is light, and in colour and appearance resembles satin-wood ; it is 
useful for partitions, and the upper planking of boats. Its average 
height is about 80 feet, and it will square 20 inches. 

No. 59. Koorooboorelli, or Purple-heart, [Copaifera Martii, Hayne, 
var. puhiflora), from the Aroua-pia-kooroo Creek, Pomeroon River. 
Til ere are two kinds of Purple-heart, called Koorooboorelli and Mara- 
winaroo. The bark of the Marawinaioo (which is not so durable, 
and with a more sappy wood than Koorooboorelli) is used, as also 
that of the Simiri or Locust, by the Indians, for making canoes or 
** Wooilskins.'" They are sometimes of large size, accommodating 15 
or 16 persons. Purple-heart is one of the tallest of our forest trees, 
and its round top may be easily distinguished, rising above the 
surroundings forest, on the hilly lands of the interior. 'Ihe wood is 
of a puri)le colour, hard, close-grained durable and very tough. It is 
a tine wood for mill-beds, house- framing, &;c., and is capable of resist- 
ing great strains. Its average height is about 120 feet, and there are 



275 

many trees nearly, if not quite 200 feet high. It can be had free of 
sap to square 30 inches. 

No. 60. YelloAv Cirouaballi, or Sirua-halli {Ncctandra sp.) from 
the Aroua-pia-kooroo Creek, Pomeroon Kiver. A light wood of a 
bright yellow colour, and strong aromatic scent, used principally for 
planking boats ; and free of sap, is a most durable wood. Yellow 
Sirua-balli often grows to a very large size in loose sandy soil, but is 
difficult to procure over 12 inches square free of sap. The average 
height is about 60 feet. The bark is useful for tanning. 

No. 61. Awati [Incja noMHs, Wind.) from the Arouapia-kooroo 
Creek, Pomeroon River. Awati is a light wood, of close grain, the 
colour of White Pine, and is useful for indoor work. This wood is 
little known, and not much used. A decoction of the bark and seeds is 
used as a wash by the Indians in cases of small-pox and said to be 
very effective in healing the pustules. The average height is about 
60 feet and its diameter 16 inches. 

No. 62. Kakaralli {Lccijtliis sp.), from the Itoori-bisci Creek, 
Essequebe River. There are two kinds of Kakaralli, common 
throughout the County of Essequebo — and known as the white and 
black Kakaralli. These woods are close-grained and tough, and of a 
light brown colour ; they are used for house-framiuo', building 
wharves, &c. It is said that barnacles will not eat or injure Kaka- 
ralli. These trees grow tall and straitjht, but are too heavy to make 
spars. The inner bark of the white Kakaralli is used by the Indians 
as a substitute for, and in preference to paper, for makijig their 
cigarettes and is called 'ouina.' The average height of tlie tree is 
about 80 feet, and it will square 16 inches free of sap. 

No. 63. Buhoorada {Farinarium campestre, Aubl.) from the Itoori- 
bisci Creek, Essequebo River. Buhoorada is a large tree, common 
throughout the colony ; it has a large top with reddish-brown leaves. 
The wood is heavy and close-grained, but it is not well known and is 
little used. Its average height is about 75 feet, and it will square 20 
inches of free sap. 



MANUFACTUEES. 



{By G. WyaU, President, Chainher of Commerce.) 

First and foremost of the manufactures of the colony 
corner sugar, which, with its by-products rum, molascuit and 
molasses^ contributes almost 75 per cent, of the total value of 
the exports. 

During the year ending on 31st December, 1907, there were 
forty-three (43) sugar factoi'ies at work. The season, however, 
was a bad one and the yield in consequence much lower than 
usual. Between 72,000 and 73,000 acres were in canes. 
Nearly 69,000 were cut, giving about 110,000 tons of sugar or 



276 

an approximate yield of 1^ tons sugar per acre of canes, which 
may be considered deplorable. The yields varied from 1.03 on 
one estate to 2.31 on another. 

It does not necessarily follow that the closing down of a 
sugar factory means a reduction in the aggregate area under 
cane cultivation in the colony, but it is to be feared that the 
impending substitution of rice for cane on two or three 
estates in the near future will produce this effect; for the 
extension of cane cultivation known to be taking place on cer- 
tain other estates will be a long way short of making up the 
decrease on this occasion. 

Next in importance to sugar comes rice, a new industry 
of recent years. British Guiana, after being a large importing 
country of this cereal^ developed in 1907 as an exporting one. 

Besides a large rice mill in Georgetown, there are two 
of goodly size at Essequebo and one at Mahaicony, whilst two 
or three others are in course of erection elsewhere in the 
colony. Scattered over the whole country, practically in the 
rice fields themselves^ are over sixty small mills which manufac- 
ture each when at work some 100 to 150 bags of rice per week. 

Gold-mining proper is pi-ogressing and much capital is 
being spent on several properties in the various districts^ and, 
as an instance of what is being done, 2,300 ounces of gold were 
recently brought down from the Peters' mine as a result of five 
week ciushing. The exports for 1908 were only 70,675 ounces 
as compared with over 90^000 for each of the previous four 
years, but it is hoped shortly to see increases to over 100^000 
ounces per annum. 

Of importance in manufacture are the steam saw-mills, 
of which there are some eight in Georgetown and four or five in 
Kew Amsterdam, while on the Demerara, Berbice, Corentyne 
and Barama rivers there are known to be several in existence 
busily engaged. Anticipations of large extensions in this direc- 
tion, to develop the resources of our timber forests, are likely 
to be realized in due course. 

About the country districts are factories, on a small scale, 
for manufacturing coconut oil, fibre, meal and copra, but im- 
provements in cultivating the very best selected quality of nuts 
are urgently needed to make this industry successful in British 
Guiana, from an exporting point of view. 

In Georgetown there are Chocolate Factories, a Biscuit 



277 

» 

Factory, a Cigar and Tobacco Company, four Foundries, a Dry 
Dock, and the Ice Factory, now obsolete, is being replaced by 
a nevy modern concern. 

In both Georgetown and New Amsterdam there are the 
usual Tanneries andLeather and Boot Factories, Aerated Water 
and Saucepan Manufactories, as well as Printing and News- 
paper Establishments. 

The newest departure is a Soap and Minor Industries 
Factory erected just east of Georgetown at the Kitty. A Match 
Factory has also been in existence for some years on the west 
bank of the Demerara River. 

A factory for manufacturing citrate of lime has been 
started in Essequebo and small exports have already been made. 
Efforts to increase the cultivation of limes all over the country, 
in parts where the soil is specially suitable for the purpose, are 
being energetically carried out. 

Some 600 acres have been made ready for Sisal Hemp 
and in due course a factory will be erected to manufacture the 
raw article. 

There are many and various economic and other plants, 
products and manufactures which, given the necessary techni- 
cal and practical knowledge, might be successfully grown and 
produced locally in sufficient quantities to take the place of 
many of the existing imports. Any loss of import duty arising 
therefrom could be met by the imposition of an equivalent 
Excise duty where necessary. The following suggest themselves : 
— Corn and Meal, Tobacco, Arrowroot, Bacon, Hams, Lard 
and Pork, Pickled Beef; Butter and Cheese; Fish dried, 
pickled, tinned and smoked. Bricks, Brooms, Confectionery, 
Bags, Cordage, Canvas and Paper; and Canning Factories 
for fruits and vegetables of all kinds might also be established. 



GOVERNOES OF BKITISH GUIANA. 

Since the Union oj the Colonies, 



1831, July 21, Major General Sir B. D'Urban, Governor. 
1833, May 7, Lieutenant-Colonel C. Chalmers, Lieutenant- 
Governor. 
1833, May 17, Colonel Sir C. F, Smith, Lieutenant-Governor. 



278 

1833, May 26, Major General Sir James Carmichael Smyth, 

Lieutenant-Grovernor. 
1835, May 28, Sir Lionel Smith, Governor. 

1835, June 17, Sir James Carmichael Smyth, Lieutenant- 

Governor. 

1836, Dec. 27j Sir James Carmichael Smyth, Governor 
1838, Mar. 6, Major W. 1^. Orange, Lieutenant-Governor. 
1838, May 30, Colonel Thomas Bunbury, acting Governor. 
1840, Jan. 17, Henry Light, Esquire, Governor. 

1840, Dec. Sir Henry McLeod, Governor. 

1848, May 20, W. Walker, Esquire, Lieutenant-Governor. 

1849, Feb. 14, H. Barkly, Esquire, Governor. 

1853, May 11, W. Walker, Esquire, Lieutenant-Governor. 

1854, Mar. 23, Philip E. Wodehouse, Esquire, Governor. 

1857, July 25, W, Walker, Esquire, Lieutenant-Governor, 

1858, May 10, Philip E. Wodehouse, Esquire, Governor. 

1861, May 9, W. Walker, Esquire, Lieutenant-Governor. 

1862, Jan. 7, Francis Hincks, Esquire, Governor. 

1866, May 29, Major Robert M. Mundy, Lieutenant-Governor. 

1867, Aug. 12, Francis Hincks, Esquire, Governor. 
1869, Jan. 24, John Scott, Esquire, Governor. 

1873, June 27, Edward Everard Rushwortli^ Esquire, Adminis- 

tering the Government. 

1874, April 4, James Robert Longden, Esquire, Governor. 
1877, Mar. 8, William A. G. Young, Esquire, C.M.G., 

Administering the Government. 
1877, Aug. 3, Cornelius Hendericksen Kortright, Esquire, 

C.M.G., Administering the Government. 
1877, Nov. 3, Cornelius Hendericksen Kortright, Esquire, 

C.M.G., Governor. 

1881, Dec. 13, William A. G. Young, Esquire, C.M.G., 

Administering the Government. 

1882, May 4, Sir Henry Turner Irving, K.C.M.G., Governor. 
1884, Apl. 26, W. F. H. Smith, Esquire, Administering the 

Government. 

1884, Sept. 2, Sir Henry Turner Irving, K.C.M.G., Governor. 

1887, May 28, Charles Bruce, Esquire, C.M.G., Lieutenant- 
Governor. 

1887, Aug. 26, Sir Henry Turner Irving, K.C.M.G., Governor. 

1887, Dec. 24, Charles Bruce, Esquire, C.M.G., Lieutenant- 
Governor. 



279 

1888, Jan. 13, Right Honourable Viscount Gorinanston, 
K.C.M.(^., Governor. 

1888, Sept.29, Francis John Villiers, Esquire, C.M.G. Adminis- 
tering the Government. 

1888, Oct. 19, Charles Bruce, Esquire, C.M.G., Lieutenant 

Governor. 

1889, Mar. 8, Right Honourable Viscoant Gormanston, 

K.C.M.G., Governor. 

1891, Mar. 26, *Sir Charles Bruce, K.C.M.G., Lieutenant- 
Governor. 

1891, Oct. 14, Right Honourable Viscount Gormanston, 
K.C.M.G., Governor. 

1893, Mar. 23, Sir Charles Bruce, K.C.M.G., Lieutentant- 
Governor. 

1893, April 24, Sir Charles Cameron Lees, K.C.M.G., Governor. 

1894, Dec. 13, Cavendish Boyle, Esquire, C.M.G., Administer- 

ing the Government. 

1895, Jan. 1, Sir Charles Cameron Lees, K.C.M.G., Governor. 

1895, Oct. 10, Cavendish Boyle, Esquire, C.M.G., Administer- 

ing the Government. 

1896, Mar. 25, Sir Augustus William Lawson Hemming, 

K.C.M.G., Governor. 
1896, Oct. 1, Cavendish Boyle, Esquire, C.M.G., Administer- 
ing the Government. 

1896, Nov. 18, Sir Augustus William Lawson Hemming, 

K.C.M.G., Governor. 

1897, May 27, Cavendish Boyle, Esquire, C.M.G., Administer- 

ing the Government. 

1897, July 28, Sir Augustus William Lawson Hemming, 

K.C.M.G., Governor. 

1898, Feb. 3, fSir Cavendish Boyle, K.C.M.G., Administering 

the Government. 
1898, Mar. 23, .1:Sir Walter J. Sendall, K.C.M.G., Governor. 
1900, Aug. 31, Sir Cavendish Boyle, K.C.M.G., Administering 

the Government. 
1900, Dec. 27, Sir Walter J. Sendall, G.C.M.G., Governor, 

* Created a Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of SK 
Michael and St. George, May 29th, 1889. 

t Created a Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St. 
Michael and St. George, 23rd June, 1897. 

J Created a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. 
George, 3rd June, 1899. 



280 

1901, Aug. 1, A. M. Ashmore, Esquire, C.M.G., Administering 

the Government. 
1901, Dec. 25, Sir James Alexander Swefctenham, K.C.M.G,, 

Governor. 
1904, Sept.22, C. T. Cox, Esquire, C.M.G., Administering the 

Government. 
1904, Sept.28, Sir Frederic Mitchell Hodgson, K.C.M.G., 

V.D., Governor. 
1906, April 13, C. T. Cox, Esquire, C.M.G., Administering the 

Government. 
1906, Oct. 25, Sir Frederic Mitchell Hodgson, K.C.M.G., 

\^,D,, Governor. 



LEGISLATURE. 

Executive Council. 

President — The Governor, His Excellency Sir Frederic 
Mitchell Hodgson, K.C.M.G., V.D. 

Members — Government Secretary, (Hon. Charles T. Cox, 
C.M.G.) Attorney General, (Hon. Sir T. C. Rayner, Kt., K.C.) ; 
Hon. B. Howell Jones, Hon. D. M. Hutson, K.C, Hon. R. 
Duff, Hon. A. P. P. Mackey, Hon. J. E. Godfrey, M.B., C.M., 
Hon. C. Grannum. 

Clerk — J. Hampden King. 

Court of Policy. 

President — The Governor, His Excellency Sir Frederic 
Mitchell Hodgson, K.C.M.G., V.D. 

Ex Officio Members — -Government Secretary, (Hon. 
Charles T. Cox, C.M.G.) ; Attorney General, (Hon. Sir T. C. 
Rayner, Kt., K.C.) ; Auditor General (Hon. W. J. Robson), 
Immigration Agent General (Hon. R. Duff.) 

Official Members — Hon. C. Grannum, ; Hon. J. H. W. 
Park, B.Sc, A.M. Inst. C.E. ; Hon. J. E. Godfrey, M.B,, 
C.M. 

Elected Members : 

No. 1, County of Demerara — Eastern Division, Hon. F. 
Dias ; Western Division, Hjn. A. B. Brown. 

No. 2, County of Essequebo — North Western Division, 
Hon. R. G. Duncan ; South Eastern Division, Hon. P. N. 
Browne. 



281 

No. 3, County of Berbice — Hon. J. P. Sanfco8. 

No. 4, Georgetown — Hon. George Garnett, Hon. B. Howell 
Jones. 

No. 5, New Amsterdam — Hon. C. P. Gaskin. 

Clerk — The Assistant Government Secretary, J. Hamp- 
den King. 

Financial He^^resentatives. 

No. 1, County of Demerara — J. Wood Davis. 

No. 2, County of Essequebo — North Western Division, 
A. A. Thorne, IM.A. ; South Eastern Division — J. S. McArthur. 

No. 3, County of Berbice — S. E, Wills. 

No. 4, City of Georgetown — Hon. A. P. P. Mackey. 

No. 5, New Amsterdam — S, S. Wroford. 



PUBLIC DEPARTMENTS. 

Civil Estahlishment. 

Governor— Sir Frederic M. Hodgson, K.C.M.G., V.D., 
£3,500 (and £1,000 for contingencies;) Private Secretary — 
Geo. Ball Greene. 

Government Secretariat. 

Government Secretary— Charles T. Cox, C.M.G., £1,350 to 
£1,500 ; Assistant Government Secretary— J. Hampden King, 
£600 j Principal Clerk— G. D. Bayley, £400 to £500 ; First 
Class Clerks— J. Drysdale and G. B, "Greene, £300 to £400 
Second Class Clerks— 0. Weber and L. D. Cleare, £250 
to £300; Third Class Clerk— B. H. Bayley, £200 to 
£250; Fifth Class Clerk— W. A. Carruthers, £100 to £150 ; 
Sixth Class Clerks— J. McConnell and C. E. L. Cox, £50 to 
£100; Clerical Assistant — C. Hampden King, £50. 

Audit Office. 

Auditor General.— W. J. Robson, £800 ; Chief Clerk, 
Saltus S. Jones, £400 to £500 ; First Class Clerks.— J. F. M. 
Choppin (with £75 lodging), and W. Shankland. £300 to 
£400; Second Class Clerks— T. A. C. Maskell and C. M. 
Shannon, £250 to £300 ; Third Class Clerk— M. D. Hill, 
£200 to £250; Fourth Class Clerk— E. Kingsland, £150 
to £200 ; Fifth Class Clerks— J. G. Cruickshank and J. A. B. 
Correia, £100 to £150; Sixth Class Clerk— Fred Baptista, 
^50 to £100. 



282 

Treasury and Savings Bank. 
Receiver General — R. C. Grannum, £800 ; Assistant 
Receiver General — P. Hemery, £500 ; First Class Clerks — 

F. H. P. May, J. G. Gray, and N. T. G. King, £300 to 
£400 ; Second Class Clerks— C. A. Comach, F. W. Bury and 
H. A. N. Burrowes, £250 to £300; Third Class Clerks— 
P. Thornhill, A. Reis, B. Fowler, G. F. Mason, and G. C. M. 
Sealy, £200 to £250; Fourth Class Clerks— G. Hawtayne, 
H. D. Brassington, and J. C. Chalmers £150 to £200; Fifth 
Class Clerks— E. M. Dyett, R. M. Fraser, E. Fitzgerald, 
A. B. Campbell, W. R. Bayne, and H. A. Toussaint, £100 to 
£150. 

Treasury, Inland Revenue Branch. 
Commissaries — First Grade — W. H. A. Burrowes, Lloyd 
Dornford, (personal allowance £50), A. C. Swain, B. A. Day, 
S. Walker, L. V. Vaugban, and B. Gainfort, £375 each ; 
Second Grade — N. Cox, (personal allowance of £50), I. F. 
King, H. R. D. Vyfhuis, G. L. B. Gall, Edward Essex, E. E. 
King, and J. Wallbridge, £250 each ; Third Grade— D. J. J. 
O. Low, L. R. Hill, and C. H. E L^gge, £187 10s. each ; 
Clerical Assistant — M. B. Laing ; Departmental Inspector 
and Secretary, Excise Board — H. A. Cameron, £100. 

Stamps^ etc. 
Commissioner of Stamps — The Receiver General. 

Customs. 
Comptroller of Customs and Rum Duties and Registrar of 
Shipping — (Vacant), £800. 

Sub-Comptroller, Berbice — J. V. Mittelholzer. 
Chief Clerk— A. B. Allt, £400 to £500 ; Surveyor— L. A. R. 
Davis, £400 to £500 ; First Class Clerk— C. J. Bosch Reitz, 
£300 to £400; Second Class Clerks— C. Brumell, R. Reed, 
J. P. Allt, J. A. Glasford, C. Dowding, Colin de Ros and J. Y. 
Mittelholzer, £250 to £300 ; Third Class Clerks— J. H. P. 
Ibbott, A. Ridley, W. C. Calder, J. S. de B. Harrison, R. M. 
Bury, H. P. Isaacson, and G. M. Steele, £200 to £250; Fourth 
Class Clerks— J. B. G. Mitchell, A. M. G. van Ryck de Groot, 

G. R. Hutchinson, E. D. Glasford, J. R. Mclnroy, N. W. King, 
and G. T. Armstrong, £150 to £200 ; Fifth Class Clerks— J. S. 
Edghill, E. F. Johnson, D. McB. Moore, G. A. R. Benson, 
C. G. Thompson, E. H. Ferrell, F. C. D'Andrade, W. A. 
D'Andrade, F. M. Carbin, J. L. Lewis, G. A. Tengely, C. G. A. 



283 

Chalmers, and J.B.Henderson, £100toX150; Sixth Class 
Clerks— J. D. Massett, N. L. Fraser, G. D'Ornellas, V. Winter, 
C. H. Brumell, E. W. Butts, and A. J. Cheong, £75 to £100. 
Surveyor and Admeasurer of Shipping — L. H. J. Tinney 
(Deputy Harbour Master), fees. 

InspecAor of Distilleries. — H. Angus Cameron, £500 and 
£100 travelling. 

Public Works. 
Colonial Civil Engineer— J. H. W. Park, B. Sc, A.M.I.C.E., 
£800, travelling expenses £75, allowance, Sea Defence 
Scheme, £100; Assistant Colonial Civil Engineer — R. J. 
Scott Bushe, A.M.I.C.E., £500 to £550, travelling expenses, 
£75 : Assistant Engineer and Draughtsman — L. P. Hodge, 
A.M.I.C.E., £350 to £400 : First Class Officers— R. B. Butts, 
£300 to £400. travelling expenses £75, lodging allowance 
£50 ; W. C, Shaukland, £300 to £400, travelling expenses 
£75 ; Third Class Officer— F. A. Long, £250 to £300, travel- 
ling allowance £75 and a house ; Accountant — H. McLean, 
£300 to £400, allowance. Sea Defence Scheme, £50 ; Chief 
Clerk— G. H. Pairaudeau, £300 to £400; Second Class 
Clerk— J. rc. McWatt, £200 to £250 ; Third Class Clerks— 
K. King and N. C. H. King, £200 to £250; Fourth 
Class Clerk— J. T. Greathead, £150 to £200; Fifth Class 
Clerks— A. M. Bury and N. A. Warren, £100 to £150 ; 
Sixth Class Clerks— J. R. Winter and G. T. Boyce, £50 
to £100; Clerical Assistants— H. E. Mitchell and S. E. 
Gale, £50 each ; Foreman, Sea Defence Work — P. Van der 
Vlies, £300, allowance, Sea Defence Scheme, £50. 
Department of Lands and Mines. 
Commissioner of Lands and Mines — Frank Fowler, £800 ; 
Chief Clerk— R. O. H, Spence, £400 to £500. First Class 
Officers— C. W. Anderson, J. H. Nicholson, J. A. P. Bowhill, 
T. H. Trotman, L. S. Hohenkerk, £300 to £400. Second 
Class Officers— E. L. Wickham, F. U. Troncliin, W. H. 
McTurk, and H. P. Christiani, £250 to £300. Third Class 
Officers— E. H. King, E. S. E. Parker, S. W. Cole, M. P. 
Hastings, L. iVI. Nightingale, and J. Mullin, £200 to £250. 
Fourth Class Officers— W. Bridges, J. Brumell, J. S. Gordon, 
T. B. Reed, and E. A. Haynes, £150 to £200. Fifth Class 
Officers— E. L. Melville, E. V. Van Sertima, H. P. C. MeL 
ville, J. N. Humphry s, R. W. V. Lambert, B. J. L. Day, and 



284 

H. Huniphrys, ^100 to £150. Second Class Clerk— A. A. 
Binns, £250 to £300. Third Class Clerks— H. E. Anderson, 
and W. S. France, £200 to £250. FourthClass Clerk— T. H. 
Greathead, £150 to £200. Fifth Class Clerks— C. de V. Hill, 
and W. Colin Campbell, £100 to £150. Sixth Class Clerks— 
H. W. Birch and A. C. L. Sykes, £50 to £100. Sub- Warden— 
A. A. Bunbury, £50. Draughtsman — C. Francis, £200. 
Surveyors' Assistants — C. W. E. Hunaphrys and V, Roth, £62 
10s. each. 

Harbours. 

Harbour Master, G-eorgetown — J. B. Thelwall^ £500, al- 
lowance £50 and fees ; Deputy Harbour Master — L. H. J. 
Tinney, £250, allowance £50 and fees ; Deputy Harbour 
Master at New Amsterdam — J. V, Mittelholzer ; Health 
Officer, Georgetown — Dr. W. F. Law, fees ; Health Officer^ New 
Amsterdam — Dr. W. G. Boase, fees. 

Immigration Department. 

Immigration Agent General— K Duff, £800 to £1,000; 
Senior Immigration Agent — W.C. Crawford, £500 ; Immigration 
Agents— F. D. Sealy, J. C. King, P. C. Harel and R. P. 
Stewart, £400; Chief Clerk— A. H. Hill, £300 to £400; 
Third Class Clerks— T. Fairbairn and B, S. Reis, £200 to 
£250; Fourth Class Clerk— H. A. Wallbridge, £150 to £200; 
Fifth Class Clerk— J. B. Sykes, £100 to £150; Emigration 
Agent at Calcutta— R. P. Gibbes, £1,000. 

Poor. 

Chairman of Poor Law Board — Dr. J. E. Godfrey ; 
Secretary, Inspector, and Superintendent of Alms House-— 
W. H. Cook, £500 (£200 personal); Members— Rev. E. 
Donald Jones, C. O. Rainer, the Very Rev. Dean Caswell and 
the Rev. W. B. Ritchie. 

Orphan Asylutn. 

Superintendent — W. H. Cook, no salary ; Medical Officer 
—Dr. E. S. Massiah ; Matron— Helen C. Haly. 

Post Office. 

Postmaster General — A. W. Swain, £700 ; Chief Clerk — 
A. Evelyn, £400 to £500 ; First Class Clerk —C. G. H. Davis, 
£300 to £400; Inspector of Post Offices— D. A. Le Blanc, 
£300 to £400; Second Class Clerks— A. D'Ornellas and F. 
Agard, £250 to £300; Third Class Clerks— C. M. 
Kirkpatrick and C. J. Chatterton, £200 to £250; Fourth 



285 

Class Clerks — G. M. Greathead, and C. Bugle, £150 to 
£200; Fifth Class Clerks— H. E. M. Campbell, R. N, 
Gilchrist, B. O. Smitli, W. G. Pearce and R. A. Kendall, 
£100 to £150; Money Order Clerk — Emma Bennett, 
£100 to £125 ; Assistant Money Order Clerk — Nora Webber, 
£50 to £62 10s. ; Registration Officer — Jean Blaii", £50 to 
£90; 61 District Postmasters, 9 Clerical Assistants, 8 Travel- 
ling Postmasters, 9 Sorters, 16 Letter Carriers, 7 Relief Clerks, 
2 Stamp Vendors, 1 Store It^suer, 39 Rural Letter Carriers, 
12 Apprentices and 20 Mail Carriers, at salaries from £12 10s. 
to £250 ; Electrician— H. G. Spain, £350 to £400, and £100 
as Government Electric Inspector ; Assistant Electrician — 
J. Alsing, £200 to £250 and £50 Personal Allowance ; 2 
Mechanicians, 14 Linemen, 12 Telephone Attendants, 21 Tele- 
graph Operators and 45 Messengers, at salaries from £12 10s. 
to £100. 

Government Ageficy, Noith West Listrict. 

Government Agent and Stipendiary Magistrate— H. T. 
King, £500 ; Fourth Class Clerk— E. S." W. ' Sealy, £150 to 
£200 and an allowance of £25. 

Educa'ion — Qifien^s College. 

Principal— T. A. Pope, B.A., £600; Second Master— G, 
F. Franks, M.A., F.G.S., £500 and £100 for house ; Assistant 
Masters— J. Hunte, £400; E. R. D. Moulder, M.A., £350; 
P. C. T. McFarlane, £150 ; E. O. Pilgrim, £150 ; Chemistry 
Master— E. W. F. English, M.A., £300 ; Assistant Chemistry 
Master — R. L. Hunte ; Lecturer in Botany — A. Leechman. 

Primary Schools, 

Inspector of Schools — H. W. Sconce, M.A., £625 ; Assist- 
ant Inspectors^ — J. F. Rose, £350 ; J. D. Lawrence, £250 ; Nor- 
mal Master— H. F. Blackmore, £350 ; Fourth Class Clerk — 
I. H. H. Humphrey, £150 to £200 ; Educational District Officer 
— H. A. Mathews, £150 to £200 ; Sixth Class Clerk— T. A. 
Aaron, £50 to £100. Clerical Assistant—C. D'Ornellas, £50. 
Onderneeming School. 

Official Visitor — J. B. Harrison, M.A., C.M.G., no salary ; 
Superintendent — S. H. Bayley, £350 to £450 and house ; Chief 
Officer — Lawrence Abraham, £150 and quarters; School- 
master — Peter de Weever, £162 10s. and quarters. 
J/edical Department. 

Surgeon General— J. E. Godfrey, M.B., CM., £900 and 



286 

Personal Allowance, £300 (Travelling expenses and consulting 
practice) ; Medical Inspector, and Health Officer of the Port — ■ 
W. F. Law, M.D., F.R.C.S.T., £900 (Travelling expenses 
and private practice) ; Chief Clerk. — S. Hooton, £300 to 
£400 ; Fourth Class Clerk— J. K. Muss, £150 to £200 ; Fifth' 
Class Clerk — J. R. Farnum, £100 to £150 ; Clerical Assistant 
— G. F. McPherson, £50 ; Miss L. E. Davis, £50. 
Government Medical Officers. 
Bacteriologist— K. S. Wise, £600 to £700 and furnished 
quarters ; Resident Surgeon, Public Hospital, Georgetown — 
E. D. Rowland, £300 to £900, (free house and £100 in lieu 
of private practice); Enmore District — C. F. Castor, £300 
to £900, and travelling allowance, £100 ; Anna Regina District 
— P. H, Delarnere, £300 to £900, and travelling allowance, 
£100 ; Peter's Hall District— J. E. A. Ferguson, £300 to £900, 
and travelling allowance, £100; Mahaica District — F. 
Fernandes, £300 to £900, and travelling allowance, £100 ; 
Cotton Tree District — L K. Reid, £300 to £900, and travelling 
allowance, £125; Resident Surgeon, Public Hospital, Suddie, 
and Government Medical Officer, Suddie District — A. T. 
Ozzard, £300 to £900, and travelling allowance, £100; 
Plaisance District — R. Carter, £300 to £900, and travelling 
allowance, £100 : Medical Superintendent, Lejoer ilsylum — 
M. H. C. Irving, £300 to £900, free house, and travelling 
allowance, £50 ; Belle Vue District — W. J. von Winckler, 
£300 to £900, and travelling allowance, £125 : Philadelphia- 
Leguan District — P. M. Earle, £300 to £900 and travelling 
allowance, £175 ; Medical Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum 
— Q. B. de Freitas, £600 to £700, and free house ; Port 
Mourant District— C. P. Kennard, £300 to £900, and 
travelling allowance, o£112 10s. ; Leonora District — F. A. 
Neal, £300 to £900, and travelling allowance, £100; Skeldon 
District — Isaac H. Ross, £300 to £900, and travelling allowance, 
£125; Buxton District— J. OD. Egau, £300 to £900, and 
travelling allowance, £100; Surgeon to the Jail, Police, and 
Poor in New Amsterdam — W. G. Boase, Assistant at Public 
Hospital, Berbice, £300 to £900; Mahaicony District — 
P. E. W. MacAdam, £300 to £900, and travelling allowance, 
£100 ; Resident Surgeon, Public Hospital, New Amsterdam — 
J. H, Conyers, £300 to £900, and house allowance, £82 10s. ; 
Canje-Highbury District — W. S. Barnes, £800, and travelling 



287 

allowance, <£100 ; Assistant Resident Surgeon, Public Hospital, 
Georgetown — A. J. Craigen, £400 to £500, and free house ; 
Mara District — J. S. Douglas, £400, and travelling allowance, 
£75 ; Resident Surgeon, Public Hospital, and Medical OtKcer, 
Morawhana District — F. T. Wills, £400, free house, and travel- 
ling allowance, £150; Wakenaam District — E. H. Gewand, 
£400, and travelling allowance, £75; Resident Surgeon, Bartica 
Hospital, and District Surgeon at His Majesty's Penal Settle- 
ment — J. Teixeira, £300 to £900, free house and private prac- 
tice ; Assistant Medical Officers — J. S. Nedd, C. H. Downer, 
A. Matthey, and A. A. McKinnon, £300 and personal allowance 
of £100 each ; A. C. La Frenais, T. B. W MacQuaide, W. W. 
Campbell, L. Clavier, M. G. Pereira, C. E. Mitchell and C. M. 
Burton, £300 each ; Public Hospital, Georgetown — Steward 
— H. Bamford, £250 to £300, and house allowance, £50 ; 
Dispenser — N.Marshall, £200; Superintendent of Nurses — 
Miss I. Cowie, £250, and furnished quarters ; Public Hospital, 
Berbice — Steward — J. W. Sampson, £150 to £200, and house 
allowance, £37 10s. ; Superintendent of Nurses — Miss B. C. 
Empson, £100, and furnished quarters; Public Hospital, 
Suddie — Steward — H. Vandeyar, £75 to £100, and free house ; 
Public Hospital, Bartica — Steward — F. C. L. Glasgow, £100, 
and free house ; Public Hospital, Morawhanna — Steward — H. 
Proctor, £75 to £100, and free house ; Lunatic Asylum, Berbice 
— Steward — F. A. Angoy, £200 to £250, and free house , 
Leper Asylum, Mahaica — Steward — W, H. Archer, £100 to 
£150, and free house. 

Police. 
Inspector-General of Police — Colonel G. C. De Rinzy, 
£750, free house, and £112 10s. horse allowance — Deputy 
Inspector General — L. L. Kerr, £350 (Superintendent of Fire 
Brigade, £200, £75 house, and £100, horse allowance). County 
Inspectors — A. H. Baker, Capt. H. M. Brunker, and C. 
Hampden King, £333 6s. 8d. each ; Adjutant and Musketry 
Instructor — Capt. H. S. Walker, £333 6s. 8d., and horse 
allowance, £75 ; Pay and Quartermaster — Major C. May, £400 ; 
District Inspectors— J. R. Hill, W. J. Calder, J. R. Booth, 
C. W. Duncan and C. P. Widdup, £250 each ; Sub-Inspectors 
F. G. Hotchkis, J. S. Gamble, C. W. Andrewes, C. C. Murtland, 
H. Birch, acting, and J. R. Ross (acting). £168 15s. each ; 
Inspectors of all ranks have quarters, and all, except Sub- 



288 

Inspectors^ receive horse allowance, from <£75 to £188, accord- 
ing to district. Third Class Clerk — J. R. Johnson, £200 to 
£250 ; Fifth Class Clerks— H. P. Mclnroy and J. A, M. 
Osborn, £100 to £150 ; Sixth Class Clerk— F. Abraham, £50 
to £100 ; 1 Depot Sergeant-Major, 8 Sergeants-Major, 1 
Drill Instructor, 1 Pay and Quarter-Master Sergeant, 1 
Armourer Sergeant, 35 Sergeants, 38 Corporals, 89 First 
Class Constables, 91 Second Class Constables, 385 Third Class 
Constables, 2 Engineers, 2 firemen, 52 Stations ; Fire float 
" Vesta," — 1 Engineer and Master, 2 xissistant Engineers and 
Firemen, 2 Deck hands. 

Militia. 

Commandant — Colonel G. C. De Kinzy ; Adjutant — 
Captain H. S. Walker ; Bandmaster — A. R. Carroll, £200 
and £75 personal allowance ; other allowances, £15 and 
quarters. 

Prisons. 

Inspector of Prisons — Colonel G. C. De Einzy j Clerk, and 
to attend to Prison Supplies — C. L. Hendy, £250 to £300 ; 
Sixth Class Clerk— E. D. Barnwell, £50 to £100 ; Clerical 
Assistant — Miss E. E. Hendy, £30 to £37 10s. ; Superinten- 
dent, Georgetown Gaol — H. A. Frere, £300 ; Chief Warder — 
J.R.Brown, £150; Clerk— W. H. Bishop, £100 to £150; 
Keeper of the New Amsterdam Gaol — J. B. King, £100 to 
£150 ; Keeper of Essequebo Goal — J. F. Burton, £100 
to £150. 

Convict Settlemfint, Mazaruni. 

Superintendent of the Penal Settlement — Captain B. V. 
Shaw, £500 ; Assistant SujDerintendent and Chief Warder — R. 
C. Pook, £200 to £250 ; Chaplain — Rev. Thomas Longley, 
£250 ; Issuer — W. E. Davis, £150 to £175. The Prisons 
Department includes in addition one Principal Warder at 
£112 10s. : six First Class Warders at £87 10s.; twenty- 
four Second Class Warders at £62 10s. ; twenty-four Third 
Class Warders at £50, and one Matron at £62 10s. ; one 
Matron at £4:1 13s. 4d. : two Matrons at £37 10s. ; one 
Schooolmaster Warder at £75, all on the Fixed Establishment ; 
and twenty-one Assistant Warders at £45 ; one Assistant 
Schoolmaster Warder at £50 to £75 ; one Sewing Mistress at 
£12 10s., who are Exclusive of Establishment; one Master 
Baker Warder, £87 10s. 



•289 

Geveral Register Office. 

Regis! rill- General — The Surgeon General, D\\ J. E. 
Godfrey (salary as tSurgeon General) ; Fourth Class Clerk — 
J. E. Parker, £150 to <£200, Sixth Class Clerk— J. Barker, 
£75 to £100 ; Clerical Assistants— F. O. Richards, £50 : 
Miss S. C. Veecock, £50. 

Local Government Board. 

Chairman — the Hon. Dr. J. E. Godfrey, Surgeon General ; 
Deputy Chairman — F. Fowler, Esq., Commissioner of Lands 
and Mines ; Secretary and Inspector of Districts — T. W. S. 
Barklie, £500; Assistant Inspector of Districts — W.E.Bel- 
lamy, £300 to £100 ; Third Class Clerk— W. McCowan, £200 
to £250 ; Fourth Class Cierk— G. W. Gordon, £150 to£200; 
Senior Clerical Assistant— Miss M. I. L. Davis, £62 10s. ; 
Junior Clerical Assistant — Miss A. Farnum, £37 10s. 
Department of Science and Agriculture. 

Government Laboratory — Director of Science and Agri- 
culture and Government Analyst — J. B. Harrison, C.M.G., 
M.A., F.LC, F.G.S., F.C.S., F.G.S.A., £750 and £250 per- 
sonal allowance, and £50 travelling allowance ; Assistant Direc- 
tor of Science and Agriculture — F. A. Stockdale, B.A., F.L.S., 
£500 to £600, and free house; Science Lecturer— E. W. F. 
English, M.A., £300 and fees ; Agricultural Superintendent. — R. 
Ward, £300 to £400 by £20 ; First Assistant Analyst— Jno. 
Williams, F.C.S., £250 to £300 by £15; Second Assistant 
Analyst— K. D. Reid, £100 to £150 by £10 ; First Agricul- 
tural Instructor— A. L. Mansfield, £200 to £250 by £15; 
Second Agricultural Instructor — N, R. King^ £150 to £200 by 
£10 ; Third Agricultural Instructor — A. A. Abraham, £100 to 
£150 by £10; Fourth Agricultural Instructor— W. H. Mat- 
thews, £100 to £150 by £10; First Clerical and Laboratory 
Assistant— E. S. Christian!, £100 to £125 by £10 ; Second 
Clerical and Laboratory Assistant — R. L. Hunte, £75 to £100 
by £10; Third Clerical and Laboratory Assistant — Mabel Van 
Nooten, £37 10s. to £62 10s. by £3 15s. : Fourth Clerical and 
Laboratory Assistant — -H. B. France, £36 17s. 6d. to £50 by 
£3 2s. 6d. ; Fifth Clerical and Laboratory Assistant — L. S. 
Davis, £29 3s. 4d. to £37 10s. by £2 10s. 

Botanic Gardens. 

Head Gardener— J. Waby, £200 to £250 by £15, and 
free house and an allowance of £25 for superintendence of 



290 

Government House Gardens ; Assistant Gardener — F. H. 
Greeves, £125 to £200; Secretary, Board of Agriculture — O. 
Weber, £50. 

Judicial Estahlishment. 

Chief Justice and Judge of Court of Vice- Admiralty, Sir 
H. A. Bovell, Kt., LL.B., K.C., £1,800 ; Senior Puisne Judge, 
J. E. Hewick, £1,250; Junior Puisne Judge, M. J. Berkeley, 
£1,000; Attorney General, Sir T. C. Rayner, K.C., £1,350 
to £1,500 ; Clerk to Attorney General, W. J. Gilchrist, £200 
to £250 ; Solicitor General, J. J. Nunan, £500 ; Crown Solicitor, 
J. A. King, £300 ; Registrar, M. P. Olton, £750 ; Accountant, 
E. Loveluck, £400 ; Sworn Clerks and Notaries Public, J. A. 
Richardson, £450 ; A. E. Manning, £400, and J. Walls, £400 ; 
Assistant Sworn Clerk and Notary Public, B. S. Newsam, 
£300 ; Assistant Sworn Clerks — Third Class Officer, H. Norton, 
£200 to £250 ; Fourth Class Officer, C. A. Campbell, £150 to 
£200; Fifth Class Officer, D. R. Forshaw, £100 to £150; 
Sixth Class Officers, G. H. Westmaas, R. T. Egg and I. L. 
Thornhill, £50 to £100 each ; W. H. O. Vanier, J. W. Eraser 
and C. L. Gale, £50 to £100 each ; First Marshal, J. C. R. 
Bennernagel, £190; Marshals, C, Davis, £150; W. Knight, 
£125 ; F. B. Edwards, £125 ; A. C. Hayley, £85. 
Stipendiary Magistrates. 

J. Brumell, £800; S. G. T. Bourke, £600 to £700; 
A. F. C. Weber, £600 to £700; E. R. Anson, £600 
to £700 ; L. E. Hawtayne, £600 to £700 ; E. A. Bugle 
and H. T. King, £500 each; VV. M. Williams and W, E. Roth, 
£400 each. Magistrates receive travelling allowances of £75 
to £112 according to extent of district. Clerks — E. A. Eraser, 
£300 ; J. McF. Corry, A. C. Hayley, C. C. Kelly, A. A. 
Bunbury and E. J. Macquarrie, B.A., LL.B., £200 each; and 
E. A. Hendricks, £100 to £150; S. E. Owen, £75 to £100. 
Stipendiary Magistrates, Georgetown — J. K. D. Hill and E. A. 
Earnshaw, £700 to £800 each. Clerks— E. G. Ma^vsiah, £300 ; 
H. L. Franck, £200 to £250; W. deGroot, £125; E. A. H. 
Campbell, £100 to £125 ; W. Gullin and A, J. D'Amil, £50each. 

Commissioner, Essequebo and Pomeroon Rivers Dis- 
trict— M. McTurk, C.M.G., £800 and £200 personal in lieu of 
travelling allowance. 

Official Receiver. 

Official Receiver — W. A. Parker, £500 and a personal 



291 

allowance of £100. Fifth Class Clerk— J. H. S. McCowan, 
£100 to £150 ; Sixth Class Clerk— J. A. Skerret, £50 to £100 j 
Clerical Assistant — M. K. Khan, £50. 

Ecclesiastical Estahlishmeyits (Church of England). 

Lord Bishop— The Kiglit Kev. E. A. Parry, D.D. ; 
Registrar — H. H. Laurence, B.A., fees ; Rector of St. George's 
Parish, and Dean — The Very Rev. E. G. H. Caswell, M.A., 
£700 ; Incumbent of Christ Church — Rev. Canon F. P. L. 
Josa, £416 13s. 4d. ; Incumbent of St. Philip's — Yen. Arch- 
deacon A. Gwyther, M.A., £416 13s. 4d. ; Rectors, £500 
eacli, viz : St. Michael's — Veu. Archdeacon F. W. T. Elliott ; 
St. Patrick's — Rev. Canon E. Sloman, M.A. ; Curates, £300 
each, viz : St. Paul — Rev. A. M. B. Jemmott, B.A., Rev. Canon 
H. Gainer, Rev. F. S. S. Pringle ; Holy Trinity— Rev. A. D. 
Price, Curate ; S. James — Rev. O. H. Wilson, Curate ; All 
Saints' — Rev. J. H. Williams, Curate ; S. Saviour's — Rev. F. L. 
Quick, Curate ; Archdeacons of Demerara and Berbice, £100 
each ; Additional grant for the support of the Church, £1,800 ; 
Missionary purposes to Pomeroon Indians, £340 ; Essequebo 
Indians, £340 ; Potaro Indians, £170 ; North West Territory, 
£340 ] East Indian Coolies, £510. 

Uhurch of Scotland. 

Minister of St. Andrew's Parish — Rev. W. B-. Ritchie, 
M.A., £700 ; Joint Minister of St. Andrew's Parish — Rev. Jas. 
Millar, £416; 8 Ministers, £500 each, viz : St. Mary's— Rev. 
R. L. Macnie, B.D. ; St. Luke's— Rev. J. B. Wallace, M.A. ; 
St. Catherine's— Rev. J. W. MacGill, M.A. ; St. Saviour's— 
Rev. James Rae, M.A. 

Roman Catholic Churah. 

Bishop— The Right Rev. C. T. Galton, £2,375 10s. for 
support of the Church ; Missionary purposes. North Western 
District, £340, 

Wesleyan Missionary Society. 

Superintendent of British Guiana Branch — Rev. E. D. 
Jones, £990, for support of this Mission. 



292 

FOREIGN CONSULS. 



German Empire — H. Seedorf. Belgium — F. Vander 
Heyde, Charge d'Affaires, (resides in Caracas). France — Gustav 
Henri Richter, Consular Agent in Georgetown ; M. A. Graillet, 
Vice-Consul^ (resides in Trinidad). Portugal — M. C. d'Ahneida ; 
Jorge Camacho, Vice-Consul. Italy — Carl Wieting ; C. F. 
Wieting, Vice-Consul. Norway — Jorgen JBrumelhurst, Consul 
General, (resides in Havanna) ; Charles Andrew McLean. 
Brazil — J. C. de Mendonza. The Netherlands — G. H. Kichter, 
Consul; Jules Pairaudeau, Vice-Consul. Sweden — Jules 
Pairaudeau. Denmark — C. G. A. Wjatt. United tStates of 
America — A. J. Clare ; Donald Mitchell, \ ice Consul, Russia 
— C. A. McLean. Venezuela — S. 0. Arvelo. Spain — Cecil 
Richter, Honorary Vice-Consul. 



ECCLESIASTICAL. 



Prior to the year 1899 the clergy of the Church of En- 
gland and the Church of Scotland were paid salaries by the 
Government and were nnich in the same position as members 
of the civil service ; no salaries were paid the clergy of the 
Roman Catholic Church or dissenting churches, but a lump sum 
was granted annually for the support of these churches. At 
this time provision also existed for the erection and mainten- 
ance of suitable residences for the clergy of the church of 
England and the church of Scotland under an Ordinance 
entitled the Parsonage Houses Ordinance, which authorized 
vestries and curates and chapel wardens to borrow on loan, to 
be secured by mortgage repayable in instalments to be deducted 
by the Receiver General from the monthly salaries of the 
incumbents, sums not exceeding in any one case two years 
salary of the living, to be applied to the purchase or erection 
of a house. Provision was also made for the payment from 
the public revenue to each incumbent of a sum not exceeding 
$120 a year for the keeping in repair of his house. 

But in the year 1898 the Parsonage Houses Ordinance was 
repealed, and in the following year was passed the Clergy List 
Ordinance, 1899, providing for the ultimate disestablishment 
of the churches in the colonv. This Ordinance, while 



293 

it preserved the rights of existing clergy, provides that 
no new clergy shall receive salaries from the colony, 
but that as vacancies arise the colony shall pay a 
sum equal to 75% of the salary of the retiring clergy- 
man to the governing body of the church to which he 
belongs as a grant in aid of its funds. It is calculated this 
scheme of disestablisment will take 20 years to complete, and 
during that period State aid will be gradually withdrawn, to 
the extent of 25% in all, from the churches under endowment 
from the public revenue. Tn like manner the lump sums granted 
annually to the Roman Catholic and Dissenting Churches 
are being subjected annually to a reduction equivalent to 
one-twentieth of 25 % of the sums granted before the passing 
of the Ordinance of 1899. 

The f olio sving are the sums provided on the Annual Esti- 
mates for the fiaancial year 1909-1910 for the support of the 

churches : — 

Church of England — 

Salaries ... ... ••• ... $ 22,720 

Grant ia aid (representing 75% of tiie salaries of 
m'nisters who have died or retired since 1899) ... 20,520 



Church of Scotland — 
Salaries 

Grant in aid (representing 75 % of the salaries 
of ministers who have died or retired since 1899) 




$ 22, IG) 



For the support of t\\e Wesleyan Missionary S-Jciety— 

Grant in aid (subject to a reduction annually of 
$62 50 being l-20th of 25 % of the sum of .^5,000 
granted prior to 1899) ... ... ... 4,312 

For the support of other dissenting denominations in such 
proportions and to such Ministers as the 
Govemor-in-Council may from time to time 
determine ... ... ... ••• 862 

Roman Catholic Church — 

Grant in aid (subject to reduction annually of 
$150 being l-20th of 25 % of the sum of $12,000 
grant( d prior to 1899) ... ... ... 10,350 

Total provided under Clergy List Ordinance ... •$ 80,924 

Alowancea to the Bishop of Guiana for Missionary pur- 
poses : — 
Among immigrants from the East ... ... 1,224 

Addiiional, conditional on an equal .sum being 

provided from private sources ... ... 1,224 

Carried forward ... ... ... f 83,372 



294 

Brought forward ... ... ... I 83,372 

Among Pomeroon Indians ... ... ... 1,632 

For Resident Missionary, Upper Essequebo River... 1,632 

For Resident Missionary, North We.^t District ... 1,632 
In aid of Potaro Mission, conditional on an equal 

sum being raised from private sources ... 816 

Grant in aid of Supenaam Mission ... ... 612 

Allowance to Bishop of Roman Catholic Church — 

For Missionary purposes. North West District ... 1,6.32 

Allowance to Wesley an Methodist Societ}' ... 1,700 

Allowance for repairs to Parsonage houses ... 840 

Total sum provided for ecclesiastical purposes ... § 93,868 

The following are the salaries being paid under the Clergy 
List Ordinance (of 1907) — 

Church of England. 
Very Revd. E. G. H. Caswell, M.A. 
Venerable Arthur Gwyther, M.A. 
Venerable F. W. T. Elliott ... 
Revd. Canon E. Sloman, M.A. 
Revd. Canon F. P. L. Josa 
Revd. Canon H. Gainer 
Revd. A. M. Jemmott, B.A. ... 
Revd. F. S. Pringle... 
Revd. O. H. Wilson 
Revd. A. D. Price ... 
Revd. J. H. Williams 
Revd. F. L. Quick ... 

Church of Scotland. 
Revd. W. B. Ritchie, M.A. ... 
Revd. J. B. Wallace, M.A. 
Revd. R. ]-. Macn e, M.A., B.D. 
Revd. J. W. MacGill, M.A. ... 
Revd. J. Rae, M.A. 
Revd. J. Millar 

Diocese op British Guiana. 

Iq'1842 the Diocese of British Guiana was separated from 
the Diocese of Barbados and a separate See established. 

Lord Bishop — the Right Reverend E. A. Parry, D.D., 
(£1,000 and £200 upkeep of house — paid from church funds), 
ChanceUor of the Diocese — the Hon. Sir T. C. Rayner, K.C.. 
Examining Chaplain — Very Reverend E. G. H. Caswell, M.A., 
Begintrar — H. H. Laurence^ B.A. (paid by fees). Clerical 
Asssesor — Venerable Archdeacon Gwyther, M.A. 

Archdeaconry op Demerara and Essequebo. 

Archdeacon — Venerable A. Gwyther, M. A., Rural Dean; 
Demerara — Rev. Canon H. Gainer, Rural Bean ; Essequibo — 
Rev. O. H Wilson, Rural Dean ; Berhice and Archdeacon of 
Berhlce— Yen, F. W. T. Elliott. 



.$ 3,360 per annum, 


. 2,480 


. 2,400 


. 2,400 


. 2,000 


1,440 


. 1,440 


. 1,440 „ 


. 1,440 


. 1,440 


. 1,410 


. 1,440 


." 3,360 


. 2,400 


. 2,400 


2,400 


. 2,400 


.. 2,000 



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295 

8t. George's. 

Cathedral — Accommodation for 1,500 ; Dean — Very Rev. 
E. G. H. Caswell, M.A., Citrates — Revs. L. J. Rowe and 
C. T. Pritchard. Canons F. P. L. Josa, Yen. A. Gwyther, M.A., 
Ven. Archdeacon F. W. T. Elliott, E. Sloman, M.A., 
H. Gainer and J. T. R. Rea. 

Chapelry of St. James the Less, Kitty — ^accommodation 
for 300. Served by Cathedral clergy. 

Chapelry of St. Sidwell, the Lodge — accommodation for 
280. Served by Cathedral clergy. 

Chrid Church, Georgetown — Accommodation for 1,100 ; 
Incumbent — Rev. Canon Josa. Curate — Rev. M. E. Turpin. 

St. Philip's, Werk-en-Rust — Accommodatiom for 780. 
Vicar — Ven. Archdeacon Gwyther, M.A. Assistant Curates — 
Rev. W. L. Kissack, M.A. (on duty in Paramaribo). Rev. 
J. Persaud (for East Indian work) and Rev. H. Gregory. 

St. Saviour s Church, Chinese — Accommodation for 180 ; 
Priest in charge — Archdeacon Gwyther. 

St. Ambrose, Albert-town — Accommodation for 200. 
Served by Christ Church. 

St Barnabas, Bourda — Accommodation for 450. Vicar 
—Rev. Canon J. T. R. Rea, M.A. 

St. FauVs, Plaisance — Rector, Rev. D. Duffns, B.A., 
Parish Church — Accom. for 1,000. 

Church of St Mary the Virgin, Beterverwagting — Accom. 
for 500. Vicar— Rev. A. M. B. Jemmott, B.A. ; Parochial 
Mission to East Indians, worked by Third Order of Saint 
Francis. 

Parish Church, Buxton — Vicar — Rev, F. S. S. Pringle. 

Parish of Enmore — Vicar — Rev. Canon H. Gainer, the 
Vicarage, Enmore. Rural Dean of Demerara. Assistant 
Curate — (for East Indian Mission) Rev. B. Masih-Das. 
St. Mark's Church, Enmore. St. Andrew's Church, Cove 
and John. 

St. Stephen*s Parish, Cane Grove — Vicar — Rev. A. E. 
Jones. Accom. for 252. St. Nicholas, Supply (East Indian.) 

St. Matthew's Parish — Rector — Rev. A. D. Price. Parish 
Church, Accom. for 254. St. Anne's, Agricola. St. Agnes, 
Craig. Chinese Mission, Plantation Diamond. Supply Mission. 

Up^yer Demerara River — Chapel of the Ascension, Hyde 
Park, Priest in charge — Rev. T. Wilkes. The Epiphany, Kanai- 



296 

mapu. St. David's, DalgiD. St. Hugh's, Muritaro. St. 
Saviour's, Mallali. 

St, Sivithin's Parish — Rector — Rev. F. L. Quick. 
Parish Church. Accom. for 650. St. Thomas' Chapel, Minden- 
burg, now forms part of St. Swithin's Parish. 

Deiwirara River Missions — (1) Chinese Mission, Hope- 
town. Aboriginal Indian Mission, Santa. (2) St. Augus- 
tine's. Dora, under Rev. F. L. Quick. 

Anglican Church, Missionary Distrv-t, West Coast — 
Incumbent — Rev. A. M. Hale, B.A., St. Jude's, Blankenburg ; 
accommodation for 700. St. Simon's, De Kinderen ; Church 
of the Good Hope, W.C. Incumbent — vacant; St. Stephen's, 
Parika ; Anna Catharina, St. John's ; Met-en-Meerzorg, 
St. Simon's Chinese Church. 

Church op England, Essequebo. 

St. Peter^s Parish — Rector : Rev. S. G. Grant ; Parish 
Church — accommodation for 350 ; St. Barnabas' Chapel 
School ; St. Stephen's ; Richmond Hill ; St, James' ; Hog Is- 
land. Warapoko Mission, Waini River. His Majesty's Penal 
Settlement — Chaplain — Rev. T. Loiigley, 

St. John's Parish — Rector — Rev. J. Harrop Williams; 
Parish Church ; accommodation for 400 ; St. Peter's ; Golden 
Fleece ; St. Paul's, Aurora ; Ituribisce Creek Indian Mission. 

The Holy Trinity ParM— Rector— Rev. O. H. Wil- 
son, R.D. ; Parish Church — Holy Trinity, Anna Regina, ac- 
commodation for 740 ; St. Lawrence, Hampton Court ; St. 
Barnabas, Dartmouth ; St. Agnes's Mission Room, Danielstown ; 
St. Saviour's, Aberdeen and St. Bartholomew, Queenstcwn — - 
vacant ; Pooraeroon — Missionary, vacant ; St. Matthias, 
Cabacaburi ; St. Denys, Tapacooma ; St. Mary, Hackney ; 
St. Lucian, Wakapoa ; St. James, Waramuri. 
East Indian, Chinese and Aboriginal Indian Missions. 

Georgetoivn District — Superintendent — Rev. J. Persaud ; 
Beterverwagting — Superintendent — Rev. A. M. B. Jemmott, 
B.A. ; St. Augustine s District — Superintendent — Rev. F. S. 
Pringle ; Enmore District — Superintendent — Rev. Canon H. 
Gainer ; Missionary — Rev. B. Masih Das ; St. Stephen's — ■ 
Superintendent — Rev. A. E. Jones : East Bank District — 
Superintendent — Rev. A. D. Price ; West Banlc District — 
Superintendent — Rev. F. L. Quick ; ]Vest Coast — Superin- 
tendent—Rev. A. M. Hale, B. C, ; St. Johns, Suddie— 



2.97 

Superintendent — Rev. J. H. Williams; Holy Trinity— 
Superintendent — Rev. O. H. Wilson ; St. FatricTcs,, Berbice 
District — Superintendent — Canon Sloman ; All Saint' s. New 
Amsterdam District — Superintendent — Rev. W. G. Andrews ; 
St. Mi'haeVs, Fort Wellington — Superintendent — Archdeacon 
Elliott ; Por^ Mo^^mw^ ; St. Margaret's, Skeldou—Uev, J. H. 
Elstob, M.A. ; Camounie Creelc, Demerara River — Superin- 
tendent — Rev. F. L. Quick ; Indian Missions, Pomeroon — 
Superintendent — vacant ; St. Matthias Church, Cabacaburi, 
accommodation for 250 ; St. James', vacant ; St. Lucian, 
Wakapoa, accommodation for 250 ; St. Hilda's, Warapoko ; 
Tapacooma Lake ; Bartica Didrict — Missionary — Rev. J. Wil- 
liams ; St, John's ; St. Edward's ; Groete Creek ; Votaro — 
Superintendent — Rev. F. S. Pringie ; North West District — 
Superintendent — Rev. F. Harding; Per6?ce Eiver- Superin- 
tendent — Rev. T. M White ; Corentyne Biver — Superintendent 
— Rev. E. Josa ; Epera and Orealla ; Demerara Biver — Superin- 
tendent—Rev. T. Wilkes ; Santa— Uev. F. L. Quick. 
Church of England, Beubice. 

All Saints' Parish — Rector — Rev. W. G. Andrews ; 
Parish Church — accommodation for 800 ; Curate Rev. E. F. C. 
Josa ; Stanley Town Chapel of Ease — served by the Clergy 
from Parish Church: St. Clement's Chinese Church; 
St. Thomas' East Indian Church; St. Ambrose, Sandvoort 
and All Saints', Deutichem. 

Berhice River Mission — Missionary — Rev. T. M. White ; 
St. Peter's, Sand Hills : Chapel, Coomacka. 

St. Patrick's Parish — ^ Rector — Rev. Canon Sloman, M.A. 

Parish Church — accommodation for 520 ; St. John's 
Chapel, New Forest ; St. Columba's Chapel, Sheet Anchor 
St. Joseph's, Port Mourant ; Corentyne — ^ Vicar— Rev. T. E, 
Quick ; St. Mark's, Alness ; St Barnabas, Gibraltar. 

St. Margaret's Corentyne — Vicar — Rev. J. H. Elstob, M.A. 

St. Margaret's Skeldon ; Chinese Church, Skeldon ; New 
Market Chapel ; St. Mary's, Leeds, No. 50 ; Missions at Orealla 
and Epera, Corentyne River. — Rev. E. Josa. 

St. Michael's Parish — Rector — Ven. Archdeacon Elliott, 
R.D. ; Parish Church — accommodation 256, St. Gabriel's 
St. Raphael's, Hopetown ; Chapelries of St, Alban's (Bella- 
drum) and St. Jude's (Lichfield); Curate— Rev. G, E. Connell, 
L.Th. 



298 

Missions to East Indians and Chinese ImiMigrants. 
The Anglican Church carry on missions for East Indians 
and Chinese immigrants^ the objects being : — 

1. To maintain an efficient institution or college for 
training catechists. 

2. Maintain, or assist in maintaining, duly ordained mis- 
sionaries in certain districts, the limits of which shall, from 
time to time, be determined by the Committee of Management. 

3. To maintain, or assist in maintaining, duly qualified 
and licensed catechists in certain districts, to be determined as 
in the case of missionaries. 

4. To supply, or assist in supplying, suitable books for the 
missions. 

President of Committee of Management — The Lord Bishop 
of Guiana. 

Missionaries — Plantation Enmore — Rev. B. Masih Das ; 
Georgetown — Rev. J. Persaud. 

Guiana Diocesan Church Society. 

Patron — His Excellency the Governor ; President- 
The Lord Bishop ; Yice-F residents — Very Rev. E. G. H. 
Caswell, M.A., Ven. Archdeacon Gwyther, M.A., J. E. 
Tinne, Stewart Gardner, Esqs., Hon. B. Howell Jones, W. 
A. Wolseley, Esquire ; Secretary — Rev. A. M. Hale, B.A., 
Met-en-Meerzorg; Treasurer — F. W. Hopkinson, Esquire, 159, 
Waterloo Street ; Auditor — the Diocesan Auditors ; Standing 
Committee, Members ex officio. — The Lord Bishop, Ven. Arch- 
deacon Gwyther, Ven. Archdeacon Elliott, Very Rev. Dean 
Caswell, Rev. Canon Josa, Rev. Canon H. Gainer, Rev. 
Canon J. T. R. Rea, Rev. 0. H Wilson, Rev. A. M. Hale, 
F. W. Hopkinson ; Elective Members — Rev. W. G. Andrews, 
Hon. B. Howell Jones, H. A. N. Burrowes, N. Chapman, 
M. U. Hing, T. A. C. Maskell, C. Wieting, Dr. Wharton. East 
Indian Committee — VervRev. Dean Caswell, Ven. Archdeacon 
Gwyther, Revs. Canon H. Gainer, W. G. Andrews, A. E. 
Jones and the Hon. B. Howell Jones. Lije Members — Sir J. 
A. Swettenham, K.C.M.G., and Stewart Gardner, Esquire. 
Church of Scotland. 

*S'/. Andrew's Parish — Joint Ministers — Rev. W. B. 
Ritchie, M.A., and Rev. James Millar ; St, Andrew's Church 
—Rev. W^. B. Ritchie; Rev. W. B. Ritchie, Moderator; 
St. Thomas' Church— Rev. J. Millar; St. Stephen's Church 



Pj.ate 49. 




ROMAN CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL, GEORGETOWN. 

Phoio hy J. Williatui 



299 

— Rev. D, F. Drayton ; St. Bernard's, Albouystown ; St. 
Ninian's, Wortmanville. 

St. Mary's Parish, East Coast Demerara^ — Minister — "R. 
L. Macnie, B.D. Parish Church at Mahaica, Churches at 
Mahaicony and Belmont. 

St. Mark's Parish — West Bank, Demerara ; Minister — 
Rev. J. L. Mansfield — -Christianburg and Wismar; Bagotville ; 
St. Paul's, Canal No. 1. 

St, Luke's Parish — Minister — Rev. James B. Wallace, 
M.A. Churches — Uitvlugt, Den Amstel, Vergenoegen, Farm, 
Blake, Blankenburg. 

St. James Parish — Minister — Rev. J. M. Binnie, M.A. 

Churches at — Melville, Concordia, Maria Johanna, Cale- 
donia, Troolie Island, Chalk Hill, Saxacalli. 

Church of Scotland^ Essequebo. 

St. David's — Mission Station. 

St. David's, Aurora ; St. Paul's, Good Hope ; Mission 
Station, Coolie Settlement, Huis-t'Dieren ; Minister — Rev. 
J. E. A. Jeffrey. 

Church of Scotland, Berbice. 

All Saints' PaWs/z—Minister— Rev. J. W. MacGill, M.A. 

Parish Church — All Saints', New Amsterdam ; Edinburgh ; 
and Baracara Mission, upper Canje Creek. 

St. Clement's Parish — Minister — Rev. George Petrie, 
M.A. ; Parish Church — St. Clement's, " Friends," 400 sittings ; 
Mara ; Highbury ; Hollandia. 

St. Catherine's Parish — -Minister — Rev. J. Aiken, M. A.. 

St. Catherine' s Ithaca Village ; Schumakers' Lust. 

o^. Saviour's Parish — Minister — Rev. James Rae, M.A. 

St. Savioar's, Achlyne ; Churches at Gibraltar, Fyrish, 
Rose Hall, Manchester, Kildonan, Eversham, Massiah, and 
Skeldon. 

E. Indian Mission of the Presbyterian Church of Canada 
— Demerara — Rev. J. B. Cropper ; Berbice — Rev. A. D. 
McKenzie, M.A., B.D. ; Fssequibo —'Rev. R. Gibson Fisher. 

Roman Catholic Church. 
Georgetown, Brick dam — Cathedral Church of the Immacu- 
late Conception — Right Reverend C. T. Galton, S. J., Bishop of 
Petenissus, Vicar Apostolic of British Guiana ; Very Rev. V. 
Hornyold, S.J., V.G., Religious Superior; Revs. T. Lickert, J. 



300 

Wilson, P. Lauder, G. Pollen, S.J., C. Cooksey, S.J. ; Convents 
— Ursuline, Superior — Rev. Mother Bonaventure ; Mercy ; 
Superior — Rev. Mother Margaret Mary; Church of the 
Sacred Heart — Revs. J. Justino, S.J. and T. Heaney, S.J., 
J. Victorine ; East Bank, Demerara River — Meadow Bank, 
Church of St. Mary, served by Rev. J. Victorine ; West 
Bank, Demerara River, Malgre Tout, Church of the [Annunci- 
ation — Rev. J. Gordon, S.J. ; West Coast, Demerara, Ha^ue — 
Church of Our Lady Do Monte and Leguan served by Rev. J. 
Gordon, S.J. ; East Coast, Demerara, Kitty — Church of Our 
Lady of the Rosary by Rev. C. Cooksey, S.J. ; Plaisance — 
Church of St. John the Baptist, Rev. A. Casati, S.J. ; 
Beterverwagting — Church served by J^ev. A. Moran, S.J. ; 
Buxton Church — Rev. A. Moran, S.J. ; Victoira — Church of 
the Immaculate Conception — Rev. J. Purcell ; Leper Asylum, 
served by Rev. J. Baroni, S.J. ; Mahaica Church — Revs. H. 
Beauclerk, S.J. and J. Baroni, S.J. ; Berbice, Netv Amsterdam, 
Church of the Ascension and Glasgow — Rev. J. Darby, S.J. ; 
Stations, Mahaicony, and Trafalgar ; Port Mourant, Carnar- 
von and Skeldon, served by Rev. H. Beauclerk S.J. ; Ursuline 
Convent, New Amsterdam, Superior — -Rev. Mother Mary 
Evangelist ; Essequebo, Henrietta, Church of St. Joseph — Rev. 
F. O'Donnell, S.J., Abram Zuil, Suddie ; Wakenaam, served by 
Rev. F. O'Donnell, S.J. ; Bartica Church, served by Rev. 
A. Moran, S.J. ; Pomeroon River — -Marlborough Church, Rev. 
S. Gillet, S.J. ; S. Francis, served by Rev. S. Gillet, S.J. ; 
Moriica, Santa Rosa, Rev. S. Gillet, S.J. ; Stations — Assacotta 
and Barama Mouth ; Moraivhanna — Church of St. Peter 
Claver, Rev. C. Cary-Elwes, S.J. ; Stations on Aruka and 
Waini Rivers. 

Wesleyan Methodist Church. 
Georgetown {First Circuit) — Trinity, Rev. E. Donald Jones 
(Chairman and General Superintendent) ; Rev. J. F. Denny — 
Rome, Mocha and Diamond ; Rev. E. O. Robertson — Goed 
Fortuin, Nismes, Sisters, Supply and Soesdyke ; Georgetoivn 
{Second Circuit) — Rev. J. B. Wood, Kingston, Georgetown, 
and Kitty, East Coast ; Rev. R, Eustace Wade, Bedford, 
Georgetown, and Plaisance, East Coast ; Mahaica — Rev. E. H. 
Creed, Mahaica, Supply, Virginia, Stanleyville, Mahaicony and 
Catherineviile ; Friendship — East Coast, Rev. R. W. Hasler — 
Friendship, Golden Grove, Victoria and Ann's Grove ; 



301 

Essequeho — Revs. J. B. Hill and F. McKeiizie Turner— 
Queenstown, Abram Zuil, Zorg, Aurora, Bush Lot, Daniel's 
Town, Liberty (Pomeroon) and Wakenaam ; Berhice — Rev. 
W. H. Richardi?, New Amsterdam, Cumberland, Rosignol and 
Glasgow ; East Indian Mission (Georgetown) — two Hindustani 
Catechists, Bourda. 

London Missionary or Congregationalists. 

Revs. F. C. Glasgow and A. W. Wilson, Georgetown', 
Rev. J. H. Hendricks — Plaisance, Beterverwagting atd ^ux- 
tun ; AniLs Gi'ove, Sujyply and Victoria — (vacant), Dr. J. E, 
London in charge ; Rev. F. C. Glasgow, Lowood Chapel and 
Elizubeth Chapel ; Netv A7)isterdam, Providence, Saiidvoort, 
Ghisgow and Calcuni — (vacant). Rev. T. B, Glasgow in charge; 
Rev. H. Algernon — Hojjetotvn. No. 8 and Roome, Ithaca, and 
Hanover — (vacant). Rev. H. Algernon in charge ; other 
Chapels at — Light Town, Canje, and Fyrish, Rev. Jas. T. 
Isaacs; Bagotville and Vauxhall, Canal 1, Rev. A. Wilson; 
Blankenburg, and Wolga, Rev. T. B. Glasgow ; Bethesda, 
Benevolence, Canal 2, Potosi, and La Harmonie, West Bank, 
Demerara, Rev, J. E, London, M.D. 

Moravians. 

Tlie Moravian Mission has three churches in the colony, 
the iiewrst of wljicl), in Queenstown Ward, was dedicated in 
December, 1902. It receives a giant from the Mission Board 
which must be augmented by local efforts to meet the 
exigencies of the work. The Directing Board of the Moravian 
Missionary Church is at Berthelsdorf, 8axony. The address of 
the Secretary for its foreign mission is Rev. C. J. Klesel, 32 
Fetter Lane, E. C, London. 

Queenstown Church — Missionary — Rev J. Dingwall, 
Superintendent and Warden of the Mission ; Graham's Hall 
Church, Cuming's Lodge — Missionary — Rev. C. F, Francis ; 
Tabernacle Church — Missionary — Rev. H. W. Grant ; Queen's- 
toivn (Comenius) Secondary School — Rev.J. Dingwall, Director ; 
East Indian Evangelist for Queenstown, Graham's Hall and 
Tabernacle — (vacant). 

Lutheran Church, Ber6ice. 

Minister of all the Stations— Rev. J. R. Mittelholzer, 
New Amsterdam, Berbice ; Vestrymen, President — Rev. J. R. 
Mittelholzer ; Missions— Maria Henrietta, Kibilibiri and 
Auraima, and St. Lust. 



302 

African Mfthodist Episcopal Church. 
Right Rev. C. T. Shaffer, M.D., D.D., Presiding }3ishop, 
Chicago, Illinois, CS.A. ; St. Peter's Church, Georgetown — 
Re\^ P. A. Luckie. 

Demerara Missionary and Industrial Institute. 
Principal — Rev. P. A. Luckie. 

Buelah A.M.E. Mission. 
Alexander Village, East Bank. 
Bethel Church, Anna Catharina, West Coast. 
Pastor — Rev. J. E. R. Franklin. 

THE COUKTS. 



Supreme Court of British Guiana. 



{Constituted hy Ordinance No. 7 of 1893.) 
The Supreme Court of British Guiana is a Superior Court 
of Record, and consists of three Judges (a Chief Justice and 
two Puisne Judges, called the Senior and Junior Puisne 
Judges) and sits in various jurisdictions. 

Officers of the Court. 
Chief Justice — His Honour Sir Henry AUeyne Bo veil, Kt. ; 
Senior Puisne Judge — His Honour John Edwin Hewick ; 
Junior Puisne Judge — ^His Honour Maurice Julian Berkeley; 
Attorney General — Sir Thomas Crossley Rayner, Kt., K.C. ; 
Solicitor General — Joseph John Nunan, B.A., LL.B. ; Regis- 
trar — M. P. Olton ; Accountant — Edward Loveluck. The 
Sworn Clerks and Assistant Sworn Clerks of the Regish-ar's 
Office of British Guiana also discharge the duties of Registrar. 
Besides the Registrar, who is the chief executive officer, there 
are five Marshals who are also executive-officers of the Court- 
Jurisdiction of the Court. 
Criminal Jurisdiction — Exercised by a Judge of the Court 
and a Jury. Days of Session — Demerara — the 2nd Tuesday 
in January, the 1st Tuesday in April, the 1st Tuesdciy in June 
and the 1st Tuesday in October, Essequebo — the 3rd Tuesday 
in February, the 3rd Tuesday in May and the 4th Tuesday in 
October. Berbice — the 1st Tuesday in February^ ihe 3rd 
Tuesday in June and the 3rd Tuesday in October. Provided 
that the Governor may by Proclamation suspend or jDOstpone 
any sitting, and also direct any special sitting. 



Hi 




CO 

H 
q: 

o 

o 

< 

-J 

u 

I 



»1 



303 

General Civil Jurisdiction — Exercised by the three Judges 
or any two of them, for the trial of all matters not coming 
within the Limited Jurisdiction of the Court. Sittings — This 
Court sits throughout the year for the disposal of business pend- 
ing before it. Subject to any Order in Council from time to time, 
an appeal lies in civil cases involving £500 or upwards to His 
Majesty in Council. 

Limited Civil Jurisdiction — Exercised by a single Judge 
for trial of the following matters :— (1) Where claim for debt 
or damages does not exceed $2,500; (2) for recovery of 
immovable property or in which the transport of immovable 
property is claimed, for the recovery of any specific chattel or 
penalty which does not exceed $2,500; (3) for enforcing any 
mortgage claim subject to proviso (2) ; (4) in opposition suits 
where amount of claim or value of property does not exceed 
$2,500 ; (5j for orders in the nature of Interdict, Mandament or 
Mandamus or in which a Receiver may be appointed where the 
subject matter of the action does not exceed in value $2,500, and 
also where such orders are sought in actions within the Limited 
Jurisdiction; (6) for partition or sale in lieu of partition 
where value of property does not exceed $5,000; (7) for an 
account of administration of estate or boedel where value of 
same does not exceed $5^000 ; (8) dissolution or winding up of 
partnership, where value does not exceed $5,000; (9) against 
agents for accounts where claim does not exceed $2,500 ; 
(10) by way of counter claim in actions in the Limited Juris- 
diction of the Court ; (11) in respect of such debts or claims 
that may be recovered by a specially indorsed Writ, i.e., in all 
actions to recover a debt or a liquidated demand in money 
arising (a) upon a contract expressed or implied, e.g., upon a 
Bill of Exchange, Pro ]S"ote or Cheque or other triple contract 
debt, (/>) on a Bond or Mortgage, (c) on a Statute for a fixed 
amount or in the nature of a debt other than a penalty, (d) on a 
guarantee for a liquidated demand, (e) in actions for recovery 
of land by a landlord against a tenant : provided that if leave 
be given to defend, jurisdiction is only exercised if amount 
claimed does not exceed $2,500; (12) parties consenting in 
writing, jurisdiction may be exercised whatever may be amount 
of claim or value of subject matter of action or matter. Two 
or more Judges may sit separately and hear cases in the same 
or in any other jurisdiction of the Court. 



304 

Sittings — This Court sits throughout the year except 
during the months of July and August. An appeal lies to the 
Full Court composed of three Judges. 

Appellate Jurisdiction — Exercised by a single Judge for 
reviewing decisions of Magistrates either in Petty Debt or 
their Sumniary Jurisdiction. Sittings throughout the year. 
An appeal lies to the Full Court composed of three Judges. 

Admiralty Jurisdiction — Tliis Court is a Colonial Court 
of Admiralty within the meaning of the Acts of 1890 of the 
Imperial Parliament. 

Vacation of the Court continues from thn 1st July to the 
last day of September. The Holidays of the Court besides 
Sundays and Public Holidays are Christmas Day and the three 
succeeding days, Good Friday^ Easter Eve. Monday and 
Tuesday in Easter Week, the King's Birthday, Ascension Day, 
and Monday and Tuesday in Whitsun Week. 

Petty Debt Court. (Established 1835.) 
Ordinance 11 of 1893. 

Georgetown- — Presided over by the Stipendiary Magis- 
trates — J. K. D. Hill and A. Earnshaw. Courts held dailv. 



305 



MAGISTEKIAL DISTKICTS, 

SHOWINGS PLACES, TIMES AND DAYS OF SITTINGS OF COURT*'^ 



District. 



Place of 

Sitting. 



Hour of 
Sitting. 



Days of Sitting. 



Georgetown.. 



Easb Coast, 
Demerara 



West Coast, 
Demerara 



Demerara 
River 



North Esse- 
quebo 



South Esse- 
quebo 



Pomeroou 



Berbice 



Georgetown 
Providence. 

Belfield 
Vigilance 
Sparendaam. .. 
Mahaica 

Fellowship 
Vreed- en-Hoop 
La Grange 
Stewartville ,. 

Hyde Park 
Mallali 
Potaro 
Omai 
Christianburg .. 



Suddie 
Anna Regina 
Capoey 
Aurora 

Leguan 

Vergenoegen 



Wakenaam 
Bartica 

Pickersgill 
Marlborough 

Acquero 



Mahaicony 
Fort Wellington 
New Amsterdam 

Reliance 

Sisters 

Bla^irment 



10 a.m. 
10.30 a.m. 

10 a.m. 

10 a.m. 

10 a.m. 

9.30 a.m. 

10 10 a.m. 

10 10 a.m. 

9.55 a.m. 

10.10 a.m. 



10 
10 

10 

10 



a.m. 
a.m. 
a.m. 

a.m. 



1 10.30 and f 
J 11 a.m. "I 

10.30 a.m. 
10 a.m. 
10.30 a.m. 



On arrival 
of steamer. 

On arrival 
of steamer. 



10 
10 



a.m. 
a.m. 



9 a.m. 

9 a.m. 

10 a.m. 

10 a.m. 

10 a.m. 

7.15 a.m. 



All Week days. 
Monday. 

Wednesday. 
Thursday. 

Mondays and Friday. 
Alternate Tuesday. 

Monday. 
Thursday. 
Tuesday. 
Friday. 

Tuesday, 1st week every month 
Thursday, 2nd do. do. 
Friday, 3rd do. do. 

Monlay, 4 th do. do. 
Wedne-iday,4th do. do. 

Monday. 

Tuesday and Wednesday. 

Thursday. 

Alternate Friday. 

Thursday, except Bartica week, 
when Court is held on Saturday 

Friday, except when Magistrate 
is detained at Bartica until 
Friday morning, when Court 
is opened on arrival of Bartica 
Steamer at Tuschen. 

Monday. 

Alternate Tuesdays. 



Wednesday in third week of each 

month. 
Thursday in third week in each 

month, and such other days as 

the Magistrate may fix. 
Monday following third Thursday 

of each month. 

Alternate Mondays. 
Alternate Tuesdays. 
Monday, Wednesday and Fri- 
day. 
Alternate Tuesdays. 
Alternate Thursdays. 
Alternate Monday^-'.- 



306 



MAGISTERIAL DISTRICTS.— (Continued). 



District. 


Place of 
Sitting. 


Hour of 
Sitting. 


Days of Sitting. 


Berbice 
(contd.) 

North West- 
ern 


Schepmoed 

Whim 
Albion 

Springlands ... 
Maria Henrietta 

Morawhanna . . . 

Arakaka 


On arrival 
of steamer. 

9 a.m. 

9 a.m. 

9 a.m. 

6 a.m. 

6 a.m. 
9 a.m. 


Once a month, on Thursday. 

Alternate Tuesdays. 
Alternate Mondays. 
Alternate "Wednesdays. 
Once a Quarter, on Friday. 

Every Thursday, except when the 

Court sits at Arakaka. 
Every six weeks on Thursdays. 



JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 



Abbeiisetts, John Augustus Bugle, E. A. 
Anderson, Charles Wilgress 
Anson, Edward Rosebery 
Anderson, George Ernest 
Allicock, E. A. 



Baker, Arthur H, 
Bascom, F. C. S. 
Bayley, George Drysdale 
Bayley, Sydney Howard 
Bellamy, William Edward 
Bethune, C. F. 
Bourke, S. G. T. 
Booth, J, R. 
Brassington, R. G. 
Brassin£;ton, R. E. 
Bratt, A. E. 
Brice, H. M. 
Brice, J. 
Bridges, W. 
Brum ell, John 
Brumell, J., jnr. 
Brunker, Captain H. M, 



Calder, W. J. 
Carter, Dr. F. C. 
Carter, Dr. R. 
Choppin, J. F. M. 
Christiani, H. P. 
Cole, S. W. 
Cook, J. 
Cook, W. H. 
Corry, J. McF. 
Cox, N. 
Craig, Alan E. 
Craigen, William 
Curtis, R. C. 

Davis, J. Wood 
DeRinzy, Colonel G. C. 
Deverill, H. 
Day, B. A. 
Douglas, W. 
Douglas, W. A. 



307 



Duncan, C. W. 
Duncan, li. G. 
Dougall, D. JS. 

Essex, Edward 

Farnum, Ernest 
Fernandes, Dr. F. 
Fleming, J. M. 
Fowler, Frank 
French, M. A. 

Gall, G. L. B. 
Gordon, J. R. C. 
Gibson, J. C. 
Giles, George 
Gillespie, J. 
Gill, W. J. 
Gladwin, E. P. 
Godrich, H. 

Hastings, M. P. 
Hawtayne, L. E. 
Hemery, P. 
Herbert, R. 
Hill, A. H. 
Hill, L. M. 
Hill, J. K. D. 
Hill, J. R. 
Hill, J. S. 
Hohenkerk, L. S. 
Humphrys, H. L, 
Humplirys, J. H. 
Hutson, F. W. 

Jackman, H. E. JVJ 
Jones, B. Howell 

Kerr, L. L. 
Kerr, R. H. L. 
King, C. H. 
King, E. E. 
King, E. H. 
King, H. T. 



King, I. F. 
King, J. A. 
King, J. Hampden 
Kina:, L. 

King, N. W. 

Laing, J. A. 

La Frenais, Dr. A, C. L. 

Long, F. A. 

Lorimer, R. S. 

MacAdam, Dr. P. E. W. 
Macquarrie, E. J. 
Marshall, T. M. 
May, Major Cecil 
Mearns, W. 
McEwan, A. L. W. 
Melville, H. P. A, 
McTurk, M., c.m.g. 
McTurk, W. H. 
Mitford, Percy 
Morris, C. 

Neal, Dr. F. A. 
Nicholson, J. H. 

Ottley, John 
Ord, A. W. 

Parker, E. S. E. 
Parkei', W. A. 
Parnell, J, R. 
Parratt, W. H. 
Parrett, C. A. 
Pasea, R. R. 
Pierre, F. F. 

Reid, Dr. I, K. 
Richardson, J. A. 
Rickford, Howell 
Roberts, C. B. 
Robertson, G. M. 
Rolleston, H, L, 



ao8 



Koss, A. 
Roth, W. E. 
Rowland, Dr. E. D. 

Sharpies, O. E. L. 
81iaw, Capt. B. V. 
Hhields, W. M. B. 
Bpence D. J. A. 
Spence, R. O. H, 
Stoute, J. L. 
Swaio, A. C. 

TaNlor, H. J. " 
Teixeira, Dr. J. 
Tiioinpson, R. A. C. 

Von Winckler, Dr, W. J. 



Walker, S. 
Wallbridge, J. 
Warn, W. E. 
WatHon J. H. 
AVatson, W. C. 
AVardle, Thomas 
Weber, A. E. C. 
AVhite, Frederick 
Whyte, W. 
Wiekham, E. L 
AViddup, 0. P. 
Willh.ras, H. S. 
WilUams, W. M. 
AVil^^on, J. 
AVills, Dr. E. T. 
AVoolford, J. B. 
AVrefoid, R. J. 



COMMISSIONERS FOR ADMINISTERING OATHS 
TO AFFIDAVITS. 



Anson, E. R. 

Brumell, J. 
Bugle, E. A. 
Biinbury, A, A. 

Cleare, L. D. 

Dias, Hon. Francis 

Earnshaw, A. 

Fraser, E. A. 

Hayley, A. C. 
Hemery, P. 
Hill, J. K. D. 
Hubbard, T. 
Humphrys, J. 

King, H. T. 
King, J, A. 



Long, F. H. 

Macquarrie, E. 
Manning, A. E. 
McTurk,M.,c.M.G. 

Nicholson, J. H. 

Olton, M. P. 

Parker, W. A. 

Reid, I. K. 
Richardson, J. A. 
Rolleston, H. L. 
Roth, W. E. 

Spence, R. O. H. 

Weber, A. F. C. 
Wills, Dr. F. T. 
Woolford, J. B. 
Worsley, D. A. 



309 

FEES. 

DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND MINES. 

Fees, Royalty, Etc. 

(Tinder the Mining Ordinance 1 of 1903, and the Mining 

Regulations, 1905.) 
For a Prospecting Licence ... ... ....^ 5 00 

On filing notice of the location of any claim and ap- 
plication for a licence ... ... ... 48 

For filing application for a concession ... ... 10 00 

For a certified copy of particulars relating to a pros- 
pecting licence ... ... ... 12 

For a licence to mine for gold, for each financial year 

or part thereof ... ... ... .5 00 

For a licence to search for precious stones, for each 

acre or part of an acre, for each financial year or i 

part thereof... ... ... ... 20 

For a licence to mine for gold and precious stones ... 5 00 ^ 
and in addition for each acre or part of an acre, 
for each financial year, or part of a financial year... 20 

For every duplicate licence issued ... ... 50 

For every duplicate concession issued ... ... 1 00 

For filing notice of a transfer of any single claim or 

of any number of claims ... ... ... 1 00 

For every metal tablet to be affixed to a claim ... 24 
For every mining privilege under Regulation 51(3)... 24 
For each certificate, including registration of labour... 24 
Surveys — 

For surveying a claim, exclusive of cost of survey, per 

acre ... ... ... ... 10- 

(This charge to include one copy of the diagram.) 
Royalty — 

On gold, for each oz. weight ... ... 70 

On silver ditto. ... ... ... 04 

Trading Licences — 
(Issued under tJie Tax Ordinance by the Receiver General.) 
Gold: For a licence to trade in ... ... 25 00 

Precious Stones : For a licence to trade in rough 

or uncut ... ... ... .,, 50 00 



310 

FEES IN PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSIONER OR WARDEN. 

Fees — 

Filing complaint ... ... ...$ 48 

Summons of a witness ... ... ... 24 

Copy of evidence or any document, per page of 

eighteen lines ... ... ...012 

Witnesses^ Remuneration — (not to exceed the sums speci- 
fied), per diem : — 
Agricultural labourer, seaman, domestic servant, or 

day labourer, or the wife or child above 12 years 

of age of any such person ... ... 72 

Every other person, except a child under 12 years 

of age ... ... ... ... 2 00 

Child under 12 years of age... ... ... 24 

and such actual travelling expenses as may be 

allowed by the officer hearing the case. 

Costs — 

The Commissioner or Warder may award to either of the 
parties to any dispute such costs, not exceeding in amouot 
the costs payable in cases within the limited jurisdiction of the 
Supreme Court, as in his discretion he thinks fit. 



Fees and Royalty. 

(Under the Crown Lands Ordinance 32 of \90'^\and the Crown 

Lands Regulations of lOth May, 1909.) 
Office Fees — 

1. On any application for a lease of Crown Land, 

Licence of Occupancy, Wood-cutting licence, or 
Quarrying licence (other than a licence to quarry 
stone), or renewal of the same ... ...$ 5 00 

2. On any application for a licence to quarry stone, 

or renewal of the same ... ... ... 24 

3. On any application for a licence to collect rubber 

or balata, or renewal of the same ... ... 8 00 

4. For the transfer of a lease, licence, or permission ... 4 00 

5. For any extension of a licence or permission by the 

Commissioner ... ... ... 1 00 

6. For permission to sub-let any tract, or part thereof 12 

7. For a permisssion to occupy any Crown Land as a 



311 

depot or timber or earfc path, ia connection with a 
licence or for a transfer of same ... ...$ 1 00 

8. For a permission to collect gums other than balata, 

rubber, or any su})stance of a like nature, or any 
plants other than orchids, or any substances which 
can be obtained without cutting a tree or shrub, 
and for the collection of which no licence is issued ... 1 00 

9. For a permission to collect orchids for export ... 5 00 

10. Do. for trade but not for export... 2 00 

11. Do. to collect balata from felled trees 1 00 

Survey Fees. — 

12. {a.) For making any survey of an area up to 500 

acres, including diagram in duplicate, per acre ... 30 
{h.) For the survey of each acre above 500 and up 

to 1,000 ... ... ... ... 20 

(c.) For the survey of each acre above 1,000 ... 10 

13. For making any survey of a strip of Crown Land 
for canal or other purposes, including diagram in 
duplicate, per rood of length surveyed ... 05 

14. For any preliminary survey or cutting any boundary 
line between tracts, no diagram being required, 

per rood of length surveyed or cut ... 05 

These charges include labour, cutting lines, etc. 

Royalty on Timber^ etc. — 

15. Timber or round wood, the specific 

gravity of which is not more per cubic foot OOJ 
than "7 (string measure.) 

16. Timber or round wood, the specific 

gravity of which is more than '7 ... do. do. 01 

17. Shingles ... ... per 1,000 10 

18. Paling staves not more than 5| 

feet long (longer, in proportion)... do. 100 12 

19. Vat Staves ... ... do. do. ft. 10 

20. Tacouba paling posts... ... do. do. ft. 10 

21. Hardwood beams not more than 6 

inches in diameter, (thicker, in 

proportion) ... ..,. per 100 ft. 05 

22. Hardwood spars not more than 4 (string measure.) 

inches in diameter, (thicker, in 

proportion) ... ... do. do. ft. 03 



312 

23. Wattles one and a half inches by 

20 feet, (larger, in proportion) ... per 100 ft. $ 05 

24. Shovel sticks ... ... do. do. 10 

25. Hackia and other sticks, not more 

than half an inch b}^ 8 feet, (larger 

in proportion) ... ... do. 100 10 

26. Charcoal, per bag of not more than 

100 lbs. or part thereof ... 01 

27. Firewood ... ... do. Cord 08 

28. Greenheart or Mangrove Bark, 

per bag of not more than 100 lbs. 

or part thereof ... ... 02 

Royalty on Balata, etc. — 

29. Balata, rubber, or any substance 

of a like nature ... per lb. 02 

30. Other gums, including balsaui of 

copaiba and tonka beans ... per lb. 01 

31. Orchids, exported, ... each 05 

Royalty on Sand, etc. — 

32. Sand gravel, shell, caddy, or clay, 
or any substance of a like nature, 

per ton ... ... ... 01 

33. Kaolin clay or like substance, per 

ton ... ... ... 05 

Office Fees, Department op Lands and Mines. 
{Under Ordinance 31 of 1903.) 

1. Copy of any document other than a diagram, per 

page ... ... ... .. 2 01 

2. Copy of a diagram ... ... ... 2 00 

and upwards at the discretion of the Commissioner. 

3. Inspecting or searching records kept in the De- 

partment of Lands and Mines, for the first hour 

or part thereof ... ... ..^ 50 

For each succeeding hour or part thereof ... 25 

Tariff of fees payable to Land Surveyors in the Govern- 
ment Service. 
{Section 28 of Ordinance No. 20 of 1891.) 
1, Surveying a Lot or any portion of a L/ot, not exceed- 



313 



iiig 5 roods by 30 roods, in the City of Georgetown 
or any Town or Village : — 



$ c. 



(1) Showing boundaries only and furnishing a 
diagram, planting an iron or concrete paal, 
excluding cost of paal ... ... ] 5 00 

(II) Showing boundaries and details of build- 
ings, &c., from $20 to ... ...100 00 

2. For each paal planted in defining boundaries, 
excluding the cost of the paals ... ... 5 00 

3. Subdividing a plantation or any tract of land, where 
the boundaries are already defined, planting two 

paals on the divisional line between the two lots, 
and furnishing a diagram as follows : — 
For 5 Lots,$ 40 — For each Lot under 5 per Lot 8 00 
„ 10 „ 60 — For each additional Lot, be- 

tween 5 and 10, per Lot... 4 00 
,, 30 „ 100 — For each additional Lot, be- 
tween 10 and 30 per lot ... 2 00 
,, 50 „ 135 — For each additional Lot, be- 
tween 30 and 50 per Lot... 1 75 
„ 80 ,, 180 — For each additional Lot, be- 
tween 50 and 80 per Lot... 1 50 
„ 100 ,, 205— For each additional Lot, be- 
tween 80 and 100 per Lot... 1 25 
For every additional Lot over 100, at ... 1 00 

4. Surveying empoldered lands when the dams are 

clean, not for the purpose of defining boundaries, 
and furnishing a diagram showing dams — 

(I) If not exceeding 5 acres ... ... 15 00 

For every additional acre above 5, but not 
exceeding 99, per acre ... ... 10 

(II) For 100 acres, and every additional acre 
above 100, but not exceeding 250, at the rate 
per acre of ... ... ••• 25 

(TIT ) For every additional acre above 250, at 

the rate per acre of... ... ... 10 

(IV.) Showing details of drainage and cultivation 
in addition to the above charges, at the rates 
per acre of ... ... ••• 1'5 

(V.) Showing buildings or erections, &c., ac- 



314 

cording to detciils and in addition to the above 
charges... ... from $5 to $100 00 

(VI.) Surveying for Railway or Canal purposes, 

viz., laying out curves or taking levels, per mile, 50 00 

5. Defining boundaries and furnishing diagram (in 

addition to the charges under No. 2) — 

(I.) Where there is no bush or obstacles, for 

the first 100 roods, per rood ... ... 10 

For every rood beyond 100 per rood ... 02|^ 

(TI.) Where the path has to be cleaned, for the 

first 100 roods, per rood ... ... 20 

For every rood above 100, per rood ... 05 

6. Acting as Umpire in any case, from $15 upwards, 

according to circumstances, 

7. Triplicate or other copies of diagram to be furnished 

at the following rates : — 

Where the cost of Survey does notexceed$20 

Where the cost of Survey is over!$ 20 

50 

75 

5J J) J5 M • ^ 

5J 5? J> )J lUU 

5) 5} J5 ?5 iOL' 

and upwards. Amount of detail on diagram to 
be also taken into account in charges for copies, 

8. All expenses connected with a Survey, including 

the actual travelling expenses of the Surveyor, 
are to be paid by the person for whom the 
survey is made. 

9. Duplicate diagrams for Commissioner of Lands and 

Mines to be furnished free of charge. 
10, For each day or part of a day that the Surveyor may 
be delayed, either in going to or coming from a 
tract to be surveyed, when such delay arises 
from the part of the person employing him ,,. 15 00 



20 5 


00 


... 10 


00 


... 15 


00 


... 20 


00 


... 25 


00 


... 30 


00 



Land Surveyors' Certificates. 

(^Tinder Ordina7ice 20of i 89 1 and Regulations of 9th Jamiary 1909.) 
For a certificate as a Land Surveyor ... ...$25 00 

Candidates who fail to qualify for a Certificate will have 
one third of the fee returned to them, 



315 
TREASURY 

(INLAND KEVENUE BRANCH.) 

Fees for Licences, Duplicate Copies, Transfers, Etc. 
[Under Ordinance 2 oj 1861, Sec. 15.) 
For extract from register of transfer of any licence ...% 24 

{Tinder Ordinance 8 of 1868, Sec. 36.) 
Every Commissary shall receive from every applicant 
for a retail spirit shop licence, or for the renewal 
or transfer of the same ... ... ... 2 00 

To be paid at the time of service of notice on him by 
such applicant. 

(Under Ordinance 2 0/I86I, Sec. 6.) 
On proof to the satisfaction of the Receiver General 
that any licence has been lost, he may authorize 
the issue of a copy thereof and of the transfer 
endorsed thereon on payment of ... ... 50 

The fee go to the benefit of the general revenue. , 

{Under Sec. 13 (2) of Ordinance 2 of 1861.; 
For transferring any licence in respect of any business 

or trade ... ... ... ... 5 00 

The fee to go to the benefit of the general revenue. 

Fees, Duplicate Cycle Badge. 

{Under Sec. 19 (6) of Ordinance 2 0/ 1861.) 
On proof to the satisfaction of the Receiver General 
that a cycle badge has been lost, he may author- 
ize the issue of another badge on payment of... 96 
The fee to go to the benefit of general revenue. 

Proceeds of Fines and Seizures. 
{Under Sec. 101 of Ordinance 12 o/1893.) 
From the gross amount of any fine, penalty, seizure, or 
forfeiture in all revenue cases a reduction of 10 per cent, is 
made v*hich goes to the credit of the Revenue Defence Fund. 
After tliis deduction, and after deduction also of all costs and 
expenses, one-half of the net proceeds may be divided among 
the persons who have been concerned in seizing, prosecuting or 
giving information in the matter, in such proportions as the 
Excise Board may determine with the sanction of the 
Governor. 



316 



Fees to be taken by Inspectors of Weights and 

Measures. 

{Ordinance 2 of 1851, Section 9.) 

1. For examining, comparing and stamping all weights 

within their respective jurisdictions : — 

1. Each weight, from half a hundred weight to a stone, 
both included ... ... ...^ 

2. Each weight, under a stone to a pound 

3. Each set of weights of a pound and under 

4. Each weighing machine and steelyard 

2. For examining, comparing and stamping all woodeii 

measures within their resjDective jurisdiction : — 

1. Each bushel... 

2. Each half bushel 

3. Each peck, and all under 

4. Each yard 

3. For examining, comparing and stamping all measure 

of capacity of liquids made of copper or other 
metal, within their respective jurisdictions : — 

Each five-gallon 

Each four-gallon 



20 
12 
32 

48 



08 
08 
08 
08 



Each three-gallon 



Each two-gallon 

5. Each gallon... 

6. Each half-gallon 

7. Each quart, and under 



15 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 



x4luction Dues, 
{Under Ordinance 6 of 1888 and. Annual Tax Ordinance.) 

By an Auctioneer. 

3 per cent, on gross amount on all sales, whereof 2 per cent, is 

paid by the purchaser and 1 per cent, by the seller. 



Money Lenders. 

(Under Ordinance \Q of l^^l . and Regulations raade hy the Gov- 
ernoT-in-Conncil on 21th August, 1907.) 

Fee for registration as a money lender or for 

renewing of such registration ... ...ij? 5 00 

Fee for inspection of Register of money lenders 24 



317 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

Fp^es to be paid to the Board of Examinehs, ifec. 
{Ordinance 1 o/ 1883, >Scction 18.) 

1. Fee to tlie Board of Examiners Vjy Applicant fou 

Examination not being a Commissary of Taxation 

or Officer of Customs, on malting application ...!{}125 00 

2. Fee to the Board of Examiners or their Officer, for 
inspecting and stamping any instrument fui* weigh- 
ing or gauging ... ... ... 2 00 

3. Fee to the Receiver General for certificate in any 

case where he weighs or gauges ... ... 5 00 

Fees to be paid to a Licensed Weigher or a Licensed 

Gauger. 

4. Weighing every package of sugar, tobacco, or otlier 

article exceeding 10 cwt., per package 

5. Weighing every package, where the contents exceed 

4 cwt. and are under 10 cwt. 

6. Weighing every package, where the contents exceed 

2 cwt. and are under 4 cwt. 

7. Weighing every package, where the contents do not 

exceed 2 cwt. ... 

8. Weighing loose coals, per ton 

9. Gauging and proving every package of rum or other 

spirits 

10. Gauging every package of molasses. ... 

11. Gauging every package of any other liquid than 

those before mentioned ... ... ..012 

Where ouly a single package is weighed or gauged, treble the 
ahu\ e fees may be charged. 






20 





12 





06 





02 





14 





12 





12 



POST OFFICE. 



Fees — Inland Correspondence. 
{(Jourt of Policy, lith April, 1896, and Idth Afay, 1904.) 
Letters — $ c. 

On each Letter for Georgetown posted in George- 
town, not exceeding half ounce ... ... 1 

On each Letter for New Amsterdam, Berbice, posted 

in New Amsterdam, not exceeding half ounce ... 1 
For Letters exceeding half ounce in weight, the rate 
is the same as for letters to other pai'ts of the Colony. 






2 





3 





4 



^18 

On each Letter posted in any Postal District of the 
Colony for delivery witliin the same Postal District, 
not exceeding half ounce... ... ...'$ 

Letters exceeding half ounce in weight are subjected 
to the same charge of postage as Letters to other 
parts of the Colony, 
On each Letter posted in one part of the Colony for 
another part, except as above — 
If not exceeding 1 oz. 
If above 1 oz., but not exceeding 2 ozs. 
If above 2 ozs., but not exceeding 4 ozs. 
And at the rate of half-penny for every additional 
2 ozs. up to 2 lbs. 
NevjsjMjjers — 

Each 
Boole Packets — 

On each packet not exceeding 4 ozs. in weight 
On each additional 4 ozs. ... 

Circulars and Prices Current — 

For each article 
Post Cards — 
Each 

(Court of Policy 17 th becemher, 1908.) 
Registration of Postal Matter — 

Tor (!ac1i article ... ... ... 04 

Postal matter containing coin or valuable articles 
will be compulsorily registered and charged on 
delivery a fee of ... ... ... 08 

{Court of Polio f/, Oih Aityust, 1898.) 
Express delivery oj Postal Matter — 

For every mile or part of a mile from the office of 

delivery ... ... ... ... 06 

(Court of Policy^ l'^ ill September, 1890.) 
Newspaper Wrappjers — 

For every wrapper embossed with a 1 cent stamp ... 01 
For every wrapper embossed with a 2 cent stamp 

(available also For Foreign Correspondence) ... 2 
Registration Envelopes (bearing an embossed 4 cent 
stamp in payment of the registration fees) for each 
envelope (available also for Foreign Correspondence) 05 






1 







1 

02 





01 





01 



...$ 12 


... 1 00 


... 1 50 


... 5 00 


... 6 00 



319 

{Court of rolicyllth April, 1902.) 
Interception of LeUer.s and oilier Postal matter- 
mensem 

(Court of rolU-y, 'dOt/t May, 1899.) 
Private Letter Boxes — 
Small size, per annum 
Medium size, per annum 
Drawers 
Large size, per annum 

Private Letter Bags — 

Each, per annum ... ... ... 5 00 

(Instructions 1908.) 
Postage Envelopes — 

One cent Envelopes in lots of 5 for ... ... 06 

Two ,, ,, „ „ „ 5 „ ... ... 11 

Foreign CoRuiiSPONDENCE. 
(Court of Policy, llth April, 1907, a7id 2lst Aagusl, 1907.) 
Letters — 

For each Letter, per ounce... ... ....$0 2 

to the United Kingdom* and the undeimentioned 
British Possessions and Protectorates, viz. : — 
Aden (including Perim), Ascension, Bahamas, 
Barbados, Bermudas, British Central Africa, 
British East Africa, British Honduras, British 
JS^orth Borneo, Canada, Cape Colony, Cayman 
Islands, Ceylon, China (British Post Otiice), 
Cyprus, Falkland Island, Fiji, Gambia, Gibraltar, 
Gold Coast, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Jahore, 
Labuan, Lagos, Leeward Islauds (viz. : — Antigua, 
tSt. Kitts, Nevis, Dominica, Montserrat and the 
Virgin Islands), Malay Straits (Protected, viz. : 
Perak, Selangor, Negri-Sembilan and Pahang). 
Malta, Mauritius, Natal, Newfoundland, New 
Zealand, Nigeria, Orange River Colony, St. 

* For conveyance of Mails to the United Kingdom from Barbados by 
steamers ot the Royal Mail Steamship Company the Colony pays 3s. per 1 lb. 
for Letters and Post Cards, and .3d. for other articles. 

For (he conveyance of Mails to the United States, &c., &c., by Private 
Steamers the Colony pays ^d. for every article. 

Under agreement between His Majesty's Government and the Royal Mail 
Steam Packet Company there is paid for the conveyance of Mails to and from 
British Guiana, intercolonially, an annual sum of £5,000. 



^26 

Helena, Sarawak, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, 
Somaliland Protectorate, Straits Settlements, 
Tobago, Transvaal, Trinidad^ Turks' Island, 
Uganda, Windward Islands (viz. : Grenada, St. 
Lucia, St. Vincent, and the Grenadines) ami 
Zanzibar. 
Fur each Letter, per ounce to other Countries ..,$0 5 

For each additional 1 ounce or part thereof ... 3 

Newspapers or other printed Papers — "^ 

For Newsj^apers or other Printed Papers, per 2 oz. ... 1 

Post Cards — 

For each single Post Card ... ... ... 2 

For each Reply-paid Post Card ... ... 4 

Commercial Papers — r 

Same as for Printed Papers, except that the lowest 

charge is ... ... ... ... 5 

Patterns and Samples — 

Same as for Printed Papers, except that the lowest 

charge is ... ... ... ... 2 

[Court of Policy 9th August, 1898.) 
Exi^ress delivery of Postal Matter — 

For every mile or part of a mile from office of delivery 6 

{Court of Policy ith May, 1900.) 
Late Fees on Postal Matter — 

Posted within P)0 minutes of closing of mail, ordinary 

correspondence, each article ... ... 2 

Posted within 60 minutes of closing of mail, ordinary 

correspondence, each article ... ... 12 

Posted within 30 minutes of closing of registered 

mail, registered correspondence, each article ... 4 
Ship Letter 8\ — 

For each Letter, per half ounce 

For each Post Card 

For each Newspaper or other printed Papers, per 

2 oz. 
For Trade Pattern or Sample, a minimum charge of 






2 





2 





1 





2 



* To Canada, the rate is the same as for Inland Postage. 

t The Ship's Captain receives out of this charge a fee of Jd. per letter, 
irrespective of the weight of letters, but no gratuity is paid on any other 
postal matter. 



321 

For Commercial Papers, a minimum charge of ...$ 1 
Unpaid mid insujficiently paid, Letters — 
Double the deficient postage on each letter. 



Kegistration Fees. 
{Ordinance 2 of I860, Resolution of the Court oj Policy, 22nd 
October, 1883, and Regulations of 30th May, 1899.) 
On each registered article, Inland and Foreign ... 4 
For an acknowledgment of receipt from the addres- 
see (inland) ... ... ... ... 4 

For an acknowledgment of receipt from the addressee 

(Foreign) ... ... ... ... 5 



Parcel Post. 
{Court of Policy 30th May, 1899.) 
For a Parcel to the United Kingdom, any of the 
British Possessions, Foreign countries or Colonies 
as may agree to the adoptioc of similar rates, not 
exceeding 3 lbs. in weight ... ... 24 

For a Parcel exceeding 3 lbs. in weight but not 

exceeding 7 lbs. in weight ... ... 48 

For a Parcel exceeding 7 lbs. in weight but not 

exceeding 11 ibs. in v^eight ... ... 72 

Iso parcel may exceed 11 lbs. weight. Parcels are also 
accepted for places beyond the United Kingdom, with which 
the Imperial Post Office has established Parcel Post arrange- 
ments. The charge for such Parcels is made up of two rates, 
viz. : — A rate from British Guiana to the United Kingdom, 
and a rate thence to the place of destination. 
To the United States of America — 
The rate for each Parcel is 6d. per lb up to 
11 lbs. 

{Court of Policy, 3rd May, 1900.) 
To the Dominion of Canada — 

For a parcel not exceeding 1 lb. ... ... 16 

For each additional lb. up to 11 lbs. ... 12 

{Court oj Policy, 9th August, 1898.) 
Express delivery — 

In addition to the postage, a fee of ... ... 10 cts. 



322 

(Court of Policy, 2nd September, 1907.) 
Insurance — 

Parcels addressed to the United Kingdom^ Barbpdos, 
Tobago, Trinidad, St. Vincent, Grenada, St. Lucia, and parcels 
in transit through England for certain countries, which contain 
money {i.e., coin, bank notes, postal orders, bill of exchange, 
cheque, bond, coupons, securities) articles of gold and silver, 
precious stones, jewellery, &c., must be insured during transit 
to their destination. 

The charge for insurance must be prepaid in stamps as 
follows : — 

[Jp to £12 ... ... ... 10 cents. 

And for every additional <£12 or part thereof... 05 ,, 

To the United Kingdom and certain countries via England, 
the limit of insurance is £400. 

Any uninsured parcel arriving in this colony from or 
through the United Kingdom or from any of the West India 
Islands above named, found to contain money or jewellery, 
will be compulsorily registered, the addressee being charged 
with a fee of 16 cents. 

A claim for compensation must be made in the manner re- 
quired by the said Regulations, but must be made within three 
months from the date of posting. 



Inland Parcel Post. 

(^Court of Policy, 2oth May, 1891, and 3rd October, 1905.) 
Parcels not exceeding 11 lbs. in weight can be sent through 
the Post at the following rates : — ■ 
For a parcel not exceeding 1 lb. in weight ... ... 6 cents 

,, ,, exceeding 1 lb. but not exceeding 2 lbs. 8 
., ,, ,, 2 lbs. „ „ 3 lbs. 10 

„ „ „ 3 lbs. „ „ 4 lbs. 12 

„ „ „ 4 lbs. „ „ 5 lbs. 14 

„ „ „ 5 lbs. „ „ 6 lbs. 16 

„ „ „ 6 lbs. „ „ 7 lbs. 18 

„ „ „ 7 lbs. „ „ 8 lbs. 20 

„ „ „ 8 lbs. „ „ 9 lbs. 22 

„ „ „ 9 lbs. „ „ 11 lbs. 24 

The transmission of parcels over 2 lbs. and not exceeding 
11 lbs. in weight, is limited to Post Offices served by the rail- 
way and steamboats. 



323 

(Court of Policy mh August, 1898.) 

Express delivery — 

For every mile or part of a mile — 

For a parcel not exceeding 1 lb. in weight ... 06 cts. 

For every part of a lb. beyond the first lb. ... 03 ,, 

Money Orders. 
(Court of Policy, llth Dece^nber, 1880.) 
Inland Orders. 
For every ten shillings or portion of ten shillings... 2 cents. 

(Court of Policy loth August, 1904.) 
For duplicate of a lost order, — an additional commission 

equal to commission on original order. 
For— 

{a.) Payment of an Order at some office other than the 

office at which such order was originally drawn, 
(/;.) Alteration in the name of payee or remittee, or for 

repayment of Order, 
(c.) Stopping payment of an Order, or for renewing a lapsed 
Order, 
An additional commission equal to the inland rate of com- 
mission on such Order. 

Telegraphic Orders — 

For every ten shillings or portion of ten shillings, 

exclusive of cost of telegrams ... ... 4 cents. 

Foreign Orders. 
Money Orders arc issued on the following countries : — 
List A — (Places with which there is a direct exchange of Orders.) 
United Kingdom (including Channel Islands.) 

British West Indies- 
Antigua, Dominica, St. Kitts, Montserrat, Nevis, Virgin 
Islands, Barbados, Jamaica, Tobago, Trinidad, Grenada, 
St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Bermuda, British Honduras. 
United States of America. 
Dominion of Canada. 
British India. 
Surinam. 
List B — (Places with which exchange of Orders is made through 

London, England.) 



324 

Foreign countries — 

Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Beluchistan, Bosnia, Bulgaria, 
Burmah, Cameroons and Togo Caroline Islands, Chatam 
Island, Chili, Congo Free States, Cuba, Denmark, Danish 
West Indies, Dutch East Indies, Egypt, Finland, France, 
Germany and German East and South-west African Pro- 
tectorate, Greece, Hawaii, Herzegovina, Holland, Hungary, 
Iceland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Liberia, Luxemburg, Monte- 
negro, New Guinea (German), Norway, Peru, Philippine 
Islands, Porto Bico, Portugal, and Portuguese Colonies 
including (Madeira and Azores), Crete, Farol Islands, Mo- 
zambique, Mexico, Russia, Saghalien Islands, Tripoli 
(Barbary), Tripoli (Syria), Andaman Islands, Roumania, 
Salvador, Servia, Siam, Sweden, Switzerland, Tangier, 
Tunis, and Uruguay. 

Foreign Cities and Towns, &c. — 

Constantinople, Smyrna, Adrianople, Beyrout, Salonica, 
Panama, Tangier, Candia, Canoe, Chios, Dardanelles, 
Dede Agatch, Durazzo, Gallipoli, Inevoli, Jaffa, Janini, 
Jerusalem, Kaffa, Kavala, Kerassonde, Lagos (Turkey j, 
Mitylene, Pervesa, Ritimo, Rhodes, Samsoun, Saute, 
Trebizond, Valona, Valky Salux. 

British Colonies — 

Gibraltar, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, 
Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand, 
Newfoundland, Bahamas, Basutoland. British Bechuana- 
land, British Central Africa, British East Africa, Ceylon, 
Falkland Islands, Hong Kong (including the Agencies at 
Amoy, Canton, Cheefoo, Foochow, Hankow, Hoihow, 
Ningpo, Shanghai, Swatow and Lieu-king Tan), Straits 
Settlements, Cape Colony, Gambia, Orange River Colony, 
Gold Coast, Labuan, Malta, Mauritius, Natal, St. Helena, 
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somaliland, Cyprus, Fiji Islands, 
Rhodesia, Sarawak, Uganda, Zululand, Aden, Cook 
Islands, Fanning Islands, Northern and Southern Nigeria, 
Rodrigues Islands, Transvaal including Swaziland, Zan- 
zibar. 

The commission charged upon each Order is for every $ c. 
ten shillings or portion of ten shillings ... 4 



325 

In the case of Orders drawn upon Countries in List B, 
a deduction is raade by the Imperial Post Office 
from the amount of each Order as follows : — 

For each £5 or fraction of £5 ... ...$0 6 

{Court of Policy 2mh June, 19u8). 
Advice of Payment — 

The remitter of a money order payable in the 
United Kingdom and such British Colonies and 
Possessions or Foreign Countries with which reci- 
procal money order arrangements exist, can obtain 
an " Advice of Payment" of such order. 
For each advice of payment ... ... 4 

BRITISH POSTAL ORDERS. 

{Court oj Policy^ Qth December, 1904.) 
British Postal Orders are sold to the public for remit- 
tances to the United Kingdom and other Brittsh 
Colonies at the following rates : — 6d. for 7d. ; Is. 
for Is. Id.; Is. 6d. for Is. 7d. ; 2s. for 2s. 1 |d. ; 
2s. 6d. for 2s. T^d. ; 3s. for 3s. 2d. ; 4s. for 4s. 2d. ; 
5s. for 5s. 2d.; lOs. for 10s. 2d. ; 10s. 6d. for 
10s. S^d.; 12s. 6d. for 12s. 8.jrd. ; 16s. 6d. for 
16s. lOd. ; 20s. for 20s. 4d. ; 2 Is. for 21s. 4d. 

INLAND POSTAL ORDERS. 

(Court of Policy, Uth April, 1906.) 

The following are the amounts for which Inland Postal 

Orders issued, and the commission charged for the same :--- 

Amount op Order. Commission. 

Twelve cents ... ... ... 1 cent. 

Twenty-four cents ... ... 1 cent. 

Forty-eight cents ... ... 1 cent. 

One dollar ... ... ... 2 cents. 

One dollar and forty-four cents .,. 2 cents, 

Two dollars ... ... ... 2 cents. 

Three dollars ... ... ... 4 cents. 

Four dollars ... ... ... 4 cents. 

Five dollars ... ... ... 4 cents. 

POST office TELEGRAMS. 

(Court of Policy, 4ith August, 1904.) 
Inland Telegrams — 

For each message not exceeding 12 words ... 12 

For every additional 6 words ... ... 6 



For every message for delivery beyond 1 mile of the 
terminal Telegraph Office, porterage per mile or 
part of a mile... ... ... ...$06 

Press Telegrams — 

For each Telegram not exceeding 100 words ... 24 

For every additional 100 words .., ... 24 



TELEPHONE EXCHANGE. 

(Court of Policy, 26tJi November, 1902, and Sth June, 1907.) 

Metallic Single 
Circuit. Wire . 
Georgetown — 

For Mercantile premises paying a Store Li- 
cence of over $200 ... ...$ 36 $24 00 

For Mercantile premises paying a Store Li- 
cence of over $100 and not exceeding 
$200 ... ... ... 24 18 00 

For Mercantile premises paying a Store Li- 
cence of $100 or under ... ... 18 14 00 

For Surgeries, Lawyers' Chambers, Offices 

and Boarding Houses ... ... 24 18 00 

For other business premises ... ... 18 14 00 

For private residences ... ... 12 10 00 

For service beyond 2 miles from the Telephone 
Exchange, a further annual rental over where poles 
are already erected, for each additional ^ mile ... 2 50 

Where new poles are erected ... ... 5 00 

Country Telephone Services — 

Where a private wire is led iuto the Post Office on 
existing poles, for use of wire, per annum, for each 
additional ^ mile 

Where poles are specially erected, per annum 

For each set of Telephone Apparatus, per annum 

For each ordinary Switch, per annum ... 

For desk accommodation and Clerk's services 

[Goui t of Policy 27th A;pril, 1908. 
Trunh Line Telephone Service — 
Fee for use of Trunk Line — 

For every three minutes conversation or portion 

thereof ... ... ... ... 24 



... 3 


00 


... 6 


00 


... 10 


00 


... 1 


00 


... 5 


00 



327 

Fees to which the Government Electric Inspector shall be 
entitled in respect op his duties under the george- 
TOWN Electric Lighting Order, 1899, and the George- 
town Tramways Licence, 1899.* 

1. For inspecting, testing and certifying that any 

new Electric Installation has been made in 
accordance with the Regulations ... ...$ 2 50 

2. For inspecting, testing and certifying any addi- 

tions of not more than four lamps to existing 
installation ... ... ... 50 

3. For testing and certifying the accuracy of any 

Electric Meter ... ... " ... 2 50 

4. For testing any Incandescent lamp ... 50 

5. For testing any Arc lamp ... ... 2 00 

6. For testing any Dynamo or Motor, for continuity 

and insulation " ... ... ... 5 00 

7. For testing the capacity of any Dynamo or Motor, 

as to output of current, etc, ... ... 5 00 

8. For testing house wires for leakage — 

Installations not exceeding 5 lamps... 1 00 

,, above 5, not exceeding 10 ,, ... 2 00 

., 10 „ 15 „ ... 3 00 

„ 15 „ 20 „ ... 4 00 

„ 20 „ „ ... 5 00 

9. For testing any Transformer ... ... 2 00 

10. For inspecting the Electric Company's lines 
periodically, not oftener than once in every 
three months ... ... ... ... 5 00 

11. For testing the Electric Company's lines periodi- 

cally, not oftener than once in every three 

months, per circuit ... ... ... 1 00 

12. For special inspections ... ... ... 10 00 

13. For special testing ... ... ... 10 00 

14. For enquiring and reporting as to the cause of 

any accident, etc. ... ... ... 25 00 

15. Testing condition of earth connections ... 1 00 

16. Testing to ascertain amount of current passing 

from the earth connections ... ... 1 00 

17* Testing fall of potential in return ... ... 1 00 



* Paid into Treasury. 



328 

18. Testing electrical equipment of any car including 

motor, for conductivity or insulation ...$ 5 00 

19. For testing "pressure" at any consumer's 

premises ... ... ... ... 2 00 

20. For testing and inspecting any re-installation, 

renewal or repairs — for every test or inspection 1 00 
The Inspector shall be entitled to all reasonable 
travelling expenses incurred, and to subsis- 
tence allowance while travelling outside of 
Georgetown, at the rate for the time being 
payable to Government Officers. 
Note. — Every result should be given in the recognised 
Electrical Units of " Ohms," " Watts," 
" Amperes," and " Volts." 



Fees to which the Government Electric Inspector shall be 

ENTITLED IN RESPECT OF HIS DUTIES UNDER THE New 

Amsterdam Electric Lighting Order, 1900.* 

1. For inspecting, testing and certifying that any new 

electric installation has been made in accordance 

with the Regulations ... ... ...$ 2 50 

2. For inspecting, testing, and certifying any additions 

of not more than four lamps to existing installation 50 

3. For testing and certifying the accuracy of any elec- 

tric meter ... ... ... ... 2 50 

4. For testing any Incandescent lamp ... ... 50 

5. For testing any Arc lamp ... ... 2 00 

6. For testing any dynamo or motor, for continuity 

and insulation ... ... ...$ 5 00 

7. For testing the capacity of any dynamo or motor, as 

for output of current, etc... ... ... 5 00 

8. For testing house wires for leakage — 

Installations not exceeding 

„ above 5, not exceeding 

1 ^ 
55 55 -'■^ 55 55 

20 

55 55 ^^ 55 55 

9. For testing any transformer 



5 lamps... 


1 00 


10 „ ... 


2 00 


15 „ ... 


3 00 


20 „ ... 


4 00 


55 


5 00 




2 00 



* Paid into Treasury. 



329 

10. For inspecting the Town Council's lines periodically, 

not oftener than once in every three months ...$ 5 00 

11. For testing Town Council's lines periodically, not 

oftener than once in every three months, per circuit 1 00 

12. For special inspections ... ... ... 10 00 

13. For special testing ... ... ... 10 00 

14. For enquiring and reporting as to the cause of any 

accident, etc. ... ... ... 25 00 

15. For testing " pressure" at any consumer's premises. 2 00 

16. For testing and inspecting any re-installation, re- 

newal or repairs, for every test or inspection ... 1 00 

The inspector if resident outside of New Amsterdam, 
shall be entitled to all reasonable travelling ex- 
penses incurred and to subsistence allowance at 
the rate for the time being payable to Govern- 
ment Officers. 



SOLICITORS' FEES. 



In Actions where the amount claim p:d or the Value 
OP the Property in Kespect op which the Action is 
Brought Exceeds $250. 

{Under Rules of Court, 1^00.) 

(h) Letter containing notice of action or opposition or 
demand of payment or performance of any act be- 
fore action ... ... ... " ...$2 00 

Every necessary letter in course of an action ... 2 00 

Attendances. 

At Registrar's Office : 

To file any document ... ... ... 1 00 

To perform any other necessary act in the course 
of an action where time occupied does not exceed 
Ihour ... ... ... ... 2 00 

Every completed half-hour after the first hour ..1 00 
On Counsel : 

Before action (one attendance allowed) ... 2 00 

Every necessary attendance in the course of the 

action ... ... ... ... 2 00 



330 

In Court or before a Judge on any proceeding in an 
action or before the Registrar or a Commissioner 
on examination of a witness ... ...$ 5 00 

To inspect or produce for inspection documents 
referred to in any pleading or affidavit under 
Order XXVII. where time occupied does not ex- 
ceed an hour ... ... ... 2 00 

Each additional completed half-hour ... ... 1 00 

Drawing — 

Writ of Summons ... ... ... 2 00 

Indorsement of claims if special ... ... 2 00 

Notice of writ for service in lieu of writ out of juris- 
diction ... ... ... ... 2 00 

Any affidavit ... ... from $2 00 to 8 00 

Notice of application to Court or Judge from $3 00 to 10 00 
Reasons of opposition in any matter ... ... 3 00 

Any notice not herein provided for, and service 

thereof ... ... ... ... 2 00 

Copy of bill of costs and service thereof on opposite 

parfcy ... ... ... ... 3 00 

Drawing and filing in the Registrar's Office a request 
for a writ of execution and watching and superin- 
tending the execution of the writ through all its 
stages ... ... ... ... 10 00 

Any document not herein provided 

for ... ... from $2 00 to 8 00 

Copies — 

For copy of any document required for the use of 
any party, or the Court or a Judge in the course of 
an action, per page of 18 lines of not less than 30 
letters to the line ... ... ... 25 

In respect of employment of Counsel — 

For every necessary consultation ... ... 8 00 

Di awing any Statement of Claim or Statement of 

Defence ... .., from $10 00 to 25 00 

Drawing any other pleading ... ... 5 00 

For advising on evidence ... ... ... 10 00 

For drawing interrogatories from 5 00 to 25 00 



331 

For drawing affidavit in answer to 

interrogatories ... from $ 5 00 to $25 00 

Drawing or settling any other 

affidavit ... ... ,, 3 00 to 10 00 

Drawing or settling reasons of oppo- 
sition in any matter ... ,, 5 00 to 15 00 

Drawing any petition, report, or 
counter-report 

Drawing special case 

Settling any notice of application to 
the Court or Judge 

Drawing or settling ground of appeal 

For appearance on hearing of any 
application 

For appearance on hearing of an 
action 

If heard upon mvd voce evidence 
and the hearing extends over 
more than one day, and shall 
occupy either on the first day 
only, or partly on the first and 
partly on a subsequent day or 
days, more than five hours without 
being concluded for every clear 
day subsequent to that on which 
the five hours shall have expired ,, 15 00 to 30 00 

For appearances in the Appeal Court the same as above. 



55 


5 00 to 25 00 


}i 


10 00 to 25 00 


55 


5 00 to 15 00 


55 


10 00 to 25 00 


)5 


10 00 to 50 00 


55 


25 00 upwards. 



[Note — Fees shall ordinarily be allowed in respect of the appearance of 
one counsel only; but in cases of exceptional length or difficulty the Court 
may allow fees in respect of the appearance of two counsel, in which case the 
fees allowed to the second counsel shall be one-half of those allowed in 
respect of the appearance of the first counsel. 

In fixing the amount of the fee payable to counsel in respect of drawing 
or settling any document, the Taxing Officer shall be guided by the length 
of the document and the difficulty or intricacy of the subject matter or facts 
dcalth with. 

In fixing the amount of the fee payable to counsel for attendance before 
the Court or Judge, the Taxing Officer shall have regard to the nature of the 
application or action, the time necessary to prepare for the hearing, the 
time occupied in the hearing, and the number of witnesses examined.] 



332 

COUNSEL AND SOLICITOKS' FEES. 
In Actions in which the amount claimed or the value op 

THE property in RESPECT OF WHICH THE ACTION IS 
BROUGHT DOES NOT EXCEED $250. 

(TJnder Rules of Court, 1900.) 

There shall be payable in respect of all work done or 
services rendered one fee, to be calculated at the rate of 10 
per cent, on the amount recovered, or, in the case of a success- 
ful Defendant, on the amount or value claimed. 

Provided that a Judge may allow in addition a fee accord- 
ing to scale (5) in respect of an application or other pro- 
ceeding which in his opinion was reasonably necessary to be 
made or to be taken. 

In the event of a Judge allowing either party costs of the 
day the amount of such costs shall be fixed by the Judge. 



{Under the Insolvency Rules, 1901.) 

The Fees receivable in the Supreme Court under the Rules of 

Court as far as the same are applicable with the following 

additions : — 

Instructions for Petition ... ... ...$8 00 

Examining Witnesses as to Act of Insolvency ... 5 00 
Attesting Signature of each petitioner except in case of 

partnership ... ... ... ... 2 00 

Two copies of Petition for sealing $2 each... ... 4 00 

Drawing order for hearing of Petition ... ... 2 00 

The actual expenses incurred in serving any notice or 

other document 

Attending consultation or conference with Counsel ... 5 00 
Instructions for drawing and attesting declaration of 

inability to pay ... ... ... 3 00 

Instructions for and drawing Insolvency Notice ... 3 00 

Drawing Petition... ... ... ... 3 00 

Attending Official Receiver on receiving order being 

made and giving him all necessary information ... 3 00 
Instructions for appointment of interim Receiver or 

Special Manager ... ... ... 3 00 

Drawing application and copy.., ... ... 2 00 



333 

Drawing exceptions to sureties ... ...$2 00 

Any Instructions not before provided for ... ... 3 00 

Drawing any notice and service thereof ... ... 2 00 

Attendances at Court ... ... ... 5 00 

Where it is necessary to instruct Counsel the usual charges 

for Counsel's fees shall be allowed. 
In special cases when Counsel are not instructed to appear in 
Court and the Solicitor acts as Advocate such special fee, 
as the taxing officer may think fit having regard to the 
nature and importance of the case and the questions 
involved, may be allowed. 
Any person who may be dissatisfied with the taxation by the 
taxing officer may have the same reviewed. The pro- 
ceedings for obtaining a review of taxation shall be those 
laid down in the Rules of Court, 1900. 
The allowance to witnesses in Insolvency proceedings shall be 
in accordance with those for the time being ordinarily 
made in the Supreme Court, 

( Under the Magistrates' Courts Ordinance, ] 893.. in Proceedings 
for the recovery hy 'petty debts and petty damages). 

Where the amount or the value of the article sought to 
be recovered is $25 or upwards : — 

Fee to Counsel or Solicitor for conducting the case, 
to be awarded or withheld in the discretion of the 
Magistrate^ who shall record his decision in each 
case, from ... ... $2.50 to $10. 

{Under the Magistrates' Decisions {Appeals) Ordinance, 1893, in 
Proceedings on appeal from decisions of Magistrates' Courts 
to the Suprtme Court.) 

Affidavits. 
Preparing each affidavit, other than an affidavit of 

service (if certified by the Court to be necessary)$ 2 00 
A pleading fee, not exceeding $10 to be taxed by 
the Court. 
{Under the Magistrates' Decisions {Appeals) Ordinance, 1893, 
in proceedings on appeal from judgments of a single Judge 
acti7ig in the exercise of the Appellate Jurisdictions of the 
Supreme Court to the Full Court.) 

Affidavits. 
The same as above. 



334 

Counsel's Fees. 
A pleading fee, to be taxed by the Court. 

{Under the Com2mmes' Winding-up Bules, 1905.) 
Same as in actions under the Rules of Court, 1900. 

[Note — Extract from Ordinance 18 q/ 1897.) 

(1.) The amount of any bill of costs other than a bill of 
costs relating wholly to matters in respect of which a tariff of 
costs has not been by law prescribed shall not be recoverable 
unless (a) the bill has been taxed, and (b) a copy of the bill so 
taxed has been delivered to the client to enable him to pay the 
same se\en days previously to the issuing of such process : 
Provided always that this shall not be deemed to deprive any 
barrister or solicitor of any right which he may otherwise have 
in any case, to commence an action and arrest a client indebted 
to him who is about to quit the colony. 

(2.) Where any bill of costs is sought to be recovered or 
is disputed_, any Court or Judge before which or whom the 
proceedings for recovery are pending shall decide whether the 
fees charged relating to matters for which no tariff of costs has 
been by law prescribed are excessive or are a fair and ade- 
quate remuneration for the y/ork done and services rendered, 
and shall reduce or allow the same accordingly. 

(3.) The client of any barrister or solicitor who has paid a 
bill of costs of any kind for services rendered, without the said 
bill having been previously taxed or allowed by a Court or 
Judge may, within one month after such payment, demand 
that the said bill be taxed, and the said bill shall, on applica- 
tion to that jDurpose made to tlie Chief Justice, be taxed by 
the Registrar, and the said client shall, on application, have 
from the Court or a Judge an order to receive back from the 
said barrister or solicitor any amount taxed off or disallowed. 

(4.) In the event of any bill of costs being, on taxation 
or on any such proceedings as aforesaid, reduced by more than 
one-sixth, the costs of taxation and of the application or pro- 
ceedings (so far as the proceedings relate to such bill of costs), 
shall be borne by such barrister or solicitor, and shall be pay- 
able to the client under a summary order of the Court to be 
made for that purpose. 



335 
REGISTKAR'S FEES.* 

(Under the Indictable Offences (Procedure) Ordinance, 1893.) 

Copies of Depositions, &c., for each folio of 120 words... $ 12 
For preparing and issuing writ of sub-poena for witnesses 

in cases other than murder .. ... 1 00 

(Under the Supreme Court Ordinance, No. 7 of 1893, Rules of 

Courts 1900.) 

To BE TAKEN IN PROCEEDINGS IN ACTIONS. 

1. On filing a writ of summons ... . ^ 

2. On certifying each copy of a writ of summons 

3. On filing an amended writ of summons 

4. On issuing a third party notice under Order XIV... 

5. On filing an entry of appearance, for each person 

6. On fihng any pleading 

7. On filing a special case 

8. On. filing any document other than those herein- 

before mentioned 

9. On entering any action ia the hearing list 

10. On hearing any application to a Judge or the Court 

11. On hearing any action in the limited jurisdiction of 

the Court ... ... ... ... 5 00 

12. On hearing any action in the general civil jurisdic- 

tion of the Court ... ^ ... ... 7 00 

13. On hearing any appeal to the Full Court ... 5 00 

14. On drawing up any judgment or order ... 2 00 

15. On issuing any writ or execution ... ... 1 00 

16. On entering satisfaction of a judgment ... 1 00 

17. On certifying that any document has or his not been 
filed, or that any proceeding has or has not been 
taken ... ... ... ... 1 00 



2 


00 





48 





48 





48 





48 


1 


00 


2 


00 





48 


1 


00 


3 


00 



* No other charge is made against the Colony for any service 
performed by the Registrar in connection with the Supreme Court 
in its Criminal Jurisdiction. 

The fees and revenues of the Registrar's Office including the 
Marshal's branch of the office are payable into the Colony chest under 
the Civil List Ordinance No. 32 of 1907. 



336 

18. On application to search for any entry of appear- 

ance or for any affidavit, pleading, or other docu- 
ment filed in the course of an action, and inspecting 
the same ... ... ... ...$ 24 

19. For a copy of any document^ per page of not less 

18 lines of 30 letters to the line. ... ...0 25 

20. Attending examination of witness de bene esse, and 

minuting the whole of the proceedings taken on 

such examination per page ... ... 48 

21. Giving notice in the Official Gazette of appointment 

of sequestrators to a plantation, citing persons to 

file their claims, and receiving and filing the same 6 00 

22. Preparing and exhibiting to the Court the state- 

ment of the assets of a plantation sold at execu- 
tion sale, and of the amount of claims against the 
same ... ... each claim... 48 

23. Receiving, keeping, and repaying any moneys paid 

into Court ... ... ... ...^perct. 

24. On issuing any warrant of arrest under " The Arrest 

(Civil Process) Ordinance, 1863" ... ... 100 

25. On taxation of any bill of costs — 

Where the amount of the bill does not exceed $200. 1 00 

For each additional $100 or part thereof ... 48 

26. Giving any notice to any party in the course of an 
action ... ... _. ... 1 00 

In Respect of Peoceedings of a Non-Contek'iious 

Chakacter. 
{Under Rules of Court, 1900.) 

1. Preparing transport of property — 

Where the value does not exceed $300 ...$3 00 

Where the value exceeds $300 ... ... 8 00 

2. Countersigning each opposition or withdrawal of op- 
position to transport or mortgage ... ... 1 00 

3. Act of cancelment of mortgage ... ... 2 00 

4. Searching the records — First year ... ... 48 

Each succeeding year ... ... ... 24 

5. Letters of Decree (other than those obtained under 

the provisions of the Village Ordinance, 1892^) a^d 
recording same — 



* Now Ordinance 13 of 1907. 



337 

Where value of the property does not exceed 

$300 ... ... ... ...$ 3 00 

exceeds $300 ... 8 00 

6. Receiving, keeping, and repaying all moneys de- 

posied in the registry .., ... ...^perct^ 

7. Attendance at passing a mortgage if drawn by any 

person out of the Registrar's office and depositing 
the same as of record ... 

8. Drawing any mortgage and attending the passing of 

it 

9. Attending sales by auction or tender (execution or 

otherwise,) including signing and minuting- 

Where proceeds of sale do not exceed $100 
Exceed $100 but do not exceed $250 
$250 „ „ $500 

$500 „ „ $1,000 

„ $1,000 „ „ $5,000 

,, $5,000— for each additional $1,000 
part thereof ... 

10. On hearing of any petition or applicatiun 

11. On any order of the Court or a Judge... 

12. For all copies, whether grosse or otherwise of any 

act or instrument not otherwise provided for — 
For each page (of not less than 18 lines of 30 
letters to the line.) ... ... ... 25 

13.^ Drawing and passing a general or special power of 

Attorney ... ... ... ... 5 00 

14. Drawing and passing a power of substitution, as- 

sumption, or surrogation ... ... ... 5 00 

15. Drawing and passing a will, codicil, or other testa- 

mentary instrument, mutual or otherwise ... 10 00 

16. Sealing up a will, and drawing and passing the 
superscription thereof, and performing all necessary 
formalities, including the registering of the act of 
superscription ... ... ... 4 00 

17. Opening the envelope of a will, and drawing and 

passing the act of opening ... ... 4 00 

18. Drawing and passing a donatio inter vivos or dona- 

tio mortis causd ... ... ... 10 00 





4 


00 


of 








16 


00 


or 








1 


CO 




2 


00 




3 


00 




4 


00 




6 


00 


or 








1 


00 




5 


00 




2 


00 



12 


00 


12 


00 


5 


00 


2 


00 



338 

19. Drawing and passing an act; of revocation of dona- 

tio inter vwos ov tnortis causa ... ...$ 5 00 

20. Drawing and passing a contract of marriage, with 

or without inventory thereto attached ... 12 00 

21. Drawing and passing a contract of separation 

a mensd et thoro 

22. Drawing and passing an act of Verweezing * 

23. Drawing and passing an inventory 

24. Drawing and passing an act of sealing 

25. Drawing and passing an act of breaking the seals, 

and taking them off ... ... ... 2 00 

26. Drawing protest, and protesting bill of exchange 

or promissory note for non-acceptance or non- 
payment 

27. Drawing and passing any other protest 

28. Drawing and passing an act of declaration 

29. Drawing and passing any other attestation or 

certificate of whatever nature not hereinbefore 
mentioned 

30. Attesting any signature ... 

31. Sealing up, when necessary, any paper parcel, box, 

trunk, or package ... ... ... 1 00 

32. Sealing up of more than one, for each succeeding 

one ... ... ... ... 016 

33. Drawing and passing any notarial act not included 

under any head herein mentioned ... ... 5 00 

34. Preparing advertisement of whatever nature and 

causing same to be printed, in addition to the 
actual expense of printing ... ... 1 50 

35. Registering any act, paper, or document ,.. 48 

36. Drawing and passing intimation with or without 

protest ... ... ... ... 2 00 

37. Making return of service... ... ... 1 00 

38. Drawing and passing act of deposit of any descrip- 

tion whatsoever ... ... ... 2 00 

39. Drawing and passing act of deliberation ... 2 00 

40. Drawing and passing act of renunciation of execu- 

torship or guardianship ... ... ... 2 00 

41. Drawing and passing act of repudiation of inherit- 

ance 



2 


00 


6 


00 


4 


00 


2 


00 


2 


00 



00 



* Abolished by Ordinance No. 12 of 1904. 



339 

42. Drawing and passing act of adiation of iDheritarice$12 00 

43. Drawing and passing a bond of security whetiier 

general or special (except a bond of security by or 

on behalf of a debtor arrested) ... ••. 5 00 

44. Drawing and passing a bottomry bond ... 5 00 

45. Drawing and passing act of acquittance and dis- 

charge ... ... ••• ... 5 00 

46. Drawing and passing act of cancelment of power 

of attorney ... ... •■. ••• 2 00 

47. Drawing and passing an act of confirmation ... 2 00 

48. Drawing and passing any contract or agreement 

not herein mentioned ... ... ... 8 00 

49. Attending to and authenticating the execution of 
any contract, agreement, act, or instrument of any 
kind or description not drawn up or prepared in 

the Registrar's office ... ... ... 2 00 

50. Attending to the authentication of any document 

by the Chief Justice and affixing his seal ... 2 00 

51. In addition to the above fees there shall be 

payable in respect of each page of 18 lines of 30 
letters to the line of any act, instrument, or docu- 
ment drawn in the Registrar's office beyond the 
first two pages, the sum of ... .., 24 

In Insolvency Pkoceedings. 
{Under Insolvency Ordinance, 1900, Insolvency Rule?, 1901.) 
Same as in the case of actions under Rules of Court, 
1900, with the following additions : — 

1. On filing declaration of inability to pay debts ...$ 2 00 

2. On filing petition for Receiving Order ... 5 00 

3. On filing application for Order of Discharge ... 7 00 

4. On filing of any other application to the Court... 2 00 

5. On a verbal application of an Official Receiver... 1 00 

6. On filing any other document ... ... 50 

7. On issuing an insolvency notice ... ... 1 00 

8. On issuing a judgment or any other summons ... 1 00 

9. On attending the public examination of the 

debtor ... ... ••• . ••• 5 ^^ 

^ 10. On attending the hearing of any application to 

the Court, verbal or otherwise ... ... 2 00 



340 

11. On giving any notice in addition to the actual 

cost of printing if the same is to be advertised $1 00 

12. On searching records ... ... ... 25 



In respect of proceedings for obtaining Evidence for 

Foreign Tribunals. 
(Under Rules of Court approved hy the Court of Policy 
27tJi April, 1908.) 
Same as in case of actions under the Rules of Court; 1900 
witli the following addition : — 

When the examination taken by Regi&trar or Sworn 
Clerk for each hour or part of an hour occupied 
in an examination ... ... ...$ 3 00 

Fees payable to persons appointed as Examiners 

same as those payable when examination taken 

by Registrar or Sworn Clerk. 

In Respect op Proceedings for the Recovery of any 

Colonial or Town Taxes. 

[Under Ordinance No. 2 of 1848.) 

The Fiat Executio of the Chief Justice... ...$ 25 

Taxing costs, when necessary ... ... 16 

Attending sale ... ... ... ... 67 

In Respect of Proceedings for the Recovery of Petty 
Debts and Petty Damages. 

( Under Ordinance No. 10 of 1893.) 
Petition for Order of Execution in case of Levy 
on Immovable Property and Order thereon, in- 
cluding printed copy of Petition and Order 
thereon ... "... ... ...$ 3 00 

In Proceedings on Appeal from Decisions of Magistrates' 

Courts to the Supreme Court. 
{Under the Magistrates' Derisions (Ap>peals) Ordinance, 1893.) 
Filing Affidavit or other Document 
Entering case in Cause List 
Attendance at hearing 
Taking evidence, per page ... 
Extract minute of proceedings on appeal 
Judgment or order on Appeal, including Reasons 
Copy of the same including Reasons 



.,$0 


50 


. 


50 


. 1 


00 


. 


25 


-' 


00 


2 


00 


. 1 


00 



341 

In Proceedings on Appeal from Judgment of a Single 
Judge acting in the exercise of the Appellate Juris- 
diction of the Supreme Court to the Full Court. 
■ {Under the Magistrates' Decisions (Appeals) Ordinance, 1893.) 
Extract Minute of Proceedings on Appeal, to include 
all charges and service for noting appeal, deposit- 
ing security for costs, and otherwise ...$8 00 
Judgment or order on Appeal, including Reasons ... 4 00 
Copy of the same, including Reasons ... ... 2 00 

In Respect of Proceedings under the Local Government 

Ordinance. 
{Under Section 132 of Ordinance 13 o/ 1907.) 
For writ of execution, to be endorsed on summation... 25 
For Letters of Decree where Property is purchased 

for less than $500, to include all charges for recording 1 00 
For Letters Patent. 
[Under Ordinance 31 o/1902.) 
For every application for a patent accompanied by a 

provisional specification only ... ...$ 5 00 

Examiner's fee on reference of application with provi- 
sional specification, not exceding ... _ ... 15 00 
For every application for a patent accompanied by a 

complete specification ... ••• ... 20 00 

On filing complete specification after provisional speci- 
fication ... ... ••• . .••• 15 00 

Examiner's fee on reference of complete specification, 

not exceeding ... - ... • " i a^ 

On extending the time for leaving complete specification. 1 00 
On extending the time for acceptance of complete speci- 
fication ... ... ••• "•• 1 00 

On every patent beforo the expiration of seven years 

from its date ... ... -• . . -100 00 

On filing every amended or substituted specification... 5 00 
On notice of opposition to grant of patent ... 2 50 

On e\rery summons to witness... ^ ... .•• \ ^^ 

On hearing of every opposed application ... '" qa no 

On extension of patent ... .-. . '" ^ 00 

On filing every disclaimer or memorandum of alteration. / oO 
For every office copy (including the seal) per page of 18 

lines of 30 letters each ... ... ... 25 



342 

On filing every certificate voiding a patent ...$ 1 00 

On deposit of any assignment, deed, licence, or other 

document affecting proprietorship of patent ... 10 00 

On delivering triplicate patent after loss, etc. ... 10 00 

On every search, including inspection ... ... 50 

Annual fees for licence to patent agent ... ... 12 00 

Certified copies or extracts seal, at per page ... 25 

For every matter or thing not above provided for ... 1 00 

For Registration of Companies. 
{Under the Companies Ordinance No. 21 o/1898.) 

BY A COMPANY HAVING A CAPITAL DIVIDED INTO SHARES. 

For registration of a company whose nominal capital 

does not exceed $10,000 ... ... ...$10 00 

For registration of a company whose nominal capital 
exceeds $10,000, the above fee of $10, with the fol- 
lowing additional fees, regulated according to the 
amount of nominal capital, that is to say — 

For every $5,000 of nominal capital, or part of 

$5,000, after the first $10,000, up to $25,000 ... 5 00 
For every $5,000 of nominal capital, or part of 

$5,000, after the first $25,000 up to $100,000 1 00 
For every $5,000 of nominal capital, or part of 

$5,000, after the first $100,000 ... .. 25 

For registration of any increase of capital made after 
the first registration of the company, the same fees 
per $5,000 or part of $5,000 as would have been 
payable if such increased capital had formed part of 
the original capital at the time of registration, 
provided that no company shall be liable to pay in 
respect of nominal capital on registration, or after- 
wards, any greater amount of fees than $100, taking 
into account, in the case of fees payable on an 
increase of capital after registering, the fees paid on 
registration. 
For registration of any existing company, except such 
companies as are by this Ordinance exempted from 
payment of fees in respect of registration under this 
Ordinance, the same fee as is charged for registering 
a new company. 



343 

For registering any document hereby required or 
authorized to be registered, other than the memoran- 
dum of association ... ... ,..$ 1 00 

For making a record of any fact hereby authorized or 
required to be recorded by the Kegistrar of Joint 
Stock Companies ... ... ... 1 00 

BY A COMPANY NOT HAVING A CAPITAL DIVIDED INTO SHARES. 

For registration of a company whose number of mem- 
bers, as stated in the articles of association, does not 
exceed 20 ... ... ... ...$10 00 

For registration of a company whose number of mem- 
bers, as stated in the articles of association, exceeds 
20, but does not exceed 100 .., ... 25 00 

For registration of a company whose number of mem- 
bers, as stated in the articles of association, exceeds 
100, but is not stated to be unlimited, the above fee 
of $25, with an additional dollar for every 50 mem- 
bers or less number after the first 100. 

For registration of a company in which the number of 
members is stated in the articles of association to be 
unhmited ... ... ... ... 50 00 

For registration of any increase in the number of mem- 
bers made after the registration of the company, in 
respect of every 50 members, or less than 50 mem- 
bers, of such increase, one dollar, provided that no 
one company shall be liable to pay on the whole a 
greater fee than $50 in respect of its number of mem- 
bers, taking into account the fee paid on the first 
registration of the company. 

For registration of any existing company, except such 
companies as are by this Ordinance exempted from 
payment of fees in respect of registration under this 
Ordinance, the same fee as is charged for registering 
a new company. 

For registering any document hereby required or 
authorized to be registered, other than the memoran- 
dum of association ... ... ... 1 00 

For making a record of any fact hereby authorized or 
required to be recorded by the Registrar of Joint 
Stock Companies ... ... ... 1 00 



344 

For inspection of documents kept b}' the Registrar, for 

each inspection... ... ... ...$ 1 00 

For a certificate of the incorporation of any company... 1 00 
For copy or extract of any other document^ for each 

folio ... ... ... ... 2.5 

Natuealization. 

{Under Ordinance 4 of 1891.) 

Certificate of Naturalization, (payable to the Govern- 
ment Secretary) ... ... ...$ 5 00 

Recording certificate and oath ... ... 2 50 

Certified copy of the same ... ... ... 2 50 

Agricultural Loans. 
{Under Section 19 of Ordinance 20 o/1896.) 

For giving certificate or recording certificate or transfer 
or discharge of certificate of loan 

If the loan to be obtained does not exceed $100 ...% 5 00 

If the loan to be obtained exceeds that sum and does 

not exceed $2,500 ... ... ...10 00 

If the loan to be obtained exceeds that sum ... 15 00 



MARSHAL'S FEES.* 

Payable in Respect of Services of a Marshal. 
{Under the Rules of Court, 1900.) 

27. For service of any writ of summons ... ...$ 2 00 

28. For indorsing return to summons ... ... 48 

29. For proceeding to carry into execution any writ of 

sale of property (movable or immovable) or for de- 
livery of property or sequestration ,.. ... 4 00 

30. Each summation in cases of parate execution, includ- 

ing all charges for copies, service, return, and 
recording ... ... ... ... 2 00 

31. For each return to writ of execution or other process 48 

32. For proceeding to execute each writ of attachment 

of the person... ... ... ... 7 00 

This fee is under Section 17 of Ordinance 13 of 1897, per- 
sonal to the Marshal making the arrest. 

^ Under the provisions of Ordinance 18 of 1905, service of process 
may be effcted by the bailiffs attached to Magistrates' Courts, 



345 

33. For retaining possession of property under writ of 

sequestration, for each day possession is retained... $ 4 00 

34. On service of any order, notice, or other document, 
unless otherwise specially provided for ^ ... 2 00 

35. Preparation of summons to a witness and service ... 1 50 

36. Service of authorization c?«/«c«o ... -•• 3 00 

37. Any service with the strong hand ... i ... 14 00 

38. Petition for sequestration or sale of a plantation ... 3 00 

39. Placing sequestrator in charge, including prepara- 

tion of inventory ... ••• ... / 00 

40. Publishing sale of property, exclusive of cost of 

printing and exclusive of cost of postage and adver- 
tisements where publication is in Europe ... 2 00 

41. Preparing conditions of sale ... ... 2 00 

42. Countersigning opposition or withdrawal of opposi- 
tion to sale ... ... -■ ... 1 00 

43. Percentage on proceeds of sale of property, movable 

or immovable — 

Where amount does not exceed $2,000 ...3 ^^ cent. 

„ exceeds $2,000, but does not exceed $ 5,000... 2i „ 

15,000 „ 10,000. ..2 „ 

„ $10,000 „ 20,000... li „ 

, exceeding 20,000...! „ 

44. Any report to the Court or a Judge ... ...$ 48 

45. Inventorizing property : — 

For first page ... ... ... 1 00 

Each subsequent page ... ... ... 24 

46. Any proceeding taken by the Registrar not herein 

provided for, such fee as the Court or Judge may 
determine. 

TraueUing 'Expenses. 

47. Mileage: For each mile travelled by land or water... $ 40 

Distance to be calculated in the case of a Marshal from 
his office in the county in which service is to be effected 
or writ executed ; and in the case of service by a person 
authorized by the Registrar, from the place of residence of the 
person appointed or the Court or office in which he is employed 
to the place where service is to be effected. No charge to be 
allowed for the return journey. Ferry and bridge tolls actually 
paid to be charged in addition. 



346 

Table of Distances. 

Where the place where the document is to be served can 
be reached by public road the distances shall be taken from the 
list of Mile paals, as published by the Crown Lands Depart- 
ment."^' 

In Respect of Proceedings eoe, the Recovery of any 
Colonial on Town Taxes not Exceeding $100: 
{Under Ordinance l^o. 2 o/ 1843.) 
Drawing and serving the Process of Summary Ex- 
ecution, including copies of documents served there- 
with ... ... ... ... $ 1 00 

Levying on property, including Inventory ... 2 00 

Conditions of sale ... ... ... 25 

Printing and publishing the execution sale ... 1 00 

Commission, one half per cent, on amount of sale 

Distance money not to exceed ... ... 2 00 

In Respect op Proceedings for the Recovery of Petty 

Debts and Petty Damages. 

{Under Ordinance 10 o/ 1893. 

1. Act of levy, inventory, advertisement of day of sale... $ 1 92 

2. Commission on amount of sale of property 2^ per cent. 

(Distance money shall not be charged, but the Marshal 
shall receive his actual travelling expenses, plus $1 for every 
24 hours of absence. ) 

In Insolvency Proceedings. 

{Under Ordinance 29 of 1900 a7id the Insolveney Ftdes, 1901.) 
Same as in the case of actions under the Rules of Court, 
1900. 

In Respect of Proceedings under the Local Government 

Ordinance. 

{Under Section 137 of Ordinance 13 of 1907.) 

For summation, and serving same ... ...$ 1 00 

For act of levy, inventory, and advertisements of sale... 1 00 
For selling, a commission of two and one-half per cent. 
on the amount of purchase money, 

*See Official Gazette of 9bh November, 1901. 
See also Official Gazette of 8th May, 1909, 



347 

OFFICIAL RECEIVER'S FEES. 

In Insolvency Proceedings. 
(Under the Insolvency Rules 1901.) 
For inspecting books kept by him, provided such inspec- 
tion does not exceed half an hour ... ...$ 50 

,, every additional half hour or part thereof ... 25 

,, copies of Documents and Accounts per foHo, each 
folio to contain not less than 18 lines, and each 
line not less than 30 letters ... ... 25 

„ receiving and filing each claim with the Documents 

and Vouchers in support thereof ... ... 50 

,, administering oath to affidavit of claimant, if not 
previously sworn to before a Commissioner of 
Affidavits ... ... ... „. 50 

,, searching the records of the office or of the late 

Orphan Chamber ... ... ... 50 

,, giving off certificate from such Records ... 50 

,, every Insolvency Petition ... ... 25 00 

A deposit of $24 to cover expenses is also payable. 

,, every Petition under Section 106 of the Ordinance 25 00 
A deposit of $10 is also payable. 

,, every special proxy or voting paper ... ... 24 

,, every general proxy ... ... ... 48 

„ every application for an Administration Order 

under section 104 of the Ordinance ... ... 5 00 

„ every Administration Order granted under sec- 
tion 104 of the Ordinance ... ... 5 00 

,, every application to approve a Scheme or Compo- 
sition where the gross amount of assets exceeds 
$5,000 ... ... ... ... 50 00 

Where it does not exceed $5,000 ... ... 25 00 

,, every application to appoint a Special Manager ... 5 00 

,, every order of the Official Receiver for a local 

banking account ... ... ... 5 00 

„ every hundred dollars received by the Official 
Receiver whether acting as such or as Assignee 
where the gross assets of the debtor's estate do not 
exceed $20,000 ... ... ... 8 00 

Do. do. where the gross assets exceed $20,000 6 00 

,, every hundred dollars received by the Official 



10 


00 


1 


00 


15 


00 



348 

Receiver from an Assignee not having a banking 
account ... ... ... ...$ 1 50 

For examining the banking account of an Assignee ... 
,, every certificate of appointment of Assignee 
,, report and notices with reference to the applica- 
tion for discharge 
Eemuneration in Respect of the Administration of 
Trusts and Other Estates. 
{Under Ordinance 6 q/ 1905.) 
Fixed by the Court as provided by the Rules of Court. 
Commission in Respect op the Administration of the Estates 
OF Certain Deceased Immigrants. 
(Under Ordinance 24 o/1905.) 
For every hundred dollars received or realized ...$ 8 00 



In Respect of^the Winding-up of a Company. 

{Under the Comjpanies Ordinance No, 21 of 1898.) 

1. On every petition for the winding up of a Company 

or Association ... ... ...$25 00 

2. On the appointment of the Official Receiver on 

any application under Section 135 (5) of the 
Ordinance ... ... ... ... 25 00 

3. For every report of the Official Receiver to the 

Court 

4. For appearance in an examination 

5. For every hundred dollars received — 

{a) Where gross assets are not over $20,000 
[h) Where gross assets are over $20,000 

6. For every Petition granted under Section 197 

7. For every Composition or Compromise under Sec- 

tion 206— 

[a) Where the gross amount of assets exceeds $5,000 50 00 

(6) Where the gross amount of assets does not 

exceed $5,000 ... ... ... 25 00 

8. For inspecting books kept by the Official Receiver — 

(a) provided such inspection does not exceed 

half an hour ... ... ... 50 

(5) For every additional half hour or part thereof 25 



10 


00 


10 


00 


8 


00 


6 


00 


10 


00 



349 

9. For copies of documents and Accounts per folio, 
each folio to contain not less than 18 lines and ^ 
each line not less than 30 letters ... ...$ 25 

10. For receiving and filing eacli claim with the docu- 

ments and vouchers in support thereof ^ .... 50 

11. For administering oath to affidavit of claimant, if 

not previously sworn to before a Commissioner of 

Affidavits ... ... ... ••• p^ 

12. For every special proxy or voting paper ... 25 

13. For every general proxy and voting paper ... 50 

MAGISTRATES' COURTS FEES. 
In Civil Proceedings. 

IN RESPECT OF PROCEEDINGS FOR THE RECOVERY OF PETTY 
DEBTS AND PETTY DAMAGES. 

(Under Ordinance No. 10 of 1893.) 

1. a. Filing the Plaint, filling up the Summons to De- 

fendant, and service of the same upon him, where 
the amount or the value of the article sought to 
be recovered is $25 and under ... ...$0 48 

h. Do. do. exceeds $25 and does not exceed $50 96 

c. Do. do. exceeds $50 and does not exceed $75 1 44 

d. Do. do. exceeds $75 and doesnot exceed $100 1 92 

2. Summons to a Wirness, filling up the same and ser- 

vice thereof ... ... ... 48 

3. Affidavit of Service of Process ... ... 48 

4. Filling up and issuing Writ of Execution, including 

Levy and Sale thereunder ... ... 60 

5. a. For the daily keep of each horse, mule, or head 

of horned cattle taken in execution ... 24 

h. For the daily keep of each head of other kinds 

of live stock- ... ... .•• 12 

6. Copy of evidence or of any Document, per page of 

120 words ... ... ... 12 

8. Commission on amount of sale of property 2|- per cent. 
11. Copy of .Judgment ... ... ... 24 



350 

(Under the Magistrates^ Courts Rules.) 

Drawing and preparing the plaint ... ...$0 24 

In Proceedings on Appeal from Decisions of Magis- 
trates' Courts to the Supreme Court. 

(Under the Magistrates' Becisions {Aiipeals) Ordinance, 1893.) 

Kecognizance to prosecute Appeal ... ...$0 24 

Copy of the Proceedings in the case, per folio of 

120 words ... ... ... ... 12 



In Criminal Proceedings. 
IN respect of proceedings in relation to summary 

CONVICTION OFFENCES. 

{Under Ordinance No. 10 o/1893.) 

1. Filling up each Summons, including filing the Com- 

plaint or Information... ... ...$ 72 

2. Filling up each Warrant ... ... ... 60 

3. Each copy of a Conviction or Order ... ... 16 

4. Each Certificate of Dismissal ... ... 24 

5. Copy of Evidence or of any Document, per page of 

120 words ... ... ... 12 

6. For Removal of Property taken in execution, the 

reasonable expenses actually incurred and paid. 

In Respect of Proceedings for the Summary Recovery 
OF Small Rents and Tenements. 

(Under Ordinance 9 of 1903.) 

lo Filling up each Warrant of Distress including the 

Levy ... ... ... ...$ 96 

2. Appraisement — not to exceed ... ... 2 00 

3. Complaint when goods are fraudulently removed ... 24 

4. Warrant thereon .. ... ... 96 

5. Notice to apply to recover possession, including 

complaint and affidavit of service if necessary ... 60 

6. Warrant of Ejectment ... ... ... 48 

7. For removal of property, the reasonable expenses 

actually incurred and paid 



351 

Under the Magistrates* Court Rules.) 
]. Drawing and preparing any claim for the recovciy 

of rent or possession of tenements ... ...$ 24 

In respect of Proceedings under the Local Government 

Ordinance. 

{Under Section 132 of Ordmance 13 o/1907.) 

1. Entering and recording Application for Warrant of 

Distress, including Swearing to Return of Service 

of Notice ... ... ... ...% in 

2. Issuing Warrant of Distress, including Levy and 

Sale of property thereunder... ... ... 32 

3. Executing any Warrant of Distress, including tlio 

Return ... ... ... ... 32 



REMUNERATION TO JURORS. 

(Under the Indictable Off'inces {Procedure) Ordinance 
No. 19 o/'1893.) 

L Each Juror residing at, or within half a mile from 
Georgetown, Suddie, or New Amsterdam, per diem 
the sum of ... ... ... ...$ 1 00 

2. Each Juror residing at any place situated at a dis- 

tance greater than half a mile, and not exceeding 
five miles, from Georgetown, Suddie, or New Am- 
sterdam, ^;er diem a sum not exceeding ... 2 00 

3. Each Juror residing at any place situated at a 

greater distance than five miles from Georgetown, 
Suddie, or New Amsterdam, per diem a sum not 
exceeding ... ... ... ... 2 50 



REMUNERATION TO WITNESSES. 

In Civil Proceedings. 

IN tfie supreme court. 

{Under Rules of Court, 1900.) 

Witnesses, such as labourers, domestic servants, 

journeymen, &c., for each day's attendance ...$ GO 

Ordinary tradesman or mechanic ... from 60c. to 1 00 

Professional men, bankers and merchants ... 5 00 

Every other person ... ... ... 2 00 



352 

In addition to the above allowances, the taxing officer 
shall allow fco every witness who resides beyond the precincts 
of the city or town where the hearing takes place, for travel- 
ling expenses, such sum as such witness may prove by oath or 
otherwise to the satisfaction of the taxing officer that he has 
hona fide incurred for travelling expenses in attending the 
Court, and that he must necessarily incur and be put to in 
returning to his home. 

In the case of professional, scienthEic or expert witnesses 
the taxing officer may allow such just and reasonable charges 
and expenses as appear to have been properly incurred in 
procuring the evidence and the attendance of witnesses. 

IN THE magistrates' COURTS. 

[Under Ordinance No. 10 q/ 1893.) 

(a.) Agricultural labourer, seaman, domestic ser- 
vant, or day labourer^ or the wife or child above 
12 years of age of any such person ... ...$ 48 

(h.) Every other person, except a child under 12 

years of age ... ... ... 1 20 

(c.) Child under 12 years of age ... ... 24 

and such actual travelling expenses in every 
case as may be allowed by the Magistrate. 



In Criminal Proceedings. 

in the supreme court. 

on the trial of indictable offences. 

[Under Ordinance 19 (9/1893.) 

To each person in the following classes for each day such 
person attends or is travelling to attend or to return from any 
trial, provided that such person is not in receipt of any salary or 
wages as a public officer orservantin this colony, that is to say, — 

1. Each duly qualified medical practitioner or other 

professional man ... ... ...$ 5 00 

2. Each person qualified and registered to serve, or 

legally exempted from serving, as a juror ... 2 00 



353 

3. Each manager, overseer, superintendent, store- 

keeper, clerk, salesman in spirit shop, captain or 
mate of a vessel, contractor, landed proprietor, 
master tradesman, master mechanic, or other per- 
son of the like classes ... ... ...$ 1 00 

4. Each estate's driver, provision farmer, sailor, light- 

erman, stevedore, store-porter, ordinary tradesman, 
ordinary mechanic, pedlar or other person of the 
like classes ... ... ... ... 80 

5. Each seamstress, labourer on a timber grant, balata 

grant, placer or mining claim, or other person of 

the like classes ... ... ... 60 

6. Each agricultural labourer, groom, domestic ser- 

vant, huckster, or other person of the like classes... 32 

7. Each person between the ages of six and fourteen 

years ... ... ... ...016 

8. Each person belonging to any class not specified... 24 

9. Each person being the wife, daughter, or sister of 

any person mentioned in the specified classes, one- 
half of the allowances of such person. 

Travelling Expenses. 

1. From any part of the county within five miles of the 
place where the sitting of the Court is held ... 100 

2. From any part of a county, five miles or more from, 

but within ten miles of, such place ... ... 1 50 

3. From any part of a county ten miles or more from, 

but within fifteen miles of, such place. . . ... 2 00 

4. From any part of a county, fifteen miles or more 
from, but within twenty miles of such place ... 2 50 

5. From any part of a county twenty miles or more 
from such place, such, sum not being less than $5 00 
and not exceeding $20, as the taxing officer may be • 
satisfied has been expended. 

6. In case a witness is brought from one county to 

another, a sum may be allowed not exceeding four 
times the highest amount allowed for travelling 
expenses in any county. 



354 

Provided as follows : — 

(1.) A witness shall be allowed the same expenses 
for travelling from as for travelling to the 
Court, and, if the attendance of the witness 
is prolonged beyond one day, the witness shall be 
allowed the same expenses for each day he may so 
travel, not exceeding, however, the sum of four 
times any single allowance as abovementioned, 
according to locality ; 

(2.) No such travelling expenses shall be allowed to 
a witness unless he satisfies the taxing officer that 
he has actually and necessarily incurred or will 
incur expenses in travelling to or from the Court ; 
and 

(3.) In case a witness is not able to return to his 
home at the close of the day, he shall be allowed 
such reasonable expenses (in lieu of travelling 
expenses) as he may show, to the satisfaction of 
the taxing officer, he has necessarily incurred. 



IN THE MAGISTRATES COURTS. 

(Same as in Civil Proceedings.) 
(XJnder Ordinance 12 of 1893, sec. 17 and Ordinance 19 

of 1893, sec. 58.) 



OATHS, DECLARATIONS, &c. 

{Under Section 94 of Ordinance 20 of 1893.) 

Fee to Commissioner for administering each oath, or 
certifying each declaraeion, affirmation or statutory 
declaration ... ... ... ...$ 50 



AUTHENTICATION OF DOCUMENTS. 

(Payable to tJie Government Secretary.) 

For authentication by the Governor of a Notary Public's 

signature attesting any document for use abroad... $ 5 00 



355 

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 

Fees payable for maintenance and treatment at Public 

Hospitals. 

{Under Regulations made hy the Governor and Court of Policy 

on 8th July, 1907.) 
The expenses of maintenance and treatment of the follow- 
ing persons shall be borne by the Colony : — 

(a.) A pauper, on production of a certificate of pauperism in 

the prescribed form, signed by a duly authorised person ; 

(b.) a merchant seaman under Articles, on the written 

request of the owner, consignee or master of his vessel ; 

and (c.) a merchant seaman discharged from his ship, 

at the request of the Harbour Master. 

A person unable to pay for private medical attendance, on 

production of a certificate of poverty in the prescribed form, 

signed by a duly authorised person — at the rate of 12 cents 

per day. 

Paying Patients. 

In Private Wards, per diem ... ... $ 1 00 

In Ordinary Wards — according to accommo- 
dation provided, per diem ... ... 50cts. & 25 

For a special nurse, per day or night ... 50 

Children under the age of 12, half the above 

rates. 
Extras — not on the authorised Diet Scale — 

at the patient's expense. 
Operations — extra, in accordance with the 

patient's means. 
(Day of admission and discharge counted as 

one day only.) 
The Resident Surgeon may require any applicant for 
gratuitous treatment as an in-patient whom ho may deem able 
to contribute towards the expense of his treatment, although 
unable to pay for such treatment altogether, to pay on 
admission such sum, not exceeding one dollar, as having regard 
to the circumstances of the applicant, he may deem reasonable. 
Every applicant who desires to be admitted for treatment 
as a paying patient, must, if required by the Resident Surgeon, 
obtain from a householder or other responsible person, a guaran- 
tee for the payment of any expenses incurred on his behalf. 



.3. 
■ft. 



356 

In tbe event of a person suffering from accidental injuries 
or dangerously ill, applying for admission as a paying patient 
who is not provided with a guarantee, the Resident Surgeon 
may decline to treat him as a paying patient unless a deposit be 
made sufficient to cover the ordinary charges for maintenance, 
until such time as a guarantee can be obtained, or a deposit 
made, or some one on his behalf promises to make the same 
within two days after his admission. 

Treatment of Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers of 
Police and Constables. 

{Under the PoUce Regulations, ap'proved hy the Governor' on 

7th March, 1904.) 

Officers treated as First Class paying patients in the 

Private Ward, a charge per diem of ... 50 cts. 

Non-Commissioned Officers and Constables tretited 

in a Special Ward, a charge per diem of ... 32 „ 

Bandsmen of the MiUtia are entitled to treatment 
on the same footing as above. 

Fees payable for treatment at Public Dispensaries. 

(Under Regulations approved hy the Court of Policy on 22nd 

May, 1907.) 

A person producing a certificate of pauperism signed by a 
duly authorised person, shall be prescribed for and treated 
gratuitously and the medicines ordered shall be furnished free 
of charge. 

A person unable to pay for private medical attend- 
ance but not actually a pauper, on production of 
a poverty certificate signed by a duly authorised 
person, shall be prescribed for and treated on 
prepayment of a fee for each visit of ... 12 cts. 

For medicines ordered, each time ... 12 „ 

Attendance of Medical Officer at house of holder 

of " Pauper" Certificate, and medicine — free. 

Visit of Medical Officer to house of holder of 

a " Poverty " Certificate, to be prepaid ... 18 cts. 

and medicine supplied, each time ... 12 „ 



357 

Fees chargeable by Government Medical Officers in 

Country Districts. 

{Fixed by the Governor and Court of Policy, IMJi July, 1908.) 

For ordinary medical attendance, not including 
surgical operations, midwifery, etc., on Estates' 
Managers, Overseers and their families, etc., 
provided they reside within the bounds of the 
Estate. From the Proprietors of each Estate 
in the Medical District — per annum ..$80 00 

(1) To persons in poor circumstances unable to pay for 
private medical attendance in accordance with the fees 
in sub-sections 2 and 3 below, on their producing a Poverty 
Certificate on a form approved by the Governor : — 

(a) If the person presents himself at the residence 
of the Medical Officer, at any Medical Station, 
Public Dispensary, Estate's Hospital or is a 
patient in such hospital, for each attendance ... 24 

(6) If the Medical Officer is called while passing 
through a Village or along a public road — each 
attendance ... ... ... 30 

(c) For a special call if the distance from the Medi- 
cal Officer's residence is not more than a mile... 36 

((/) For each mile or part of a mile on the outward 

journey only ... ... ... 010 

(2) To all persons such as artizans, sailors, porters, labourers, 
small farmers, mechanics, seamstresses, etc. : 

(a) Under the same conditions as (1) (a) (&) ...$ 48 

(6) Under the same conditions as (1) (c) ... 1 00 

(c) Under the same conditions as (1) (d) ... 12 

{d) Calls during the night, i.e., between G p.m. and 
6 a.m., may be charged double. 

(e) Operations may be charged extra. 

(f) Maternity cases, surgical or otherwise ... 5 00 
{g) For a Medical Certificate for leave purposes ... 50 
(h) For a Certificate under By-Law 3 (6) 2 of the 

Milk Regulations of 1908 ... ...0 48 

(i) For a Medical Certificate under By-Law 3 (6) 

(3) and (4) of the Milk Regulations of 1908 .., 24 

(3) To all other classes the Medical Officer may make reason- 
able charges, 



358 

The following are entitled to free attendance : — 

(a) All members of the Police Force and Prison Service 
within his district ; 

(b) The families of these officers, except when otherwise 
ordered by the Governor ; 

(c) All Paupers provided with Pauper Certificates on a form 
approved by the Governor ; 

(d) Every patient in an Estate's Hospital either an inden- 
tured immigrant ot a bona fide labourer employed by the 
Estate. 

Vaccination Fees. 

(Under the Vaccination Ordinance No. 4 of 1875.) 

(Authorized by the Governor-in-Council.) 

^To Public Vaccinators — 

For every successful case of vaccination ... 12 

J To the Vaccination Officers — 

For every successful case of vaccination ... 06 

Still Bieths. 

(Under Ordinance No. 1 o/ 1868.) 

For certificate of still-birth ... ... ... 2 00 

Infectious Disease. 

(Under Ordinance 26 o/'1902.) 

X For certificate of notification of infectious disease ... 50 

For Services op GoverNxMENt Veterinary Surgeon. 
(Approved by the Governor-in-Council on the Srd January, 1895.) 
Cutting of " lampas" 
Shoeing 

Do. 
Removing shoe 
Attendance on mules, asses and horses on estates^ 
$15, $20 and ^25, according to the number of 
animals resident. 

* Government Medical OfiScers receive no fee for persons who are en- 
titled to the benefit of their professional services without charge. 

t For the City of Georgetown, the Vaccination Officer receives a salary 
of £3 2s. 6d. per mensem, and a fee of 3d. for every successful case of 
Vaccination. 

For the Town of New Amsterdam the Vaccination Officer receives a 
salary of £2 Is. 8d. per mensem, and a fee of 3d. for each successful case 
of Vaccination. 

1 Government Medical Officers receive no fee for this service. 



• • t • « 


..$ 1 00 


per new shoe., 


32 


per set 


96 


. t . . 1 


16 



359 



Castration 
Firing 

Parturition ... 
Balling 

Examining horse's teeth and fixing them 
Inspection of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats — each 
Visits in Georgetown and suburbs — first visit 
Visits in Georgetown and suburbs — second visit 
Visits in Georgetown and suburbs — succeeding 
Visits beyond Georgetown — first 10 miles-per mile 
Visits beyond Georgetown — after 10 miles, 50 cents 
per mile for each mile over and beyond 10 miles, 
in the County of Demerara. 
As regards other Counties, actual expenses from 
Georgetown to the place of arrival in the other 
County, and from the place of arrival to the 
exact destination, the same charge for mileage 
as in Demerara. 
Inoculation of cattle 



$10 00 


3 


00 


10 


00 




50 


3 


00 




50 


2 


00 


1 


50 


1 


00 


1 


00 



24 



Dentists. 
{Under Ordinance 15 of 1908.) 
Fee for registration by the Medical Board as a 

Dentist ... ... ... ...$24 00 

Veterinary Surgeons. 

(Under Ordinance 10 o/1909.) 
Fee for registration by the Medical Board as a 



Veterinary Surgeon 



,..$24 00 



CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS. 

(Regulations made hy the Governor -in- Council on SOth March, 

1905.) 
Fee for examination ...$25 00 

A second examination if held within one year may 

be attended without a further fee. 
For an examination held beyond that time, a fee of $12 50 
Fee for registration on Certificate of Examination 5 00 
Fee for registration on Certificate of Exemption... 1 00 



360 

POST MOETEM EXAMINATIONS. 

(Under' the Coroners^ Ordinance No. 6 0/ 1887.) 

To every qualified medical practitioner who is in 
the receipt of any salary or remuneration from 
the Public Revenues the fee for making an 
examination of the dead body of the deceased person 
where it is not necessary to make any dissection 
of the body and for making the report required 
by the Ordinance and certifying the cause of death 
shall be ... ... ... ...$ 2 00 

Where it is necessary in any such case to attend to give 

evidence an additional sum shall be paid of ... 3 00 

To every qualified medical practitioner who is in the 
receipt of any salary or remuneration from the 
Public Revenues the fee for making a complete 
post fn(^rtem examination of the dead body of the 
deceased person, including the dissection of the body 
either with or without an analysis of the contents 
of the stomach and intestines, or preparing them 
for transmission to the Government Analyst, and 
including the report required by the Ordinance and 
certifying the cause of death and if necessary at- 
tending to give evidence, shall be ... ... 10 00 

Where the medical practitioner is not in receipt of any 
salary or remuneration from the Public Revenue 
the fee for such complete post mortem examination 
including all matters mentioned in the preceding 
item shall be... ... ... ... 15 00 

JV".^. — No mileage or travelling expenses to be 
allowed, but in special cases it shall be lawful 
for the Governor to order the payment of such 
extra remuneration for travelling expenses or 
otherwise as he may deem just and reasonable. 



FEES TO CORONERS. 
{Under Coroners Ordinance 60/ 1887.) 
To every Coroner (not being in the receipt of any pub- 
lic pay or emolument) holding and completing any 
inquest and thereafter duly transmitting the records 
of the proceedings in terms of the Ordinance ... 5 00 



361 

REGISTRAR GENERAL 

Births and Deaths. 
(Tinder Ordinance 1 of 1868.) 
To the Registrar Genera], Superintendent Registrar and 
Registrar — 
For Registering a Birth after three months ...$ 1 20 

For Registering Baptismal name and date after birth 

has been registered ... ... ... 24 

For Registering name given without baptism after 

birth has been registered ... ... 24 

For every search in a Registrar's Book kept by the 

District Registrars ... ... ... 24 

For every certificate of an entry in a Registrar's 

Book given by the District Registrars ... 24 

*For every " General Search," by the Registrar 

General in indexes ... ... ... 5 00 

fFor every " Particular Search " by the Registrar 

General ... ... ... ... 24 

For every Certificate of Birth or Death given off by 

the Registrar General ... ... ... 60 

Marriages. 

{Under Marriage Ordinance No, 25 of 1901.) | 

Registration of a " Separate building " for publish- 
ing Banns of Marriage ... ... ... 2 50 

Registration of a '^ Substituted building " for pub- 
lishing Banns of Marriage ... ... 2 50 

Certificate of publication of Banns ... ... 1 00 

Entry of Notice of Marriage by Superintendent 

Registrar ... ... ... 24 

Certificate of Notice by Superintendent Registrar ... 1 00 
Celebration of Marriage by Superintendent Regis- 
trar ... ... ... ... 1 00 



* "General Search" means a search during any number of succesive 
days, not exceeding six, without stating the object of search. 

t " Particular search " means a search over any period not exceeding 
five years for any given register of Births or Deaths, 

+ Nothing in this Ordinance shall affect the right of any Marriage Officer 
to receive for any duty performed by him under this Ordii^ance, such fees 
as have heretofore been customarily paid to ministers of the same denomi- 
nations for the performance of such duty. 



362 

For every " General Search " not directed to any 

particular entry ... ... ...$ 96 

For every search for a particular entry ... 048 

For every search for two or more particular entries, 

and not exceeding four entries, for each entry ... 24 

For every certified copy of the Marriage Register ... 48 

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 

{Under OrdinmLce 1 of 1893.) 

Fees payable to the Registrae. 

1. Considering application for registration and proposed 

Rules of Society ... ... ...$ 5 00 

2. Registering a Society and its Rules and giving an 

acknowledgment of registration ... ... 5 00 

3. Registering a Branch and its Rules and giving an 

acknowledgment of registration ... ... 2 50 

4. Examining any new Rules or any proposed alteration 

or amendment of existing Rules, and registering 

the same, if necessary ... ... ... 2 50 

5. Registering the amalgamation of two or more Societies 

or the conversion of a Society into a Company ... 5 00 

6. Hearing and determining any dispute ... ... 10 00 

7. Cancelling or suspending the registration of a Society 2 50 

8. Entertaining and deciding any application for an 

inspection of the affairs of a Society ... ... 5 00 

9. All proceedings connected with the dissolution or 

the proposed dissolution of a Society ,.. 10 00 



CUSTOMS DEPARTMENT. 



COLONIAL BOND. 
Porterage Rates. 



[Approved by Govenor and Court of Policy 7 March 1904.) 

Beef, pot exceeding 200 lbs. net ...per barrel $ 05 

Butter, not exceeding 100 lbs. net ...per case 04 



363 



Bitters 

Butter, not exceeding 65 lbs. net 
Brandy, Whisky and Wine 

Candles, not exceeding 25 lbs. net 
Cocoa, not exceeding 300 lbs. net 
Cornmeal, not exceeding 200 lbs. 

net 
Canvas 
Cement 
Flour, not exceeding 200 lbs. net . 

Do do 100 lbs. net . 

Gin, double cases, 15 flasks and 15 

jugs ... 
Gin, single cases, 12 flasks 
Gin, 4 dozen bottles and 8 dozen 

bottles 
Gange 

Do 

Do 

Do 
Lard 

Do 

Do 
Lard 

Malt Liquor, bottled, in brls. or 

cases of 4 doz. qts. or 7 doz. pts. . 
Malt Liquors, Cider and Vinegar . 

Do do do 

Nails and staples, in kegs 

Do do ... 

Oil, casks not exceeding 50 gallons, 
Oil, drums of 5 or 10 gallons 
Opium 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Paint 



.per case of 1 doz. 

qts. or 2 doz. pts. $ 02 

..per firkin 02 
.per case of 1 doz. 

qts or 2 doz. pts. 02 

..per box 01 

.per bag 04 

.per barrel 04 

.per bale or bundle 12 

.per barrel 08 

.per barrel or sack 04 

.per ^ barrel 02 



.per case 
.per case 



04 
02 



..per case 02 
. .in cases of 100 lbs. 12 

.. „ „ 150 „ 16 

.. „ „ 200 „ 24 

55 55 250 5, 32 

..per keg of 100 lbs. 02 

..per brl. of 200 „ 04 

.per case of 100 ,, 02 
..per tierce of 

400 lbs. 08 

.per barrel or case 05 

.perhhd. 16 

.per barrel 06 

.50 lbs. net 01 

.100 lbs. net 02 

..each 08 

..per drum 04 

..in cases of 100 lbs. 12 

150 „ 16 

„ 200 „ 24 

250 „ 32 

, .per cwt. 05 



364 

Pickled Fish, not exceeding 200 lbs. 

net ... ... ... per barrel $ 05 

Pitch ... ... ... „ 05 

Pork, not exceeding 200 lbs. net . . . „ 05 

Do. do. 100 ;, ...per half barrel OliJ 

Rice, not exceeding 180 lbs. net ...per bag 02 

Rope, coils of ... ...per cwt. 02 

Rum, either for consumption or ex- 
portation ... ...per puncheon 06 

Rum do. do. ...perhhd. 04 

Rura do. do. ...per barrel 02 

Soap ... ... .. per box of 56 lbs. 01 

Salt, not exceeding 200 lbs. net. ..per barrel or sack 04 

Sugar, not exceeding 300 lbs. net ...per barrel or bag 08 

Sugar, not exceeding 1 ton net ...per hhd. 50 

Sugar, not exceeding 500 lbs. net ...per tierce 30 
Sugar, refined, not exceeding 2 cwt. 

net ... ... ...per barrel 08 

Sugar, refined, not exceeding 4 cwt.per puncheon 30 

Tobacco ... ... ...per hhd. 64 

Do. ... ... ...per ^ hhd. 40 

Do. ... ... ...per ^ hhd. 25 

Tea, not exceeding 80 lbs. net ...per chest 04 

Do. do. 40 „ ...per -J chest 02 

Tobacco ... ... ...incases of 100 lbs. 12 

Do. ... ... ... „ 150 „ 16 

Do. ... ... ... „ 200 „ 24 

Twine, package or bales of ...per cwt. 06 

Tar, barrels not exceeding 30 gallons 

each ... ... ...each 05 

Vinegar, Rum, Wine, and all other 

goods ... ... ...demijohns of each 01 

Wine 

Do. 
Wine 

Do. 
Packasfes ... 



...per pipe 


32 


...per hhd. 


16 


...per ^ cask 


08 


per octave 


04 


. . . except as herein- 




before specified. 




not exceeding 3 




cubic feet 


02 



365 

(Amended Regulations approved by the Court oj- Polici/, on 
mh June, 1905.) 

Packages ... ... -.of between 3 and 

6 cubic feet. ... $ 08 

Do. ... ... --.if exceeding 6 

cubic feet for 
every 6 cubic 
feet or part 
thereof ... 06 

Iron or Steel — In engines and machinery, Pipes, Girders, cases 
of galvanized sheets and other large pieces, according to 
agreement. 

x\ll other goods or quantities not hereby specified, propor- 
tionate rates to the above. 
The above rates respectively are to be exclusive of all 

other charges. 
All goods for the Government, and Army and Navy sent 
to the Colonial Bonded Warehouse, shall be free of porterage 
charges. 

Storage Kent. 

[Under the Tax Ordinance.) 

The monthly cliarges for storage rent are equivalent to 
the above charges for Porterage. 

Goods if taken away within 24 hours are exempt from 
charges ; if taken away within 72 hours one quarter of these 
rates. 



CiiAiiGES FOR Picking at any Colonial Bonded Warehouse. 

{Begulatloiis airjjioved by Goveriior and Court of Policy^ on 
8th September, 1885.) 

For each case of brandy, 1 ci i <- (* n ai i 

- . , . •^' > or 1 dozen quarts ...^ U 01^ 

whisky or wine J 

For each case of brandy, | ^^ ^ dozen pints ... 002 

whisky or wine j 

For each case of brandy, j ^^ ^ ^^^^^ .^^^^ ^ _ ^ ^ (^3^ 

whisky or wine J 

For each case of brandy, 1 ^^ g ^^^^^ .^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ 

whisky or wine J 



366 



For each case of gin of 1 dozen flasks 



.$ 02 



Oli 
021 
03 
OH 



For each case of gin of 6 flasks only 

For each case of gin of 15 flasks 

For each case of gin of 24 flasks 

For each case of gin of 48 flasks 

For each case of Jeroboams or magnums, 8 bottles 

each ... ... ... ... 02 

For each case of florida water, 1 doz. bottles ... 02 
For each case or barrel of malt, of 7 doz. pints ... 09 
For each case or barrel of malt, of 4 doz. quarts ... 07 
Milk ... ... ... ... Oil- 
Salmon, per case ... ... ... 01-|- 

Sardines, per case ... ... ... 01| 



Charges foe Wharfage at any Colonial Bonded 

Warehouse. 
Upon written application being made to the Comp- 
troller of Customs or to the Sub-Comptroller for permission 
for a ship to go alongside any colonial bonded warehouse 
premises, there to load or discharge cargo from such ware- 
house, such officer may grant permissson as applied for, 
provided that the person applying shall pay, for wharfage, to 
the Receiver General^ for the use of the colony, the sum of 
five cents upon each ton of such ship's registered burthen, for 
each twelve hours, or any less period of time, during which 
such ship shall be alongside of such warehouse premises, and 
provided further that such ship shall not remain alongside of 
such premises after such colonial bonded warehouse shall have 
been closed for the day. 

Weighing and Gauging. 

4. Weighing every package of sugar, tobacco, or other 

article exceeding 12 cwt., per package ...$ 20 

5. Weighing every package, where the contents exceed 

4 cwt. and are under 10 cwt. ... ... 12 

6. Weighing every package, where the contents exceed 

2. cwt. and are under 4 cwt, ... ... 06 

7. Weighing every package, where the contents do not 

exceed 2 cwt ... ... ... 02 

8. Weighing loose coals, per ton ... ... 14 



367 

9. Gauging and proving every package of rum or other 

spirits ... ... ••• ...$012 

10. Gauging every package of molasses ... * ... 12 

11. Gauging every package of any other liquid than 

those before mentioned ... ... ... 012 



PRIVATE BONDS. 

{Under Regulations approved by the Governor and Court of 
Policy on the 9th July, 1900.) 

Fees payable to the Receiver General by the owner of 
goods warehoused in any private bonded warehouse, or for re- 
warehousing therein, viz : — 

Flour, per barrel ... ... i cent. 

Hice, per bag ... ... •... i v 

Kerosine, per case ... ... 4 jj 

Other goods, per package ... ... 1 ,, 

Payment of the foregoing charges shall be made when the 
goods on which they are leviable are first entered or when per- 
mission to warehouse the goods is applied for. 

The articles comprised in the following list may not be 
warehoused in any private bonded warehouse, viz : — spirits, 
wine, tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, snuff, opium or any prepara- 
tion thereof; gange, or any preparation thereof; goods subject 
to ad valorem duty unless with the special permission of the 
Comptroller or Sub-Comptroller ; coal, coke, or mixed 
preparations thereof; horses, mules, asses, cattle, dogs, or 
other animals ; lumber, paving squares, slates and tiles. 

FEES FOR PROVISIONAL PERMITS. 

{Regulations of ISth February, 1902.) 
The following fees shall be payable in all cases where pro- 
visional permits are granted, viz : — 

Class 1 — On goods in packages — per packaLge ... 1 cent. 

Class 2 ,, ,, bulk per ton ... ^ cent. 

Class 3 ,, „ separate as lumber, per per 1,000 
feet ... ... ... ... 2 cents. 

Class 4 ,, ,, separate as paints, pots, &c., per 

package ... ... ... ... ^ cent. 

Class 5 „ Britks and tiles, per 1,000 ..,5 cents. 



368 

And on all other goods not hereby specified, similar rates 
to the above accordiog to the class in which they may be 
placed by the Comptroller of Customs. 

Such fees shall be j)ayable only upon that portion of any 
importation in respect of which a provisional permit is issued. 



FEES, OFFICERS' OVERTIME. 

(Fixed hy the Governor and Court of Policy, 8tJi Se2?temher, 

1885.) 

1. For the services of the chief clerk and surveyor, for 

each hour ... ... ... ...$ 1 44 

2. For the services of each oificer whose salary exceeds 

£200 per annum, for each hour ... ... 1 20 

3. For the services of each officer whose salary does not 

exceed or amount to <£200 per annum^ and to the 
supernumerary or casual officers, for each hour ... 96 

4. For each porter or boatman, for each hour ... 16 

A proportionate amount to be charged for each quarter 
of an hour. 

The whole amount payable for any one officer's services 
shall not exceed $8 in the case of officers whose salaries do 
not exceed or amount to £200 per annum, or $10 in the 
case of all other officers, for each continuous 12 hours of extra 
service. 

Whenever more than one person shall at one timeand the 
same time require such services from any such officers, the 
charges payable for such services shall be divided between and 
among such persons in equal proportions. 

C One day's salary 
I or allowance of the 
F^or each | officer detailed to the 
dciy's service | duty, according to such 
board of a vessel )- or fractional ■{ officer's monthly sal- 
ary or daily allowance ; 
and for a supernumer- 
ary officer ...$ 2 00 



5. For the service of 
an aidwater, or 
supernumerary or 
casual officer on 



discharging beyond 
the limits of or out 
of the Port of 
Georgetown. 



part of a day's 
service. 



369 
SHIPPING. 



Fees for the Registration of Shipping. 

For duties performed under Part I, Merchant Shipping 

Act, 1894. 

(^Approved by the Governor, ith November, 1881, 
Published 9th June, 1886.) 
Sec. 
9. Declaration of ownership by individual ... nil. 

9. Declaration of ownership by corporate body ; entry 

thereof, not noting ... ... ...$ 5 00 

14. Certificate of registry, registry thereof, and noting.. 10 00 

24. Bill of sale on change of owner : registry therof, and 

noting ... " ... ... ...$ 5 00 

25. Indorsing change of owners or certificate of registry, 

and registering same ... ... ... 2 50 

19. Change of Masters ... ... ... 1 44 

17. Granting new certificate of registry ... ... 5 00 

18. In case of loss of certificate of registry granting 

provisional certificate ... ... ... 2 40 

23. Transmission of ships or shares therein, by deatlt, 

bankruptcy or marriage, entry thereof, and noting. 5 00 

31. Mortgage of ships, or shares therein, entry and not- 

ing thereof ... ... ... ... 5 00 

32. Discharge of mortgage : entry and noting ...$ 2 50 

37. Transfer of mortgage : entry of same, and noting 

thereof ... ... ... ... 5 00 

38. Transmission of interest of mortgages by death, 

bankruptcy, entry and noting same ... ... 5 00 

39. Certificate of mortgage or sale : entry and noting... 5 00 

45. In case of loss of certificate of mortgage or sale ... 5 00 

46. Revocation of certificate of mortgage or sale, entry 

and noting ... ... ... ... 5 00 

48. Endorsation of alteration of rig, or tonnage of ship 

on certificate of registry and entry thereof ... 2 50 
48. On alteration of tonnage, when registry anew is re- 
quired, and certificate ... ... ... 10 00 

53. Transfer of registry from port to port ... 5 00 



370 

64. Inspection of registry book ... ...$ 24 

63. Transcripts forms of registry and all transactions 
relating to shipping, forwarded to the Registrar 
General of shipping and seamen ... ... nil. 

55. Provision for cases of infancy, or other incapacity^ 

and special oases ... ... ... 5 00 

Coasting and Passenger Trade Vessels. 
[Coasting and Passenger Trade Eegulaiions of'2Sth April, 1896,) 

Tariff of Fees to be paid by the Owners of Vessels to Inspectors 
and Admeasurers of Shipping for Services to be performed 
in pursuance of the above Regulations. 

a. For each and every survey of a vessel exceeding 
50 tons, including certificate as to good order and 
seaworthiness of vessel Surveyed ... ...$ 5 00 

b. For each and every sur\rey of a vessel not 
exceeding 50 tons ... ... ... 2 40 

a. For every examination as to competency of a 
Master of any vessel employed in coasting voyages, 
and for granting such person certificate of com- 
petency ... ... ... ... 2 40 

6. For do. do. of a Mate as above ... ... 1 20 

a. For every annual inspection and survey of any 
vessel of less than 150 tons about to carry pas- 
sengers from any place within the colony to any 
place without the colony, and for such certificate 
as may be required ... ... ... 10 00 

b. For every occasional inspection and survey of 
any such vessel, and for such certificate as may be 
required, such fee, if any, not exceeding $10 as 
may be allow^ed by the Governor. 

To an Inspector for ascertaining the number of pas- 
sengers capable of being carried by a steam vessel, 
in accordance with Regulation 13 — (3.) 

a. Vessels under 120 feet in length, deck measure- 
ment ... ... ... ... 15 00 

b. Vessels of greater length ... ... 20 00 



371 

To an Admeasurer of Shipping for the Measurement 
of ships or vessels, — - 

1. For the measurement for tonnage of a ship or 
vessel under 100 tons, the hold being clear, 
according to Rule I of the Merchant Shipping 
Act, 1894, including certificate of such measure- 
ment ... ... ... ...$15 00 

2. For the measurement of a ship or vessel above 
100 tons, the hold being clear, according to 
Rule I of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894, 
including certificate of measurement ... 25 00 

3. For measurement of a foreign ship or vessel for 
tonnage, having cargo, stores, ballast, or dun- 
nage on board, and fitted with bulkheads, cabins, 
or other fixtures, and which ship or vessel cannot 
be correctly measured under Rule I of the 
Merchant Shipping Act^ 1894, including certifi- 
cate of measurement. — the measurement of such 
ship or vessel being made under Rule IT of the 
Merchant Shipping Act, 1894 ... ... 10 00 

4. For measurement of each crew space intended 
for the berthing and sleeping accommodation of 
crew in a ship or vessel, when not included in the 
first measurement of such ship or vessel for ton- 
nage, including certificate of measurement. ... 5 00 

5. For measurement of a poop, or saloon, or cabin, 
or deck-house, or other enclosed space, in a ship 
or vessel, when not included in the first measure- 
ment for tonnage, including Certificate of mea- 
surement ... ... ... ... 2 00 

6. For each separate measurement, when practica- 
ble, for allowance of engine room space for pro- 
pelling power in steam vessels, including Certifi- 
cate of measurement ... ... ... 5 00 

7. For measurement of a decked punt or an open 
vessel, or boat, and Certificate therefor, if 
required ... ... ... ... 2 00 

8. For measurement for tonnage, when necessary, 
of space occupied by deck cargo, and when such 



372 

space is not included in the eubical contents 
forming the ship or vessePs register, including 
Certificate of measurement ... ...$ 2 00 

9. For each duplicate Certificate of measurement 
of tonnage or crew space, or saloon, or cabin, 
or engine room space for propelling power ... 1 00 
10. For each visit by an Admeasurer of Shipping, 
(other than the first visit for the purpose of the 
measurement of a ship or vessel), and when such 
visit is made for the inspection of the ship or 
vessel, in order that he may give his Certificate 
of Survey in respect to the compliance with the 
requirements of Sections 6 and 7 of the Mer- 
chant Shij)ping Act, 1894 ... ... 2 00 



Entering and Clearing Fees. 
(Under Sections 2 and 3 of Ordinance 17 o/ 1900.) 

The Master of any vessel entering or clearing at or from 
any port of the Colony shall pay at the Treasury — 

On entering ... ... ... ...$ 1 00 

On clearing ... ... ... ... 3 00 

The Master of every vessel arriving from beyond the 
limits of the Colony and coming within the limits of the 
Harbour of Georgetown whether or not such vessel has 
entered at any Port or Harbour of the Colony shall pay 
at the Treasury the Harbour Master's fee at the rate of 
2-| cents for each ton of such vessels registered tonnage. 

The following vessels shall be exempt from payment of 
the above fees : — 

(a) Vessels belonging to His Majesty's Government or to 

any Foreign Government recognised by His Majesty ; 
(6) Steam Vessels of the Royal Mail Steamer Packet 

Company carrying mails j 
(c) Steam Vessels of the Compagnie Generale Transatlantique 

carrying mails, so long as the said vessels call and leave 

at fixed dates ; 



373 

(d) Steam Vessel of, or employed by, the Dutch Govern- 
ment ; and 

(e) Steam Vessels of the Koninklijke West-Indische Mail 
Diensfc carrying mails, so long as the said vessels are subsi- 
dized by the Dutch Government and call and leave at 
fixed dates. 



Engagement and Dischaege op Seamen. 
(See under Colonial Taxes.) 



Late Visits by Harbour Master. 

(Fixed hy the Governor.) 

For visits between sunset and sunrise — 

For a visit before midnight ... ...$10 00 

,, „ 5, after ,, .... ... 15 00 



QUARANTINE FEES. 
Payable to the Harbour Master and Health Officer. 

{Under Ordinance 14: o J 1908.) 

1. For the first visit to each ship at the Port of 

Georgetown, of the burden of 50 tons and upwards, 

each ... ... ... ...$ 4 00 

2. For the first visit to each ship at the Port of 

Georgetown, if under 50 tons burden, each ... 2 00 

3. For every succeeding visit to a ship in quarantine 

at the Port of Georgetown, each ... ... 2 00 

4. For the first visit to each ship at the Port of New 

Amsterdam, of the burden of 50 tons and upwards, 

each ... ... ... ... 4 00 



TONNAGE AND LIGHT DUES. 

(See under Colonial Taxes.) 



374 



PILOTAGE FEES. 

{Under Ordinance 31 of 1905.) 

(1.) For the pilotage of Vessels from or to the Port of 
Georgetown to or from the Lightship : — 



10 feet 


or under 


...$ 8 00 


11 ,. 


and above 


10 ft. 9 00 


12 „ 


5J 55 


11 „ 11 00 


13 „ 


•5 55 


12 „ 13 00 


14 „ 


r ) '5 


13 „ 15 00 


15 „ 


55 •? 


14 „ 16 00 


16 „ 


5 5 5 5 


15 „ 18 00 


17 „ 


55 55 


16 „ 20 00 


18 „ 


55 55 


17 „ 25 00 


19 „ 


55 55 


18 „ 28 00 


20 ,, 


55 55 


19 „ 32 00 


21 „ 


55 55 


20 „ 35 00 



(2.) For moving any vessel from one part of the Harbour 
of Georgetown to another part ... ...$ 3 00 

(3.) For the Pilotage of Vessels from Georgetown to the 
Essequebo River, or from the Essequebo River to sea : — 

For each vessel of the draught of 10 feet or under ...$16 00 

„ „ ,. „ 11 „ and above 10 ft. 17 00 

1 9 

5) 55 55 55 ^^ 

1 ^ 

»■ 55 55 55 -^^ 

14 

55 55 51 5- -^^ 

15 

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 "^ -^ 

5 5 ! 5 5 5 5 5 ■*- " 

17 

5 ■ 55 55 55 "^ • 

1 ^ 
5- 55 55 55 "'■•-' 

19 

5 55 55 55 ■»■ ^ 

5' 55 55 55 20 

(4.) For moving vessels from one part of the Essequebo 
River to another : — 

For a distance of 10 miles and under $10 and -J the fee for 

pilotage from Georgetown to the Esse- 
quebo River. 
„ ,5 over 30 ,, and over 10 miles 10 and -^ ,, ,, 

,, „ over 30 „ and over ,, „ 10 and f „ ,^ 



5 11 „ 


18 00 


5 12 „ 


21 00 


, 13 „ 


25 00 


5 14 „ 


28 00 


5 15 „ 


30 00 


5 16 „ 


33 00 


5 17 „ 


35 00 


5 18 „ 


42 00 


5 19 „ 


50 00 



375 



(5.) For the pilotage of vessels to or from the Port 
of New Amsterdam : — 

For each vessel of the draught of 8 feet or under 

9 ,, and above 
10 



11 
12 
13 
14 

above 14 feet 



8 ft, 

9 „ 

10 „ 

11 „ 

12 „ 

13 ., 



,$ 8 00 

9 00 

12 00 



00 
00 



23 00 
28 00 
32 00 



HATES FOR TOWING 

ACROSS THE DEMERARA BAR. 

Per Twin Screw Steamer " Cuyuni," 360 H,P. 

INWARDS : 



Registered Tonr 


.age of Sailing 
el. 




Draft not 


Exceeding 




Vess 


15 ft. 


16 ft. I 17 ft. 1 18 ft. 1 19 ft. ) 20 ft. 


Up to 299^ 














300 , 


399 V 


% 25 


$ 25 


% 30 


$ 40 






400 , 


499J 










$ 60 


$ 70 


500 , 


599 


40 


45 


50 


50 


70 


90 


600 , 


699 


45 


50 


60 


60 


80 


110 


700 , 


799 


50 


60 


70 


70 


90 


130 


800 , 


899 


55 


70 


80 


90 


100 


150 


900 , 


999 


60 


80 


90 


100 


130 


180 


1,000 , 


, 1,099 


65 


90 


100 


130 


160 


210 


1,100 , 


, 1,199 


70 


100 


110 


150 


190 


240 


1,200 , 


, 1,299 


75 


110 


120 


170 


220 


270 


1,300 , 


, 1,399 


80 


120 


140 


190 


250 


300 


1,400 , 


, 1,499 


90 


130 


160 


220 


280 


330 


1,500 , 


, 1,599 


108 


140 


170 


230 


310 


360 


1,600 , 


, 1,699 


120 


150 


180 


250 


340 


390 


1,700 , 


, 1,799 


150 


160 


200 


270 


370 


450 



376 



OUTWAEDS : 









Draft in feet not 


Exceeding 


n,P,C1'}^^("^'^fT 


















-tvoy 






















Tonnage oj 
tS ailing Vessel. ■. 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


17 


17i 


18 


Upt 


199...$ 


15 


$ 15 


$ 15 


$ 15 


$ 15 


$ 20 


$ ... 


$ ... 


$... 


.200 , 


, 299... 


20 


20 


20 


20 


20 


25 




1 ... 


... 


300 , 


, 399... 


30 


35 


40 


40 


40 


45 


50 


80 


100 


400 . 


, 499... ' 


40 


45 


45 


50 


50 


60 


70 


100 


140 


500 , 


, 599... 


50 


55 


60 


60 


65 


75 


100 


120 


160 


600 , 


, 699... 


50 


65 


70 


75 


75 


100 


120 


140 


180 


700 , 


, 799... 


70 


80 


85 


95 


100 


120 


140 


160 


200 


800 , 


, 899... 






100 


120 


130 


140 


160 


180 


250 


900 , 


, 999.. 






120 


140 


150 


160 


180 


200 


300 


1,000 , 


, 1,099... 






140 


150 


170 


190 


210 


230 


380 


1,100 , 


, 1,199... 






170 


180 


190 


220 


240 


260 




1,200 , 


, 1,299... 






200 


210 


220 


240 


270 


300 




1,300 , 


, 1,399... 






220 


230 


240 


260 


300 


340 




1,400 , 


, 1,499... 






240 


250 


260 


280 


340 


380 




1,500 , 


, 1,599... 






260 


270 


280 


300 


380 


420 




1,600 , 


, 1,699... 






280 


290 


300 


350 


420 


460 




1,700 , 


, 1,799... 






300 


310 


320 


375 


460 


480 





Essequeho River — 

Timber vessels towed from Georgetown to the Essequebo 
or Demerara Rivers and when loaded towed to sea, at the 
followins rates : — 



Not exceeding 300 tons...$ 200 
Over 300 to 399 tons... 250 



400 to 499 tons...$ 300 
500 to 599 tons ... 350 



Draft not to exceed 17 feft 6 inches — Over this draft an 
additional $50 for each 6 inches or part of 6 inches. 

1. Vessels berthed, taken alongside a wharf, or shifted to 
any part of the River, at the following rates : — • 

Sailing Vessels. — Not exceeding 300 tons, $5. Over 300 to 
500 tons, $10 ; over 500 to 1,000 tons, $15. Over 1,000 
tons, $20. 

Steamers. — Not exceeding 1,000 tons, $15. Over 1,000 
tons, $20, 



377 

2. Vessels requiring to be towed must be dropped down 
to the Fort and clear of the Shipping. If from a wharf or 
elsewhere in the harbour, an extra charge will be made at 
berthing rates. Vessels under 300 tons will be let go at the 
Chequered Buo]?, 

3. Captains and Consignees are requested to give as many 
days' notice as possible of the date and tide tliey require a Tug. 
— In the event of several Vessels requiring Steam for the same 
tide they will be taken in strict order of booking. 

4. When a tug is ordered, attends, and is not employed, 
the vessel shall pay the tug $10 if she attends for towing 
vessel over the bar ; or $5 if for berthing. 

5. All rates are exclusive of use of liawser. A charge of 
$5 is made for hire of Tug's hawser except when berthing, 
when it will be $1. Vessels towing to provide a good stout haw- 
ser — and all vessels will be held liable for any damage that may 
be done, or for the detention of the Tug by giving a wrong 
statement of their draft of water. 

6. The Tug Owners will not be responsible for any damage 
sustained or done by vessels in tow. 

7. Deep draft vessels can be lightened on or outside the 
bar by suitable craft and at moderate rates. 

FEES FOR SURVEY OF BOATS, Etc. 
{Under River Vemerara Boat Eegulations of 26, November, 1902.) 
(Payable to the Navigation Officer.) 
For surveying each and every punt ... ...$ 1 20 

50 

75 

1 00 

50 



,, Boat over 20 ft. and not over 25 ft. 

5J 55 5) -"^ ;5 55 55 "^ 55 



30 

5' 5 5 5) 5 5 ^-"-'55 5 5 5 5 

,, ,, Boats not over 20 ,, ,, ,. 

(Under River Essequeho Boat Regulations of 26, November, 1902.) 
(Payable to the Navigation Officer.) 

For certificate of inspection of boat ... ...$ 1 00 

,, „ of competency as captain or steers- 

man or bowman ... ... 1 00 

{Under North Western District Boat Regulations, 26, August, 

1901.) 
For certificate of competency as captain or steersman 

or bowman ... ... ... ,..lil 1 00 



378 
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE. 

GOVERNMENT LABORATORY. 



Fees For Analyses, &c. 

{Approved by the Oovernor-in- Council on \6th Octoher, 1903.) 
A. — Waters. — 

1. Analysis of a potable water with an opinion as to 

its fitness for drinking and domestic purposes .,.$ 5 00 

2. Analysis of a water with an opinion as to its 
fitness for agricultural or manufacturing purposes... 10 00 

3. Complete analysis of a water including an analysis 
of the salts and gases dissolved in it with a full 
report ... ... ... ... 24 00 

4. Determination of chlorine or of magnesia in a 
water ... ... ... ... 2 50 

5. Determination of hardness in a water ... 2 50 

6. Microscopical examination of a water ... 2 50 

'B. — Soils, Claysj Limes, and Marls. — 

7. Determination of nitrogen in a soil ... 2 50 

8. Determination of phosphoric anhydride, potash 
or lime soluble in 20 per cent, hydrochloric acid 

in a soil or a clay ... ... ... 3 00 

9. Determination of phosphoric anydride, potash and 
lime soluble in 20 per cent, hydrochloric acid in a 

soil or clay ... ... ... ... 5 00 

10. Determination of nitrogen phosphoric anhydride, 
potash and lime soluble in 20 per cent, hydroch- 
loric acid in a soil or clay ... ... 6 00 

11. Determination of probably available phosphoric 
anhydride, potash, and lime in a soil or clay .. 4 00 

12. Determination of nitrogen and of probably avail- 
aVjle phosphoric anhydride, potash, and lime in a 

soil or clay ... ... ... ... 5 00 

13. General agricultural chemical analysis of a soil 
or clay 

14. Complete chemical analysis of a soil or clay 

15. Complete chemical and mechanical analysis of a 
soil or clay ... 

16. Determination of total lime in a lime or marl ... 



10 


00 


15 


00 


20 


00 


2 


50 



379 



17. Determination of lime as oxide or hydrate and as 
carbonate in a lime ... ... ...$ 4 00 

18. Agricultural chemical analysis of a lime or marl... 5 00 

19. General chemical analysis of a lime or marl ... 10 00 

C. — Manures. — 

20. Determination of ammonia in ammonium sulphate 2 00 

21. Determination of nitrogen, phosphoric anhydride, 

or potash in any manure ... ... ^,50 

22. Determination of nitrogen, phosphoric anhydride, 

and potash in any manure ... ... 4 00 

23. Commercial analysis of guano, sheep, or other 
animal manure, ammonia salts, nitrates of soda and 
potash, potash salts, gypsum, dried blood, super- 
phosphates, bones, fish manures, bone ash, bone 
black, mineral phosphates, slag phosphates, or pre- 
cipitated phosphates ... ... ... 5 00 

24. Complete analysis of any artificial manure with 

an opinion as to its agricultural value ... 10 00 

D. — Cattle Foods. — 

25. Determination of moisture, ash, oil, or nitrogen 

in an oil cake or cattle focd ... ... 2 50 

26. Determination of moisture, ash, oil, total sugar 

and nitrogen in an oil cake or cattle food ... 6 00 

27. Complete analysis of an oil cake or cattle food 

with an opinion as to its value ... ... 10 00 

E. — Polarisation of Sugar. — 

28. Samples in cases of disputed tests referred for po- 
larisation by the Government Analyst, each sample 1 20 

29. Polarisation of one sample of non-chemical or of 
molasses sugar ... ... ... 80 

30. Polarisation of each additional sample sent at the 

same time ... ,.. ... ... 60 

31. Polarisation of samples of " Demerara Crystals," 

each sample ... ... ... ... 50 

F. — Suagr and its bye-products. — • 

32. Single polarisation of molasses ... ... 1 00 

33. Direct and indirect polarisation of molasses .., 1 50 



380 



34. Determination of total sugars expressed as glu- 
cose in molasses, cane-juice, wort, wash, cattle- 
foods, etc. ... ... ... ...$ 1 20 

35. Determination of saccharose and glucose in mo- 
lasses^ cane-juice, wort, wash, cafctle-food, etc. ... 2 00 

36. General chemical analysis of sugar or its bye-pro- 
ducts ... ... ... ... 4 00 

37. Determination of total sugars (expressed as glu- 
cose) of acidity (expressed as acetic acid) and of 
alcohol in wort, wash, etc. ... ... 2 40 

38. Determination of the " original gravity" of wort 

or wash ... ... ... ... 1 50 

39. Determination of proof spirit and obscuration in 
coloured rums ... ... ... 1 20 

40. Comparison of a polariscope with the government 
standard instrument ... ... ... 2 50 

41. Adjustment of a polariscope ... ... 5 00 

42. Comparison of a Sykes' hydrometer with the gov- 
ernment standard instrument ... ... 1 20 

43. Minute chemical analysis of sugar and of sugar 
products ... ... ... ... 8 00 



G. — Articles of Food and Drink. — 

(a) Purchased under the sale of Food and Drugs 
Ordinance, 1892 

44. Analysis of milk ... ... ... 60 

45. Analysis of butter, ghee, or lard ... ... 1 00 

46. Analysis of any kind of food or drink other than 
those included in 44 and 45 and of any drug ... 2 00 

(b) Not purchased under the sale of Food and . 
Drugs Ordinance, 1892. 

47. Determination of the proportion of fat in butter, 
ghee, margerine, or lard ... ... ... 1 50 

48. Determination of proof spirit in wines, malt 
liquors or " unobscured " spirits ... ... 1 20 

49. Determination of proof spirit in " obscured" 
spirits other than rum ... ... ... 2 50 



381 



50. General analysis of bread, flour, tea, coffee, cocoa, 
chocolate, mustard, pepper, ginger, milk, butter, 
ghee, cheese, lard, etc., with an opinion as to purity 

or otherwise ... ... ••• ...$ 5 00 

51. General analysis of spirits, beer, wine, or other 
fermented liquors, or of non-alcoholic drinks ... 5 00 

52. Minute analysis of spirits, beer, wine, or other 
fermented liquors or of non-alcoholic drinks, with 

an opinion as to purity or otherwise ... ... 10 00 

53. Microscopical examination of either of the arti- 
cles in 50 ... ... ... ... 2 00 

54. Analysis for purity, etc, of any chemica.l ... 5 00 

55. Analysis for purity, etc., of any drug or medici- 
nal preparation ... ... ... 10 00 

56. Examination of any article of food or drink forthe 
presence of arsenic, antimony, tin^ lead, or copper... 2 50 

H. — Ores, Minerals and Bullion. — 

57. Qualitative examination of quartz or other 
mineral ... ... ... ... 3 00 

58. Assay of quartz or other mineral for the propor- 
tion of bullion present ... ... ... 4 00 

59. Each additional sample sent at the same time ... 2 00 

60. Assay of quartz or other mineral forgold and silver 5 00 

61. Each additional sample sent at the same time ... 2 50 

62. Determination of a single constituent in a mineral 4 00 

63. Each additional constituent determined ... 2 00 

64. Complete chemical analysis of any mineral ... 15 00 

65. Microscopical examination of any rock ... 2 00 

66. Assay of bullion for gold only ... ... 3 00 

67. Each additional sample sent at the same time ... 1 50 

68. Assay of bullion for gold, silver, and base metals... 4 00 

69. Each additional sample sent at the same time ... 2 00 

70. Melting gold bullion, 6c. per oz,. minimum charge 1 50 
I. — Toxicological Examinations. — 

71. Examination of a suspected poisonous salt ... 5 00 

72. Analysis of any article of food or drink suspected 

to contain poisonous substances ... ... 10 00 

Note.— Samples of quartz or other minerals (other than tailings) sub- 
mitted in a ground state may be refused for assaying at the option of the 
Analyst. 



382 

73. Analysis of urine, faeces, vomit, or other animal 
product, or of viscera other than human suspected 

to contain poisonous substances ... ...$15 00 

J. — Medical Analysis. — 

74. Examination of urine for glucose only ... 1 50 

/ 

75. Examination of urine for glucose, albumen, re- 
action and specific gravity ... ... 3 00 

76. Microscopical examination of urine ... 2 00 

77. Chemical and microscopical examinations of urine 5 00 

K . — Miscellaneous. — 

78. Determination of the flashing point of a sample 
of petroleum... 

79. Determination of the percentage of nitro- 
glycerine in dynamite, blasting gelatine, etc. 

80. Examination of methylated spirits for denatura- 
tiou 

81. Examination of a substance proposed to be used 
in the methylation of spirits 

L. — Articles not included in the ahove list — 

82. Determination of one constituent only 

83. Determination of each additional constituent ... 

M. — histruction in Chemical Analysis, etc. — 

84. Instruction in qualitative analysis per lesson 
(2 hours) 

85. Instruction in quantitative analysis per lesson 
(3 hour^) 
Courses in either 84 or 85 to consist of not less 

than ten lessons 

86. Instructions in the polariscopic examination of 
sugars, etc. ... ... ... ... 10 00 

87. Instruction in the general analysis of sugars and 

their bye-products ... ... ... 25 00 

(^Approved by the Governor-in-C onncil on 30th July, 1907.) 

Tobacco — 

88. Determination of the proportion of water or of 

fat in tobacco ... ... ... 60 



1 


00 


5 


00 


2 


00 


2 


00 


2 


50 


1 


00 


1 


00 


2 


00 



r 
> 

jn 

D3 

O 

H 
> 

z 

o 

Q 
> 

D 

m 

z 

CO 







383 

(Appro'f^ed by the Governor -in- Council on l\th October, 1901.) 
Spirits — 

89. For the determination of obscuration — 

(a.) When the consignment consists of spirits 
of the same brand contained in vessels of different 
capacities and the obscuration of the samples 
thereof sent by the Comptroller of Customs are 
found to be in practical agreement — a single 
fee of ... ... ... ...$ 2 50 

(h.) Where samples of spirits of the same brands 
belong to different importers, there shall be 
charged against each importer a fee of ... 2 50 

BOTANIC GARDENS. 

Prices of Flowers, etc. 

[See Official Gazette of 12th September, 1906>) 

$ c. $ c. 

Ordinary flowers, per half basket^, 12in. diam. 12 

„ ,, per basket, 18in. diam. ... 24 

„ ,, per double basket, 28in. diam. 48 
,, ,, of one colour, per half basket, 

12in. diam. ... ... ... 24 

Ordinary flowers, of one colour, per basket, 

18in. diam. ... ... ... 48 

Ordinary flowers, of one colour, per double 

basket, 28in. diam. ... ... 96 

Choice flowers^ per half basket, 12in, diam. ... 48 

„ ,, per basket, 18in. diam ... 96 

Orchids, choice varieties, per flower ... 06 to 12 

,, common varieties, per spike .., 12 to 60 

Eucharis lilies, per flower ... ... 02 

,, ,, per dozen ... ... 20 

Lotus and other Water lilies, per 25 ... 24 

Stephanotis, per quarter basket, 8in. diam. ... 24 

Roses, per quarter basket, 8in. diam. ... 24 

,, per half basket, 12in. diam. ... 48 

Mixed foliage for decorating, per bundle, 40 pes. 1 2 

Bamboos, long fine-leaved, per bundle, 25 pieces 12 

Bamboo poles, each ... ... 16 



384 



Prices of Ornamental Plants. 



c. % c. 



16 


to 


36 


48 


to 


1 44 


08 


to 


12 


16 


to 


36 



Palms, small, each, in baskets or pots up to 

4in. diam. ... ... ... 08 to 12 

,, of medium size, each, in baskets or 
pots between 4in. and 6in, diam, 

,, of larger size, each, in baskets or pots 
above 6in. diam. 
Ferns, common kinds, small, each, in baskets 
or pots up to 4 in. diam. 

,, common kinds_, of medium size, each, in 
baskets or pots between 4in. and 6in. diam. 

,, common kinds, of larger size, each, in 

Vjaskets or pots above 6in. diam. ... 48 to 96 

„ rare kinds, small, each, in baskets or 

pots up to 4in. di.^m. ... ... 16 to 24 

,, rare kinds, of medium size, each, in bas- 
kets, or pots between 4in, and 6iD. diam.. 30 to 48 

„ rare kinds, of larger size, each, in bas- 
kets or pots above 6in. diam. ... 60 to 1 44 

Crotons, ornamental shrubs and creejoers, small, 

each, in baskets or pots up to 4in. diam.., 08 to 12 

„ ornamental shrubs and creepers, of 
larger size, each, in baskets or pots above 
4in. diam. ... ... ... 16 to 72 

„ ornamental shrubs and creepers, rarer 
kinds, small, each, in baskets or pots, up 
to 4in. diam. ... ... ... 12 to 18 

,, ornamental shrubs and creepers, rarer 

kinds, of larger size, each, in baskets or 

pots above 4in, diam. 

,, ornamental shrubs and creepers, in 

baskets or pots, cuttings, each 

Roses, common varieties, each ... 

,, rare and newly introduced varieties, each 
Anthuriuiiis, Colocasias and other aroids, each 
Crinums, Hippeastrums, Eucharis and other 

lilies, bulbs, each 
Begonias, Dracaenas, Marantas, each 
Orchids, each, according to size and rarity ... 



24 to 


96 


01 to 


02 




20 




30 


20 to 


96 


04 to 


16 


08 to 


48 


36 to 


2 40 



385 



Orchids, in baskets, each, according to size 

and rarity 
Seeds, per packet 
Hire of large plants for decorative purposes, 

per doz. not including cartage 
Hire of small plants for decorative purposes, 

per doz. not including cartage 



$ 


c. 


$ 


c. 


1 


50 to 


10 


00 




06 to 




12 
96 

72 



Prices of Economic Plants. 



Akce {Blighia sapida) 
Anatto {Bixa Orellana) 
Avocado Pear {Per sea gratissima) 
JiiiQl Fruit {Aegle Marmehs) 
Balata [Mimusops glohosa) 
Banana, various kinds, suckers ... 
Bilimbi (Averrhoa Bilimhi) 
Bowstring Hemp {Sanseviera sp.) 

suckers 
Bread Fruit (Artocarptis incisa) . . . 
Bread Nut {Artocarpus nucifera),.. 
Cacao (Theobroma Cacao) 
Cacao pods (selected) 
Carambola {Averrhoa Caramhola). 
Cashew {Anacardium occidentale) 
Casuarina (Casuarina equisetifoUa) 
Cinnamon {Cinnamomum zeylani- 

cum) 
Citron (Citrus medica) 
Coca {Erythroxylum Coca) 
Coconut {Cocos nucifera), sprouted 

nub 
Coffee, Arabian or Creole [Coffea 

arabica) 
Bo, Liberian (Coffea liberica)... 



Per single 


1 Per 


Per 


plant. 


dozen. 


hundred. 


$ c. 


$ c. 


$ c. 


02 


20 




03 


30 




04 


40 




04 


40 




05 


50 




01 


10 




02 


20 




01 


08 


60 


12 


1 20 




04 


40 




02 


20 


1 50 


02 


20 


1 £0 


02 


20 




03 


30 




02 


20 


1 50 


04 


40 




04 


40 




02 


20 





08 

02 
02 



80 

20 
20 



5 00 

1 50 
1 50 



386 

Per single Per Per 

plant. dozeD. hundred. 

$ c. $ c. $ c. 

Coffee, Stenopliylla {Coffea steno- 

2oliylla) ... ... 03 30 2 00 

Custard Apple (Anona reticulata) 02 20 

Eucalyptus {Eucaly^jtus sp.) ... 02 20 1 50 

Galba {^C alophyllum Calaba) ... 02 20 

Genip {Melicocca hijuga) ... 02 20 

Golden Apple {Spondias clulcis)... 03 30 
Governor Plum [Flacourtia Ra- 

montchi) .... ... 02 20 

Granadilla (Passiflora quadrangu- 

laris) ... ... 02 20 

Grape {Vitis vinifera) ... 20 2 00 

GvRipe^ruit (Citrus decumana,YSiY.) 04 40 

Guava {Psidium spp.), various kinds 02 20 
Jack Fruit (Artocarpus iniegri- 

folia) ... ... 04 40 

3 simoon {Eugenia Jamhos) ... 02 20 

Kola Nut {Cola acuminata) ... 03 30 

Lemon (Citrus medica, var. Limomim) 02 20 

Jjime (Citrus Qnedica, Ya,r. Limetta) 02 20 
Malacca Apple (Eugenia malaccen- 

sis) ... ... 02 20 

Mammee Apple (Mammea ameri- 

cana) ... ... 03 30 

Mango (Mangifera indica) seed- 
lings ... ... 02 20 1 50 



Do. ,, „ grafted 






plants... 


25 


2 50 


Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) 


04 


40 


Orange [Citrus Aurantiiim) sweet, 






seedlings 


02 


20 


Do. ,, grafted 






plants 


25 


2 50 


Pimento (Pimenta officinalis) 


04 


40 


Plantain (Musa sajnentum, var. 






'paradisiaca) suckei's 


01 


10 


Pomegranate (Piinica Granatum)... 


03 


30 



1 50 



387 





Per single 


Per 


Per 




plant. 


dozen. 


Hundred. 




$ c. 


$ c. 


$ c. 


RRDoie {^Boehmeria nivea^ var. 








tenacissima), cuttings 


01 


08 


60 


Rubber, Ceara, {Manihot Glaz'wvii) 


02 


20 


1 50 


Do. Central American, [Castilloa 








elastica) 


02 


20 


1 50 


Do. Para (Hevea hrasiliensis) 


05 


50 




In baskets, per 100 


3 75 






In boxes ,, ,, 


3 60 






For quantities of 1,000 and up 


wards, per 


thousand... 35 00 


For quantities of 5,000 and up 


wards, ,, 


5? 


...32 50 


For quantities of 10,000 and up^ 


vvards, „ 


5J 


...30 00 


Do. West African {Funtumia c 


las- 






tica) 


02 


20 


1 50 


Do. Guiana {Sainum Jenmani) ... 


03 


30 


2 00 


Sapodilla (Achras Sapota) 


02 


20 




Semitoo {Passiflora laurifolia) ... 


02 


20 




Seville Orange {Citrus Aurantium., 








YSiY. Bigaradia) 


02 


20 




Shaddock {Citrus decumana) 


04 


40 




Sisal Hemp {Agave rigida, var. 








sisalana) 


01 


08 


60 


Sour Sop {Anona muricata) 


02 


20 




Star Apple {Chrysophylhim 








Gainito) 


02 


20 




Star Apple {Anona sguamosa) 


02 


20 




Surinam Cherry {Eugenia uniflora) 


02 


20 




Tangerine Orange {Citrus nohilis 








var. Tangerina) 


02 


20 




Vanilla, various kinds, in baskets 


05 


50 




Do. „ ,, cuttings... 


03 


30 

)WERS, 




Prices for delivery of Plants, Flc 


Etc. 


By Messenger ... 




. 


8 cents. 


By Cart to places, — 








East of Camp Street (includi 


ng Cfimp 






Street) 






12 „ 



388 

Between Camp Street and Main Street, 

including the latter ... ... 18 cents. 

West of Main Street .., ... 24 „ 

]!^_B. — The Government Botanist can undertake the 
delivery of plants and flowers only at such times as it is con- 
venient for the Gardens' labourers and carts to be so employed. 

Peices op Flower Pots. 



2 inches diameter 



6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 



.. 3 


cents 


.. 4 




.. 6 




...10 




...10 




...10 




...20 




...28 




40 




...48 





N.B. — Flower Pots are not sold except with plants. 

The prices of plants include the cost of the baskets, except 
in cases where the purchaser requires the plants to be re-bas- 
keted. Flower pots are charged extra, according to size. 

Plants and flowers can be obtained during the hours at 
which the office is open, viz., from 7 a.m to 11 a.m., and from 
12 a.m. to 4 p.m. ; on Saturdays from 7 a.m. to 11 a.m. No 
flowers or plants are supplied on Sundays or on Public Holidays. 

All charges for flowers, plants, pots, delivery, &c., must be 
paid in advance. For all orders outside the colony, an addi- 
tional charge of 25 per cent, is made on all prices given 
above. 

The Government Botanist is authorized to allow a dis- 
count of 33^ per cent, on the list-prices for ordinary and choice 
flowers, for lotus and other water lilies, for mixed foliage and 
for bundles of bamboos, when purchased for the decoration of 
churches and other places of worship on the occasions of reli- 
gious festivals. 

At least six months previous notice must be given when 
large quanties of such plants as coflee, cacao, nutmegs, coco- 



389 

nuts, etc., are required, as it has been found too expensive to 
keep large supplies on hand. 

Advice in connection with the cultivation of economic 
plants will be afforded, if desired, by the Director of Science 
and Agriculture, the Assistant Director, the Agricultural 
Superintendent, or the Instructors in Agriculture, either 
by letter or by interview. The instructors, upon application, 
will visit any locality whenever it is practicable to do so, and 
advise cultivators as to the correct treatment of their soils and 
produce. 



PUBLIC GARDENS, NEW AMSTERDAM, 
Fees for Hire of 
{Under Fegulations approved hy the Oovernor-in-CotmciJ, 
on Sth September, 1908.) 

(r^) For Fetes, Concerts and kindred Entertain- 
ments by residents in the Colony, including 
Band performances other than by the Militia 
Band or by the Berbice Town Band .,.$10 00 

Idem for Religious or Charitable purposes ... 5 00 
Idem by Professional Performers visiting the 

Colony ... ... ... 15 00 

For Picnics or Private Entertainments where 

tickets are not sold ... .,."-"- 5 00 

(6.) The above fees to be paid to the Commissary.^ 

New Amsterdam in advance. 
(c.) The fees for any case not provided for on the 
scale of fees will be fixed, on application, by 
the Director. 



AGRICULTURE. 

Fees for Services of Government Stallions, Bulls, 

Rams and Boars. 

Stallions Service Fee... $7 50, Groom's Fee $1 00 

Bulls „ ... 60 

Rams and Boars ,, ... 12 . 



390 

LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD. 

Quarantine Station. 

charges for maintenance of persons. 

(^Regulations of the Court of Policy, 29^7i June, 1909.) 

First Class passengers, per diem ... ...$ 2 00 

Second „ ,, » jj ••• ... 1 00 

Third „ „ „ „ ... ... 50 

Children, according to class at the following rates : — 
From 8 to 12 years of age — Half-rates. 

,, 3 ,, 8 „ ,, ,, — Quarter rates. 
Under 3 years of age — Free. 

Persons detained are at liberty to make their own arrange- 
ments for maintenance at their own cost if they so pleased. 



Village Appraisements. 

{Under Ordinance 13 o/ 1907.) 

For a certificate of appraisement of any pro- 
perty in a village ... ... ... $ 24 

For a re-appraisement of a lot or building ... 3 00 

Isolation of Persons Suffering from any Dangerous 
Infectious Disease. 

{Regulations oj the Court oj Policy 7th March, 1904.) 

Every person suffering from any dangerous infectious 
disease who is permitted to remain in his own lodging, upon 
the same being properly isolated by the Local Authority^ or 
the husband or guardian of such person, shall be liable to pay 
to the Local Authority whatever expenses they may be put to 
in keeping the said place properly isolated. 

Disinfection of Premises Occupied by Patient Suffering 
from any Epidemic, Endemic or Infectious Disease. 

{Under Regulations of the Court oj Policy 24 June, 1903.) 

Every Local Authority shall immediately after the removal 
or death of a patient suffering from any epidemic, endemic or 
infectious disease, thoroughly disinfect the house or room ox 



391 

things in connection with the case, the expense incurred to be 
recoverable as a debt due to the Local Authority. 

Keeping of Dairies and Cows for Sale of Milk. 
(Under By-laws confirmed by the Governor and Court of 
Policy, on lith July, 1908.) 
For registration as owner of dairy or cows kept for 

sale of milk ... ... ...$ 24 

For a licence to sell or hawk milk ... ... 24 

For badge to be worn by persons celling or hawking 

or delivering milk ... ... ... 12 



SCHOOL FEES. 
Queen's College, 
For boys in Form V and VI, $15 per term. 
For boys in Forms III and lY, $12 per term. 
For boys in the Preparatory Form, 7.50 per term. 
In the case of two or more brothers attending the College 
together, the fees for the second or more of any brothers will 
be one-third less than the above. 

An additional charge of $1 per term for each boy is made 
for stationery. 

Primary Schools. 
[Under Ordinance 3 of 1876 and the EducaAion Code, 1904.) 
For a pupil who is 12 years of age or who has 

passed the Third Standard — per week ...4 cents. 



governme:nt industrial school. 

[Under Ordinance 8 o/1907.) 

For maintenance of an inmate there shall be payable by 
the father, or mother or guardian or other person liable — such 
sum, not exceeding one dollar a week, as to the Magistrate 
may seem reasonable. 

POUND FEES. 
[Under Ordinance 1 of ISQQ— Founds.) 
For delivery of every horse, mare, gelding, pony^ mule, 

bull, ox, COW; heifer or steer ... ...$ 96 



392 

For delivery of every ass ... ... ...$ 64 

For delivery of every calf, sheep or goat ... ... 48 

For keep of every horse, mare, gelding, pony, mule, 

ass, bull, ox, cow, heifer or steer, per day ... 24 

For keep of every calf, sheep or goat ... ... 08 

REGISTRATION OF CLUBS. 

[Under Ordinance 26 0/1907.) 

For certificate of registration or for renewal of the 

same ... ... ... ...$ 1 20 



REGISTRATION OF MUSIC AND DANCING HOUSES. 

{Under Ordinance 21 of 1907.) 
For registration of licence issued for Music or Dancing 

House ... ... .. $ 1 00 



HIRE OF MILITIA BAND. 

When under the Number of 10 Men. 

playing in plain clothes. 

1. Playing in Georgetown for Picnics, &c., from 10 a.m. 

to 5 p.m. (Interval 1 hour for refreshment), per 

man and refreshments ... ... ...$ 1 50 

2. For Dances, Balls', &c., from 9 p.m. to 2 a.m., per 

man and refreshments ... ... ... 1 68 

3. On Holidays for Picnics, Balls, Dances, &c., night or 

day, per man and refreshments ... ... 2 50 

4. Playing out of Georgetown, Country, &c., on Holidays, 

for Dances, Balls, (fee, per man, passages paid and 
refreshments ... ... ... ... 3 00 

5. Pi lying for Excursions by boat or train, per man 

$3.50, and refreshments, except to Berbice, which 

is per man and refreshments ... ... 4 00 

CHARGES WHEN PLAYING IN UNIFORM AS THE BRITISH GUIANA 

MILITIA BAND. 

For the full Band ... ... ...$ 36 00 

For lialf the Band under the Band Sergeant ... 15 50 

If with the Bandmaster, $10 additional or 25 50 



393 

POLICEMEN. 

Fees for Services of, See Police Regulation 248 (^3.) 
When Non- Com missioned Officers and Constables are 

required for private purposes, such as keeping order at balls, 

f^tes, &c., they will receive pay according to the following 

scale : — 

For the first two hours, each man so employed per 

hour ... ... ... ...$0 24 

And for every additional hour ... ... 08 



BURIAL GROUND FEES. 
Georgetown. 
(Payable to the Town Council.) 
Any person wishing to acquire a right to build a vault or 
brick grave or to enclose any grave with a railing or to place 
any stone or tablet upon any part of any grave for the purpose 
of acquiring a right of property in such grave, within the 
burial ground, shall apply to the Council who are hereby 
authorised to grant leave for the same on payment to them of 
the value of the land to be occupied or enclosed, at the rate of 
sixty cents per square foot superficial measure, and unless the 
land be then and there railed in an additional sum of ninety- 
six cents to enable the sexton to put up foot paals two feet 
above ground to mark the land so purchased. 

For the interment of the corpse of any person above 

the age of 12 years, in private ground ...$ 3 00 

For the interment of the corpse of any person above 

the age of 12 years, in public ground ... 2 00 

For the interment of the corpse of a child above the 
age of 1 year and not above 12 years of age, in 
private ground ... ... ... 2 00 

For the interment of the corpse of a child above the 
age of 1 year and not above 12 years of age, in 
public ground ... ... ... 1 20 

For the interment of an infant of 1 year and under in 

private ground ... ... ... 1 20 

For the interment of an infant of 1 year and under in 

public ground ... ... ... 80 

For the interment of twins of 1 year and under in 

private ground .,, ,., ... 2 00 



394 

For the interment of twins of 1 year and under in 

public ground ... ••• ...$ 1 20 

For permission to erect any tomb or vault, including 

all fees on the entrance into the burial ground of 

any vehicle carrying materials for the same ... 3 00 

For permission to erect any railing enclosing a grave 

on any stone or tablet upon any part of a grave... 1 50 
New Amsterdam. 
(Payable to the Town Council.) 

Sec. 195. The Town Council shall have and be entitled 
to the dues, charges and fees hereinafter mentioned, — 
For the interment of the corpse of any person above 

the age of 12 years ... ... ...$ 3 00 

For the interment of the corpse of an infant under 

1 2 years of age ... ... ... 2 00 

For the interment of a corpse of each person above 

the age of 12 years interred at the public expense 2 00 
For the interment of the corpse of each infant under 

the age cf 12 years interred at the public expense 1 25 
For the entrance into the burial ground of every 

hearse carrying a corpse not interred at the public 

expense ... ... ... ... 1 00 

For permission to erect any tomb or vault, including 

all fees on entrance into the burial ground of 

every vehicle carrying materials for the same ... 3 00 
For permission to erect any railing enclosing a grave, 

or any stone or tablet upon any part of any grave 1 50 



FARES FOE HIRE OF BOATS, CABS AND CARTS. 



HIRE OF BOATS. 
Harbour of Georgetown. 
(ToiV7i Council By-Laws, Sth October, 1883.) 
For hire of boat by distance in the Harbour of George- 
town : — 

For one person from any stelling to any vessel, or 

vice versa ... ... ... ...$ 24 

For each additional person ... ... 12 

When the vessel is lying in Quarantine ground^ Double 
Fares, 



395 

For hire of n boat hy time — 

For one person for each half hour or less ...$ 48 

For each additional person for the whole time during 

which the boat was 'hired ... ... 12 

For children whether the boat is hired by time or 
distance : — 

Above three years of age and under twelve ...Half Fare. 
Under three years ... ... ...Nothing. 

Between the hours of 9 p.m. and 5 a.m. double fares 
shall be in each of the above cases be chargeable and pajable. 
For detention at either ship or stelling whether the boat 
is hired by time or distance — 

For the first fifteen minutes ... ...$ 12 

For every additional fifteen minutes or less .. 08 

Each passenger to be entitled to carry 25 Ibg. of luggage 
free. 

For each additional 250 lbs. or less ... ...$ 24 

For every 250 lbs. of merchandise or less ... 24 

Harbour of New Amsterdam. 
{Under New Amsterdam. Harbour Regulations, 3rd Sej^t., 1903.) 

The following charges will be made for the use of boats 
plying for hire in the Harbour of New Amsterdam : — 

For hire of boat by distance — 
For one person from any stelling to an vessel, or 

vice versa ... ... ... ... 24 cents. 

Where there is more than one passenger, for each 

additional person ... ... ... 12 „ 

When vessel is lying in Quarantine ground, double above 
rates. 

For hire of a boat by time — 
For one person for each half-hour or less ... 48 cents. 

For each additional person for the whole time 

during which boat was hired ... ... 12 ,, 

For Children, whether boat is hired by time or distance — 
Above three years and under twelve years of age... Half fare. 
Under three years ... ... No charge. 

Between the hours of 9 p.m., and 5 a.m., double fares 
^hall in each of the above cases be chargeable and payable, 



396 

For detention at either ship or stelling, whether boat is 
hired by time or distance — - 

For the first fifteen minutes ... ... 12 cents. 

For every additional fifteen minutes, or less ... 08 „ 

Each passenger shall be entitled to carry 40 lbs. of luggage 
free. 

For each additional 200 lbs., or less ... ... 24 cents. 

For every 250 lbs. merchandise, or less ... 24 ,, 

CABS. 

Cabs plying for hire must be duly licensed and bear the 
name of the owner and the number of the licence. Cab- 
drivers are required to wear a badge where it can be easily 
seen. Persons hiring cabs are entitled to carry a reasonable 
quantity of luggage without extra charge. Property left in 
cabs is required within 24 hours to be taken to the Brickdam 
Police Station and can be claimed there. Cabmen exacting 
more than the fare are liable to a fine of $5. For refusing to 
drive to any place in Georgetown or within a mile thereof, or 
for not driving at reasonable speed, or for refusing to carry a 
reasonable quantity of luggage, a cabman is liable tD pay a fine 
of $10 for each offence. Each cab must have a tariff of fares 
affixed inside. 

Fares for Hackney Carriages. 
By Distance — 

From any one part to any other part of Georgetown, includ- 
ing stoppages, provided the whole time of use of the car- 
riage does not exceed fifteen minutes — for one passenger 
not more than 24 cents ; — for each additional passenger, 
not more than 12 cents. 

Provided that the fare from any one part of Georgetown, 
to any other part, included within the boundaries of Water 
Street on the West, Lamaha Street on the North, Camp Street 
on the East, and Princes Street on the South, including stop- 
pages (but so that the whole time that the carriage is in use 
does not exceed 10 minutes) shall not ecxeed 12 cents for 
each passenger. Amended By-law, 5 May, 1905. 

For any further distance, not more than one mile, out of 
Georgetown, additional time to be not more than fifteen 
minutes — in addition to the above, not more than 36 cents. 



397 



By Time — 

For one person for the use of a carriage for each fifteen 
minutes, or smaller portion of time — not more than 
24 cents. 
For each additional person for the whole time that the car- 
riage shall be in use — not more than 12 cents. 
Note — Children in arms under three years of age not to 

be charged for, and two children under 12 years of age to 

count as one person. 

The above are the fares that may be charged from 6 a.m. 

to 8 p.m. ; from 8 p.m. to 6 a.m. double fares may be charged. 
Passengers may bargain for lower fares than the above, 

and drivers shall be bound by any bargains that they may 

enter into for lower fares. 

CARTS. 

Carts plying for hire in Georgetown must be licensed and 
the drivers wear a badge. The driver of a cart may be called 
on to carry a load of sixteen hundredweight, and any driver 
refusing to carry such a load, or a load of any less weight, to 
any place within the limits of Georgetown, is liable to a penalty 
of $24 for every such offence. Any driver who exacts more 
than the legal fare is liable to a fine of $24. 



Rates of Hire 


OF Carts. 














Horse or Mule 

carrying up 

"to 


Donkey 

carrying 

up to 




a 
o 
H 
CO 


CO 

O 


o 

EH 

T— 1 


4i* 

o 

CO 


02 

o 
H 
^^ 
1—1 


-1-3 

o 

1 — 1 


-^3 
>- 

o 

00 


1. For a load from any place along 
the line of Water Street to any 
place in the City, Eastward, as 
far as the centre line of Camp 
Street and Russell Street, from 
North to South ... 


$ 96 


64 


32 


24 


48 


16 


12 



398 



PvATES OP Hire of Carts. — (Conti 


nued. 


) 








Horse or Mule 


Donkey 




carrying up 


carrying 




to 


up to 




03 

a 
o 

H 
CO 


o 
H 

C<1 


a 
o 
H 
1 — 1 


4^ 

o 

CO 
1 — 1 


a 
o 

H 

1-H 


o 

o 
1— f 


•+3 

o 

00. 


2. For a loa,d from aoy place along 
















the line of Water Street to any 
















place in the City, Eastward, 
















beyond the centre line of Camp 
















Street and Kussell Street 


$ 1 U 


96 


48 


36 


72 


24 


18 


3. For a load from any place to the 
















North of the centre line of 
















Church Street, to the Northern 
















limits of the City ... 


96 


64 


32 


24 


48 


16 


12 


4. For a load from any place to the 
















South of the centre line of 
















Church Street to the Southern 
















limits of the City ... 


96 


64 


32 


24 


48 


16 


12 


5. For a load from any place to the 
















North of the centre line of 
















Church Street to the Southern 
















limits of the City ... 


1 44 


96 


48 


36 


72 


24 


18 


6. For a load from any place to the 
















South of the centre line of 
















Church Street to the Northern 














limits of the City ... 


1 44 


96 48 


36 


72 


24 


18 



For a day's hire from 6.30 a.m. to 5 p.m., of a cart 

with horse or mule and driver carrying up to 1 Ton. . .$ 2 00 

For a day's hire from 6.30 a.m. to 5 p.m., of a cart 

with donkey and driver carrying up to 10 cvi-t. ... 1 00 
Above these weights by special arrangement. 
These rates shall not prevent a special arrangement in any 
case. 



399 
COLONIAL DUTIES OF CUSTOMS. 



The Colonial duties of Customs are fixed annually by Ordi- 
nance. Under the Ordinance for the Financial year commencing 
1st April, 1909, and ending 31st March, 1910, an ad valorem 
duty of 12|^ per cent, is payable on all articles not enumerated in 
the schedule of articles liable to a specific duty or those enumera- 
ted in the table of exemptions from duty. 

TABLE OF SPECIFIC DUTIES OF CUSTOMS. 

Articles. ^^^ ^^ 

Duty. 

1. Acid, Acetic, containing 66% and up- 

wards of the real acid ... ... per lb. $ 12 

2. Acid, Acetic, contaiDing less than 66% 

and more than 10% of the real acid ... per gallon. 60 

3. Acid, Acetic, Vinegar, and substitutes 

for vinegar containing less than 10 per 

cent, of the real acid ... ... per gallon. 10 

Areca or Betel nuts (see Seeds) 

4. Arrowroot ... ... ... per lb. 01 

5. Bacon and Bacon Hams ... ... per lb. 02 

6. Bags and Sacks, not to include paper, 

canvas or cotton bags ... ... per 100 1 25 

7. Beef, admitted by the Comptroller of 

Customs as salted or pickled ... per barrel 

not exceeding 200 lbs. 2 00 
Beer (see Malt) 

8. Biscuits, sweetened, or sugared, or 

f ancv 

9. Blue 

10. Bolts and Nuts of Iron 

11. Bran and Pollard 

12. Bread and Biscuit, not fancy or in 

tins 

13. Ditto not fancy, in tins . 

14. Bricks 

15. Brimstone and Sulphur ... 

16. Buckets, Pails and Tubs of all kinds, 
not otherwise specified 

17. Buckets, Pails and Tubs, of wood 

onlv 



per lb. 


05 


per lb. 


00^ 


per cwt. 


40 


per lb. 


OOi 


per 100 lbs. 


50 


per 100 lbs. 


75 


per 1,000 


2 00 


per lb. 


01 


per dozen 


50 


per dozen 


25 



400 



per lb. 
per lb. 



Articles. 

18. Bulls, Cows, with or without Calves, 

Heifers, Steers and Oxen ... per head 

19. Butter and Butter substitutes where 

the proportion of fat is not less than 

75 per centum ... ...per 100 lbs. 

20. Butter and Butter substitutes where 

the proportion of fat is less than 75 

per centum ... ...per 100 lbs. 

21. Calcium Carbide, in tins or packages, 
weighing not more than 1 lb. or if 
in larger quantities in water tight 
metal packages, when imported with 
permission of the Comptroller of 
Customs 

22. Candles, Adamantine, Hydraulic 
Press Composition, Spermaceti Wax, 
or any other than simple Tallow ... 

23. Ditto Tallow 

24. Cannabis Indica, its extracts and 
its preparations, including Bhang, 
Gange, Charas, and Majoon 

25. Cars — Motor — not seating more than 
foar 

26. For each additional seat above four... 

Provided that the total duty on any 
car is not to exceed $160 

27. Cards, playing, per pack of not more 

than 53 Cards in each pack 

28. Cartridges, filled 

29. Do. cases capped but not filled 

30. Cement per barrel not exceeding 

31. Chains, black or galvanized, not to 
include dog, parrot or trace chains 
Chalk (see'whiting) ... 

32. Cheese 

33. Chloral Hydrate 

34. Chloroform... 

35. Chocolate and Cocoa, prepared other 
wise than of Confectionery ... per lb. 



Rate of 
Duty. 

$ 5 00 
2 00 
6 00 



per lb. 01 



05 
01 



per lb. 6 00 

... 80 00 
... 20 00 





16 


per 100 


1 50 


d per 100 


50 


400 lbs. 


25 


CO 

per cwfc. 


40 


..per 100 lbs. 


2 00 


per lb. 


24 


per lb. 


20 



06 



401 



36. 
37. 

38. 
39. 
40. 
41. 

42. 
43. 



44. 
45. 



46. 
47. 
48. 
49. 
50. 
51. 
52. 
53. 
54. 
55. 
56. 



57. 



Articles. 

Cigars and Cigarettes ... ... per lb. 

Clapboards... per 1,000 feet board measure 

Coals, including the packages ...per hogshead 

per ton 
per ton 



Do. Patent Fuel, and Coke, loose 
Do. Coke in packages ... 

Cocoa, raw, and imitations and sub- 
stitutes thereof 

Cocoanut or other Fibre... 

Coffee and all imitations of and sul;- 
stitutes for it, Chicory, Dandelion, 
and Taraxacum (raw)... 

Collodion ... 

Confectionery, including Jams, Jel- 
lies and Sweetened Preserves not 
otherwise specified 

Cordage, including Gasketing 

Corks, cut ... 



per lb. 
per lb. 



per lb. 
per gallon. 



Corn or Maize 
Corn Brooms 
Cornmeal ... 
Cotolene ... 
Crushed Feed 
Currants ... 
Dogs 



and Ground Feed 



Donkeys ... ... ^ 

Dynamite, Gunpowder and Fireworks : 
Dynamite, and preparations (other 
than Blasting Gelatine, Gelatine Dy- 
namite and Gelignite) containing 
more than 75 per cent, of nitro-glyce- 
rine when imported with permission 
of the Governor-in-Gouncil 

Dynamite and preparations of nitro- 
glycerine certified by the Govern- 
ment Analyst to contain less than 
75 per cent, of nitro-glycerine, Blast- 
ing Gelatine, Gelatine Dynamite or 
Gelignite, Gun-cotton, and all other 



per lb. or pint 

...per 112 lbs. 

per lb. 

per lb. 

... per dozen. 

... per 100 lbs. 

per lb. 

per lb. 

per lb. 

per head. 

per head. 



per 



Rate of 
Duty. 

$ 1 50 
5 00 
32 
50 
50 

04i 
01 



041 
60 



06 

1 00 
10 
OOi 
20 
25 
02 
OOi 

01 
5 00 

1 00 



lb. 06 



402 



Articles. 



Rate of 
Duty, 



explosives admitted by the Comp- 
troller of Customs as explosives for 
blasting purposes ... ... per lb. $ 04 

58. Gunpowder, Rackarock and Fuses, 

admitted by the Comptroller of 
Customs as explosives for blasting 
purposes ... ... ... per lb. 01 

59. Gunpowder, and ail other explosives 

other than fireworks, not admitted 
by the Comptroller of Customs as 
explosives for blasting purposes ... per lb. 20 

60. Fireworks, which in the opinion of 

the Comptroller of Customs are 

manufactured with a view to produce 

pyrotechnic effect ... ... per lb. 40 

Gl. Ether, Acetic and Butyric ... per lb. 12 

G2. Do., Sulphuric ... ... per gallon 65 

63. Etlyl, Chloride, Bromide, and Iodide 

of Fireworks (see Dynamite) ... per lb. 1 20 

64. Fish, tinned or canned, andnot pickled per lb. 02 

65. Fish Dried ... ...per 112 lbs. 50 

66. Do., Pickled- 

Mackerel ...per barrel not exceeding 200 lbs. 1 00 

67. Salmon do. do. 2 00 

68. And all other sorts (includ- 

ing trout), not otherwise 

specified do. - do. 50 

69. Do., Smoked ... ... per lb. 00^ 

70. Do., Preserved in jars or boLties ... per lb. 02 

71. Flour of Wheat or grain other than 

corn, per barrel of 196 lbs. ... 1 00 

72. Fruits and vegetables, dried, canned 

or preserved, other than Currants 

and Raisins ... ... per lb. 02 

73. Gallic ... ... ... per lb. 00| 

74. Gelatine ... ... ... per lb. 07^ 

75. Ghee ... ... ...per 100 lbs. 2 00 

76. Ginger, raw ... ... per lb. 01 

77. Goats, with or without Kids ... per head. 25 



Articles. 



403 

Rate of 

Duty. 



78. Grain, of every description not other- 
wise specified, and every kind of 
Beans, Peas and Pulse of every des- 
cription and every kind and whether 

whole or split ... ... per lb. $ 00:|: 

79. Grease, Anti-friction, Axle Grease 

and similar compounds ... per lb. 01 

Gunpowder (see Dynamite.) 

80. Gums ... ... ... per lb. 00^ 

81. Hair ... ... ... per lb. 05^ 

82. Hams ... ... ... per lb. 02 

83. Hay and Chaff ... ...per 100 lbs. 10 

84. Horses, Stallions under fourteen and 

a half hands in height... ... per head 100 00 

85. Do, all others ... ... per head 10 00 

86. Hogs and pigs of every description... per head 2 00 

87. Honey ... ... ... per lb. 06 

88. Hoops, Iron or Steel... ...per 112 lbs. 15 

89. Do, Wooden ... ... per 1,000 150 

90. Isinglass... ... ... per lb. 07^ 

91. Iron or Steel, galvanised, in bars, 

rods, sheets, or corrugated ... per cwt. 50 

92. Iron or Steel, black, in bars, rods, 
sheets, or plates other than boiler 

plates ... ... ... per cwt. 40 

93. Iron or Steel, wire, black, not 

otherwise specified ... ... per cwt. 30 

94. Lard and Lard Compounds, not ex- 
ceeding 1 per centum of water ... per lb. 01 

95. Lard and Lard Compounds, contain- 
ing more than 1 per centum of water... per lb. 04 

96. Lime, Building ... per hogshead 25 

97. ,, ... ... ... per tierce 18 

98. ,5 ... ... per bag or barrel 02 

99. Do, Hydraulic ... ... per barrel 20 

100. Do. Temper ... ...per puncheon 50 

101. Lumber (not including Spars), Yellow or Pitch 
Pine, dressed or undressed, per 1,000 feet board 
measure ... ... ... ... 5 00 



404 

. ,. 1 Rate of 

Articles, r^ l. 

Duty. 

Lumber, dressed on one or both sides, or grooved 

and tongued, or grooved or tongued, 

per 1_,000 feet board measure $ 5 00 

102. "^Lumber (not including Spars), Yellow or Pitch 

Pine, undressed per 1,000 feet board measure 3 00 

103. Do. other than Yellow or Pitch Pine, dressed 
on one or both sides, or grooved and tongued, 
or grooved or tongued, per 1,000 feet board 

measure 5 00 

104.* Do. undressed ... .. ... 3 00 

1 To paj 
I rates for 
105. Malt Liquor, the original gravity of which is less 1 Malt Li- 

than 1,062, viz., Beer, Lager only... per gallon j <«*^q\^['j. 



kinds 



J 



106. Malt Liquor, other kinds, and Cider and Perry, 

in bulk ... per gallon 16 

107. Do. do. do. do. in bottle, per gallon f 20 

108. Matches, in boxes, containing not more than 

100 matches each, per gross of boxes ... 75 

(Matches in boxes containing any greater 
quantity than 100 matches each to be 
charged in proportion.) 

109. Matches, other than in boxes per 

14,400 ... 

110. Matches, Vestas, per 14,400 

111. Match Splints, in cases containing 

each equal to ten gross of matches 
of the ordinary length 

112. Meats, Ham, Bacon, Tongues, 

canned or preserved meats ...j 

113. Medicinal preparations of the last 

current British Pharmacopoeia 
(Official) and of the British 
Pharmacopseia of 1885 and of the 





1 00 




75 


per case 


3 75 


100 lbs. 


2 00 



* Spruce and White Pine Lumber not grooved, tongued or dressed, to bo 
subject to a reduction of 5 per centum for splits. 
t Subject to a maximum allowance of 5 per centum for breakage. 



405 

. , Kate of 

Articles. ^^^^ 

United States last current Pharma- 
copoeia containing spirits (not 
otherwise provided for) which the 
Comptroller of Customs is satisfied 
are to be used in the compounding 
of medicines only ... per liquid gallon $ 60 

114. Medicinal preparations, not Official, 

and Patent or Proprietary Medi- 
cines containing spirits (not other- 
wise provided for.) 
If containing less than 25 per 
centum of proof spirit, per liquid gallon 70 

115. If containing 25 per centum but 

less than 50 per centum of proof 

spirit ... ... per liquid gallon 1 40 

116. If containing 50 per centum or more 

of proof spirit — to pay duty as 
spirits. 

117. Milk, Preserved, evaporated, malted 

and sterilised, and compounds 

thereof ... ... ... per lb. 01 

118. Mules ... ... ... per head 10 00 

119. Muskets, Rifles, Guns, and Fowling- 

pieces ... ... ... each Ad valorem 

duty. 

120. Muzzle-loading Guns ... ... each 1 00 

121. Nails and Spikes, Iron and Gal- 

vanised Iron ... ... per lb. 00^ 

122. Nuts, used in the opinion of the 

Comptroller of Customs as Fruit... per lb. 00^ 

123. Oatmeal ... ... ... per lb. 00^ 

124. Oats ... ... ... per lb. OOJ 

125. Oleomargarine and Margarine sub- 

stances ... ... ... per lb. 02 

126. *Onions ... ... ... per lb. 00^ 

127. Opium, including powdered Opium 

for medicinal purposes ... per lb. 6 00 

* Subject to an allowance of 12^ per ceatum for deterioration on voyage 
in lieu of any allowance for survey, 



406 

. ,. , Rate of 

Articles. j^^^^^ 

128. Do., extract of ... ... per lb. $ 12 00 

129. Do., or Cannabis Indica, Official 

Tincture of ... ...per gallon SO 

130. Oils (other than Gasoline, Benzine, 

Naphtha and Crude Petroleum), 
when admitted with the sanction 
of the Comptroller of Customs, 
which give off an inflammable 
vapour at a temperature of less 
than 85 degrees Fahrenheit_, when 
tested in the Abe]-Pensky appa- 
ratus in the manner laid down in 
Schedule to the Proclamation of 
the 10th day of November, 1905, 
under the Petroleum Ordinance, 
1872 ... ... ... per gallon 3 00 

131. Do., Crude Petroleum, including 

such by-products as Jodolite 
(when admitted with the sanction 
of the Comptroller of Customs) ... per gallon 01 

132. Oil, Refined Petroleum ... per gallon 12-|- 

133. Oils, all other, including Castor Oil, 

Benzine, Naphtha and Gasoline, 
when admitted with the sanction 
of the Comptroller of Customs 
(Essential, Medicinal and Per- 
fumed Oils excepted) ... per gallon 25 

134. Oilmeal and Cakes ... ...per 100 lbs. 12^ 

135. Paints, mixed for use ... ... per cwt. 75 

136. Do, and colours ground in oils 

or any other liquid ... ... per cwt. 60 

137. Do., Pigments dried, other than 

Ochres ... ... ... -per cwt. 40 

138. Do., Ochres, dried, and distempers. per cwt. 20 

139. Do., Lakes, Vermilion and fine 

colours to pay ad valorem. 

140 Percussion Caps ... ... per 100 04 

141. Pistols, including Revolvers ... each, 5 00 

142. Pitch, per barrel, not exceeding ... 200 lbs. 50 



407 

Articles. ^^'t °f 

Duty. 

143. Pickles, including Olives and Sauces 

per reputed quart. $ 06 

144. Pork, admitted by the Comptroller 

of Customs as salted or pickled 

per barrel of 200 lbs, 2 00 

145. Raisins .. ... ... per lb. 02 

146. Rice ... ... ... per 100 lbs. 35 

147. Rosin, not imported for use in the 

manufacture of soap, per barrel, 

not exceeding ... ... 200 lbs. 50 

148. Sago ... ... ... per lb. 01 

149. Salt, admitted by the Comptroller 

of Customs as fine ... ...per 200 lbs. 1 50 

150. Salt, Coarse, in bulk ... ...per 200 lbs. 75 

151. Saltpetre or Nitrate of Potash ... per lb. 01 

152. Sarsaparilla ... ... per gallon, 75 

153. Sheep ... ... ... per head. 1 00 

154. Shingles, wooden, of all kinds ... per 1,000 50 

155. Shooks, per pack or packs contain- 

ing shooks for 1 Puncheon or 2 

Hogsheads, or 3 Barrels per pack or packs 40 

156. Shot - ... .. ... per lb, 02 

157. Slates (roofing). Flagstones and Tiles, per 1,000 3 00 

158. SnufT ... ^ ... ... per lb. 1 50 

159. Seeds, Coriander, Cumin, Anise 

Seed, mustard, mustard seed, men- 
tliie or mattie seed, areca or betel 
nuts, ad j wine or iowine, mangrail, 
peepur, murra, kulungun, hurray, 
black and other pepper, ground or 
unground, turmeric, carraway, 
celery, capsicums, rayrabolums ... per lb. 02 

160. Sparklets containing Carbonic Acid per doz. 08 

161. Spices, and all Seeds, not otherwise 

specified except Garden Seeds (free) per lb. 04 

162. Spirits and Strong Waters, for every 

gallon computed as of the strength 
given on Sykes' Plydrometer as 
the proof strength of Spirits 



408 

^ . . , Rates of 

Articles. jy^^^^ 

of every description (except per- 
fumed Spirits) including Naptha 
or Methylic Alcohol purified so 
as to be potable, and mixtures and 
preparations containing Spirits... per gallon $3 50 

163. Spirits, Perfumed, not over proof 
(being in the opinion of the Comp- 
troller of Customs not potable), com- 
puted as above ... per liquid gallon 2 00 

164. Do., Perfumed, over proof (being in 
the opinion of the Comptroller of 
Customs not potable), computed as 

above ... ... per liquid gallon 4 00 

165. Where a person importing Sweetened 

Spirits, Liqueurs, Bitters and 
Cordials or other preparations 
containing Spirits in bottle has 
entered the same in such a man- 
ner as to indicate that the 
strength is not to be tested ... per gallon 4 50 

Provided always that no Spir- 
its be allowed to be imported 
into the colony of a lower 
strength than 25 under proof 
except such as may be passed by 
the Comptroller of Customs as 
Liqueurs. 

Spirit tested for strength and 
for obscuration shall be tested 
without pre-payment of any 
fee ; but where the Govern- 
ment analyst certifies that the 
strength of the spirit could not 
be ascertained by the hydrome- 
ter without testing for obscura- 
tion, the importer shall pay the 
Government analyst's fee for 
testing. 



409 



Articles. 



Rate of 
Duty. 



166. Spirits, Naphtha or Methyl alcohol 

not purified so as to be potable... per gallon $ 25 

167. Spirits^ Methylated, certified by the 
Government analyst to contain not 
less than 10 per centum of Wood 
Naphtha, and three quarters of one 
per cent, of Dippel's Oil or of Miner- 
al Naphtha ... ... per gallon 50 

168. Starch, of all kinds including corn 
starch and all farinaceous foods, not 

otherwise enumerated ... .., per lb, 01 

169. Staves and Headings— White Oak... per 1,000 8 00 

170. Staves of every other description... per 1,000 6 00 

171. Stearine ... " .„. ... per lb. 01 

172. Sugar, White refined.., ...per 100 lbs. 45 

173. Do. Other kinds ... ...per 100 lbs. 40 

174. Tallow, not imported for use in the 

manufacture of soap ... ... per lb. 01 

175. Tapioca ... ... ... per lb. 01 

176. Tar ...per barrel, not exceeding 30 gallons, 50 

177. Tea ... ... ... per lb. 16 

178. -^Tobacco in leaf :— 

If in packages containing 

not less than 400 lbs : — Losing 
not less than 25 nor 
more than 32 per cen- 
tum of its weight when 
dried at a temperature 
of 212 degrees Fahren- 
heit, and containing 
not more than 4 per 
centum of oil or fat per lb. 50 

179. *Tobacco in leaf;— 

If in packages 
containing not 
less than 



* Duty on Tobacco to be paid on the weight being certified, either by 
a Sworn Weigher and Ganger or otherwise to the satisfiictiou of the Comp- 
troller of Customs, 



410 



Articles. 



Rate of 
Duty. 



400 lbs..: — Losing less than 25 per 
centum of its weight 
when dried at the 
temperature afore- 
said and containing 
not more than 4 per 
centum of oil or fat., per lb. $ 50 

130. and additional for 

every 2 per centum 
of its weight less lost 
than when so dried 
as aforesaid ... per lb. 05 

181 ^Tobacco in leaf :— 
If in packages 
containing less 
than 400 lbs : Losing not less than 

25 nor more than 32 

per centum of its 

weight when dried a,t 

a temperature of 212 

degrees Fahrenheit, 

and containing not 

more than 4 per cen- 
tum of oil or fat ... per lb. 60 

182. Do. Losing less than 25 per 

centum of its weight 
when dried at the 
temperature afore- 
said and containing 
not more than 4 per 
centum of oil or 
fat ... ... per lb. 60 



* Duty on Tobacco to be paid on the weight being certified, either by 
.vorn Weigher and Ganger or otherwise to the satisfaction of the Comp- 



a Sw 

troller of Customs 



411 



183. 



Articles. 

and additional for 
every 2 per 



Rate of 
Duty. 



per lb. $ 05 

per lb. 2 00 

1 00 
1 00 
50 
18 

02 

09 
50 



cen- 
tum of its weight 
less lost when so 
dried as aforesaid 

184. All Tobacco in leaf other than the 

above-named 

185. *Tobacco, Manufactured (Cigars, 

Cigarettes, and SnufF excepted)... per lb. 

186. tTobacco Pipes (Clay) ... per gross 

187. Turpentine, Crude ... ... per barrel 

188. Do. Spirits of ... ... per gallon 

189. Twine ... ... ... per lb. 

190. Varnish and Polish, not containing 

Spirits ... ... per gallon 

191. Varnish and Polish, containing any 

quantity of Methylated Spirits ... per gallon 

192. Varnish containing any quantity of 
Spirits of any other kind to pay duty 
as Medicinal Preparations not Offi- 
cial. 

The article known as International 
Composition or Rahtjens' Composi- 
tion, and any other article which, in 
the opinion of the Comptroller of 
Customs, is of a similar kind, to be 
regarded as Varnish and Polish con- 
taining Spirits. 

193. + Waters, Aerated and Mineral con- 
taining lead, copper, arsenic or otJier 
matter which in the opinion of the 
Comptroller of Customs is injurious 

to health .. ... per dozen bottles 2 00 

194. Do. Do. per dozen splits 1 00 
195; + Waters, Aerated and Mineral not 

* Duty on Tobacco to be paid on the weight being c. rtiSed, either by a 
Sworn Weigher and Ganger or otherwise to the satisfacHon of the Comptroller 
of Customs. 

t Subject to a maximum allowance of 20 per centum for breakage. 

% Subject to a maximum allowance of 5 per centum for leakage. 



412 



Articles. 



Rate of 

Duty. 



containing any of the above sub- 
stances ... ••• per dozen bottles $ 16 

196. Do. do. per dozen splits 08 

197. Wax, Beeswax ... ... per lb. 06 

198. Do. Parafin and Mineral ... per lb. 01 

199. Whiting or Chalk (not including 
precipitated chalk or chalk in cubes 
or crayons), except when imported 

for Manure ... ••• per cwt. 20 

200. Wine, the declared value of which 
is any sum not exceeding two dollars 
a gallon, and containing not more 
than 30 per centum of proof spirit 
as verified by Sykes' Hydrometer — 

in bulk ... ... ... per gallon 55 

201. *Wine the declared value of which 
including the cost of packing, 
bottling and casing, is any sum not 
exceeding three dollars a gallon, and 
containing not more than 30 per 
centum of proof spirit as verified by 

Sykes' Hydrometer — in bottle , . per gallon 60 

202. Wine, of all other descriptions in 

bulk ... ... ... per gallon 1 00 

203. Do. do. in bottle... per gallon 1 50 

204. Yeast Cakes, and compressed Yeast per lb. 06 

And at these rates upon any greater or less 
quantity of such goods, wares and merchandise 
respectively. 

Where in any case in this Schedule reference 
is made to any article as packed in a particular 
way, or imported in a particular form, the same 
duty shall be imposed on such article if packed 
in any other w^ay or in any other form imported ; 
and the amount of duty payable in any such case 
shall be computed by^ the Comptroller so as to 

* For each degree or fraction of a degree of strength of bottled wine in 
excess of 30 per centum of proof spirits as aforesaid an additional duty of 8 
cents per gallon until the strength reaches 42 per centum of proof spirits, 



413 

equal as nearly as may be, but be not less than, 
the amount of duty payable in the like case if 
the article had been packed in the usual way or 
imported in the usual form. 

Bottles not measured on importation shall be 
taken to contain as follows : — 

Imperial quarts — a quarter of a gallon. 
Imperial pints — an eighth of a gallon. 
Reputed quarts 

measuring up to 27 ozg. — a sixth of a gallon. 
Reputed pints 

or smaller sizes — a twelfth of a gallon. 
Bottles measured singly on importation to 
be measured up to -005 of a gallon. 



TABLE OF FXEMPTIONS FROM DUTY. 

1. Agricultural Implements passed by the Comptroller of 

Customs as such. 

2. Animal Charcoal. 

3. Articles passed by the Customs authorities as the personal 

baggage of passengers arriving in the colony from abroad. 

4. Articles passed by the Comptroller of Customs subject to 

the sanction of the Governor, as imported for the official 
use of the consulate of any foreign country or place : 
Provided that a similar privilege in respect of similar 
articles is accorded by the laws and customs of such foreign 
country or place to His Majesty's Consulate therein. 

5. Articles sent to the colony for repair or improvement when 

passed by the Comptroller of Customs. 

6. Bottles empty passed by the Comptroller of Customs as 

suitable for preserves. 

7. Bee Culture, Implements and Supplies used in, passed by 

the Comptroller of Customs as such. 

8. Belting for Machinery. 

9. Bullion and Coin and old medals for numismatic collections. 

10. Cattle which are proved to the satisfaction of the Comp- 

troller of Customs to be imported for breeding purposes. 

11. Chemicals and other substances, which the Comptroller of 

Cusfeoms is satisfied are imported for the purification of 
water. 

12. Chemicals necessary for the Cyanide Process in Gold Mining. 



414 

13. Chimneys or Smoke Stacks imported as integral portions 

of any machinery exempted from duty under this Schedule. 

14. Cotton Seeds. 

15. Fire Engines and hose and couplings for the same, and 
fire extinguishers. 

16. Fruits, Vegetables and Ground Provisions not preserved 

and not enumerated in the Table of Specific Duties of 
Customs. 
] 7. Furniture and Ornaments proved to the satisfaction of the 
Comptroller of Customs to be imported for any place of 
worship of the Christian Religion in the Colony. 

18. Goods, Stores, Arms and Ammunition imported by order 

of the Governor of the Colony. 

19. Horses, Baggage, and Furniture of Officers on Imperial 

Service in His Majesty's Naval and Military Forces. 

20. Ice. 

Machinery, comprising the following : — 

21. Brick and Tile-making Machinery; 

22. Cotton Gins ; 

23. Iron Cane Puiits, Cane Carrier and Elevator Chains, Iron 

Bridges, and Grating Bars ; 

24. Locks and Sluices for Sea Defences, Water Supply or 

Drainage of Land ; 

25. Locomotive Engines and Railway Plant ; 

26. Launches of all kinds; 

27. Machinery and Wire for electric lighting and Railway 

and power plant. Motors and their parts, Controllers and 
their parts. Rheostats and rails and their appendages for 
Electric Street lighting and locomotion. Also implements 
for electric lighting imported by the Mayor and Town 
Council of Georgetown or of New Amsterdam for lighting 
any street or place belonging to them, or subject to their 
control ; 

28. Machinery imported for use in Mining operations, includ- 

ing Trucks and Rails, Wire Cables, Wheels and Pulleys, 
Ore Buckets, Battery Perforated Metal Screens, Belt 
Conveyors, Automatic Samplers, Amalgamated Plates, 
Pipes and drill steel ; also machinery and tanks for use in 
cyaniding, passed by the Comptroller of Customs as such. 

29. Machinery imported for the drainage of land or in the 

manufacture or preparation of the produce of Raw 



415 

Materials, or in the manufacture or preparation of 
Manures ; 

30. Machinery for Saw Mills, Foundries and Factories of 

whatever kind ; 

31. Machinery for Steam and Motor Boats, Launches and 
Barges, and Phxtcs, Angles, and other materials and 
appliances for the construction of Steam Boats and Barges ; 

32. Machinery, Retorts, Gasometers and Pipes imported for 

the construction of Gas Works in the Colony ; 

33. Machinery for the reaping and preparation for the market 

of rice ; 

34. Motor Omnibuses imported by a contractor with the 

Government for the carriage of mails, passengers and 
their Ijaggage ; 

35. Pans, Teaches, Tanks and other vessels imported for use 

exclusively in the manufacture of Sugar or for the storage 
or supply of Water ; 

36. Steam Boilers of every description, and Steam Boiler 
Plates, Tubes, and Lagging ; and Ploughs, Harrows, 
Steam Diggers and Steam Dredgers. Mowing machines 
when the Comptroller of Customs is satisfied that such 
are imported for agricultural purposes. Chimneys or 
Smoke Stacks imported as an integral portion of any 
Machinery exempted from duty. 

37. Manures, Sulphate of Ammonia, Nitrate of Soda, Lime, 

and other substances which the Comptroller of Customs is 
satisfied are imported for use as manure or as remedies for 
diseases of or preventives of insect attacks on plants. 

38. Maps (wall) and Copy Books imported for educational 

purposes. 

39. Mongooses. 

40. Old iron for transhipment. 

41. Packages in which goods are imported, including Carboys, 

and Drums containing Sulphuric Acid, except Trunks and 
Canisters, and except Plogsheads and Puncheons not con- 
taining Tobacco^ Coals, Lime, Wines or Spirits, and 
except inner packages of a fancy description. 

42. Packages manufactured in the Colony exported filled with 
produce and returned empty passed by the Comptroller 
of Customs as such. 



416 

43. Patterns and Samples, subject to any Regulations in that 

behalf made by the Governor-iu-CoHncil. 

44. Photographs, unframed. 

45. Pipes to be exclusively used for the sinking of artesian wells. 

46. Plans. 

47. Postage stamps. 

48. Poultry. 

49. Printed Books not subject to duty under Ordiuance No. 3 

of 1851, and manuscript. 

50. Printed presses, and types, printing paper and printing ink, 
imported by or directly for the conductor of any newspaper 
or printing establishmoLt for the exclusive purpose of 
being used by him in the course of his trade. 

51. Provisions and Stores of every description imported by 

His Majesty's Government for the use of His Majesty's 
Naval or Military Forces. 

52. Sewing Machines. 

53. Show Cards and advertisements passed as such by the 

Comptroller of Customs. 

54. Specimens illustrative of Natural History. 

55. Seeds, garden ; bulbs and roots, trees, plants, vines and 

seeds, and grains of all kinds for propagation or cultivation. 

56. Tallow, rosin, caustic soda, soda ash and silicate of soda 
which the Comptroller of Customs is satisfied are imported 
for the manufacture of soap. 

57. Telegraph instruments and other materials imported by 

telegraph companies and necessary for the construction 
and use of their works, offices and stations in the colony, 

58. Tools used by mechanics, woodcutters, miners and gold 

diggers, passed by the Comptroller of Customs as such. 

59. Uniforms, arms, ammunition, accoutrements, and prizes 

imported by or for the use of His Majesty's Naval or 
Military Forces, or the Colonial Militia, or the Police 
Force, or any Volunteer Force or Rifle Association sanc- 
tioned by the Governor. 

60. Vaccine lymph, and medicinal serum. 

61. All steam and other vessels, locomotives carriages, rolling 

stock, rails and such other material and appliances not 
herein already exempted as the Governor-in-Council con- 
siders necessary for the construction and maintenance of 
a Railway between the Demerara River and Essequebo 



417 

River in terms of the contract dated the 11th December, 
1893, made between the Sproston Dock and Foundry 
Company and the Government of this colony, 

62. All stores landed from an Immigrant vessel for the purpose 

of feeding the Immigrants conveyed thereby in terms of 
contract of conveyance, and subsequently certified by the 
Immigration Agent General to have been so used. 

63. All materials for use in Railways or other special works 
which in the opinion of the Governor-in-Council may be 
useful in the development of the resources of the colony. 

64. All materials and articles imported by the Mayor and 
Town Council of Georgetown, or of New Amsterdam, for 
municipal purposes. 

Drawbacks. 

Persons exporting goods or merchandise on which duty 
has been paid are entitled to a drawback of duties on such goods 
within twelve months of the date of importation. 

Persons using duty paid oil as fuel for the purpose of 
driving any machinery within the colony shall be entitled to 
drawback of duties at a rate per gallon equal to the difference 
between the amount of duty per gallon and one cent on all such 
oil which has been so consumed as fuel, and on Candles used in 
mining the whole amount paid as duty. 

Exemption. 

The Comptroller may grant permission to any person to 
bring into the colony any goods, wares or merchandise without 
payment of duty thereon, provided such goods are for temporary 
use only subject to the conditions that : — 

(a.) Such goods shall be taken out of the colony within 
six months of the date of such permission ; and 

(h.) The person granted such permission shall deposit with 
the Comptroller the amount of the duty on such goods — • 
such deposit to be forfeited if the goods are not taken out of 
the colony within the six months stipulated in the permission. 

Refund of Duties. 

Every person who sells to His Majesty's Government 
for the Service of any of His Majesty's Regular Troops sta- 
tioned in the colony, or any of His Majesty's Ships arriving 
at this colony, shall be entitled to receive back the amount of 
duty paid on material or supplies or goods so sold or furnished 
for the service of such troops or ships. 



418 
COLONIAL TAXES. 



Levied under Ordinance No. 2 of 1909. 



ACREAGE TAX. 

For each acre of land being part of, or worked, with a plan- 
tation which contains more than fifty acres under cane cultiva- 
tion, at the rates following, — 

1. For each acre of land under cane cultivation ...$1 50 

2. For each acre of land empoldered but not under 
cane cultivation ... ... ... 02 

Provided that land belonging to a plantation and leased 
to farmers for the purpose of cane cultivation shall not be 
liable to acreage tax. 

The said tax shall be payable by the proprietors of plan- 
tations in such instalments and in such manner and subject 
to, such conditions as by the Acreage Tax Ordinance^ 1898, 
have been enacted or may from time to time be enacted by 
any Ordinance passed by the Governor with the advice and 
consent of the Court of Policy. 

The abovementioned sums of one dollar and fifty cents 
and of two cents shall be exclusively applied in diminution of 
the amounts payable by the employers of indentured immi- 
grants to the Immigration Fund and not otherwise. 

Tonnage Duties. 

1. On a vessel of seventy tons and upwards, per ton,..$0 25 

2. On a vessel under seventy tons, not to be col- 
lected more than four times in any one year, per 

ton ... ... ... ... 05 

or, in the case of steamers, a tonnage duty on the weight 
or measurement of goods as landed or taken on board. 
When the cargo carried is not equal to the registered 
tonnage of the vessel such cargo to be calculated as 



419 



c3 

^ d 






o 



per bill of lading per ton ; when not described, computed as 
follows : — 

10 Barrels Salted Meat, Flour, or other goods, per 
barrel, not exceeding 200 lbs. net weight 

40 Bushels Corn, Peas, or other grain unground 
4,000 Shingles 

20 Cubic feet Hardwood 
1,200 Pieces of Wood Hoops 

3 Horses, Mules, or Horned Cattle 
5 Asses 

10 Pigs or Sheep 

4 tlogsheads. Spirits, Wine, or Malt Liquor in 
bulk, not exceeding 65 gallons measurement 

1 Hogshead Sugar 

2 Tierces Sugar 
8 Barrels or 9 Bags of Sugar 
2 Puncheons of Molasses 

1,000 Feet White pine, Spruce, Pitch Pine, or other Lumber, 

equal to 1|- tons. 
1,200 Hogshead or Puncheon Staves, equal to IJ tons. 
J, 200 Bricks or Tiles equal to 3 tons. 

Provided that in no case shall the tonnage duty computed 
in either or both of the said ways exceed the amount which 
would be payable once on the registered tonnage as aforesaid. 

When payment is to be made by weight or measurement, 
the agent must deliver to the Customs Authority at the time 
of entry an estimate of the tonnage, and pay provisionally the 
duties payable according to such estimate, and within 30 days 
after such entry must deliver to the Customs Authority the 
freight list together with the bills of lading, and thereupon 
pay any difference between the sum provisionally paid and the 
amount of duty as computed from the freight list and bills of 
lading. When the amount of duty which has been provi- 
sionally paid is in excess of the duty so computed the difference 
shall be refunded. 

In the case of a vessel leaving the Colony with goods 
shipped from the Colony, the agent must within 3 days of 
departure produce to the Customs Authorities an account 
showing the nature and description of the goods and the 
weight or measurement and shall thereupon pay the duty 



420 

payable according to the computation thereof by the Customs 
Authorities. 

When a steamer carrying mails leaves the Colony after 
having paid tonnage duty and returns within 21 days there- 
after on tne return voyage, the tonnage duty payable shall not 
exceed the difference between the duty payable on the whole 
of such steamer's registered tonnage and the duty paid on 
such previous arrival. 

Exemptions feom Tonnage Duties. 

Vessels belonging to or chartered by His Majesty's 
Government or a Foreign Government recognised by His 
Majesty's Government not employed in carrying merchandise 
or freight ; 

Vessels employed in any work of public utility; and 
yachts used for pleasure. 

Light Duties. 

On every vessel other than a Coasting Vessel; per 

ton ... ... ... ... 4 cents. 

On every Coasting Vessel which enters the Port 

of New Amsterdam ... ... ... 2 cents. 

Vessels belonging to His Majesty's Government or char- 
tered by His Majesty's Government or any Foreign Government 
recognised by His Majesty's Government not employed in the 
carriage of merchandise or freight are exempt. 

Shipping Fees. 

Engagement of Seamen ... ... 48 cents each. 

Discharge of Seamen ... ... 48 cents each. 

Payable before the Harbour Masters of Georgetown, New 
Amsterdam, Springlands or Morawhanna. 

The said Harbour Masters may refuse to proceed with any 
engagement or discharge unless the fees payable thereon are 
first paid. 

For the purposes of this section the said Harbour Masters 
shall each be deemed to be a " Superintendent " within the 
meaning of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894. 

Spirit Duties. 

Spirituous Compounds manufactured under the 

Bitters and Cordials Ordinance per gal. ...$ 2 15 

Spirituous Compounds passed by the Comptroller 



421 

of Customs as medicinal preparations made from 
or containing spirits, per liquid gal. ...$ 60 

All other spirits manufactured in the Colony, other 

than rum, for consumption, per gal. ... 2 15 

KuM Duties. 

Rum taken out of Bond by, or sold 
for consumption to. Licensed Retail 
Spirit dealers. ... ...per proof gallon 50 

Rum taken out of Bond by, or sold for 
consumption to, other than Licensed 
Retail Spirit Dealers. ... ... per gallon 2 50 

Exemption. 
Rum used exclusively in any laboratory or in the preserva- 
tion of specimens of Natural History for any Museum in the 

colony. 

Duty on Matches. 

Upon all matches manufactured in the Colony per 
case containing 10 gro.^s of boxes of not more 
^han 100 matches in each ... ... $ 3 50 

Stamp Duties. 

Affidavit or Declaration under the Statutory Decla- 
rations Ordinance, 1893 ... ... 24 

Exemptions - (1.) Affidavits made by police or 
rural constables for the purpose of proving the 
service of process in a Magistrates Court, \^2.) 
Declarations made by officers of the Post Office 
under section 9 of the Post and Telegraph Ordi- 
nance, 1893. 

(3.) Declarations made by applicants for Homestead 
Grants under Regulation 28 of the Crown Lands 
Regulations, 1903. 

Agreement or any Memorandum of Agreement not 
otherwise specifically charged with any duty, 
whether the same is only evidence of a contract 
or obligatory upon the parties from its being a 
written instrument ... ... ... 012 

Exemptions — 

(1.) Agreement or Memorandum the matter where- 
of is not of the value of $25 ; 
(2.) Agreement or Memorandum for the hire of 



422 



manufacturer, or meniai 



any labourer, artificer 

servant ; 
(3.) Agreement, Letter or Memorandum made for 

or relating to the sale of any goods, wares or 

merchandise ; 
(4.) Agreement or Memorandum made between the 

master and any mariner of any vessel for any 

voyage coastwise in this Colony ; 
(5.) Agreement made with the Postmaster General 

or any one on his behalf for the renting of any 

telephone wire and apparatus ; 
(6.) Guarantee for treatment of paying patient 

under the Hospital Patients Regulations, 1903. 
Ante-nuptial Contract 
Articles of Apprenticeship or Clerkship to a Barris- 

ter-at-Law, Advocate or Attorney-at-Law 

Banker's Cheque — 

On any Cheque on any Bank or Banking Company 

in this Colony 
Exemption — Cheques drawn by any Public Officer 
or any Officer of His Majesty's Naval or Military 
Service in the execution of his duty. 

Bill of Exchange — 

Foreign, payable on demand or at sight 
Foreign, of every other kind whatsoever drawn or 
expressed to be payable or actually paid, or en- 
dorsed, or in any manner negotiated within this 
Colony — 
For every sum not exceeding $24 

Exceeding $24 and not exceeding 48 
Do. 48 do. 120 

Do. 120 do. 240 

Do. 240 do, 360 

Do. 360 do. 480 

For every additional ^^480 or part thereof 
Bills of Exchange, Inland, twice the above rates 
Promissory Note of any kind whatsoever (except a 
Bank Note) for Ten Dollars or upwards, drawn 
or expressed to be payable or actually paid, or 
endorsed or in any manner negotiated within 



3 60 
20 00 

02 



02 






02 





04 





06 





12 





18 





24 





24 



423 

this Colony for any of the sums above specified, 
twice the above rates. 
Exemptions — Bills of Exchange purchased by the 

Government 
Bills of Exchange drawn by the Government on the 
Crown Agents for remittances for charges in re- 
spect of the Postal Union expenditure. 
Bills of Exchange, Inland, for payment of wages for 
any sum not exceeding $25. 

Bills of Health... ... ... ...$ 1 00 

Exemptions — Bills of Health issued for the use of 
vessels mentioned in section 9, sub-head 1. 

Bills of Lading, each copy ... ... ... 012 

Bill of Sale or Mortgage, for every $250 or part 

thereof ,.. ^ ... ... ... 30 

Bill of Transfer or Assignment thereof, for every $250 

or part thereof ... ... ... 015 

Cancelment of Bill of Sale or Mortgage, for every 

$250 or part thereof ... ... ... 30 

Provided that the total Stamp Duty shall not ex- 
ceed $3 60. 

Certificate or Declaration by the Governor legalizing 
anj document or documents or signature or sig- 
natures ... ... ... ... 5 00 

Charter Party, or any agreement or contract for the 
charter of any vessel, or any Memorandum, 
Letter or other Writing between the master or 
owner of any vessel and any other person for or 
relating to the freight or conveyance of any 
money, goods or effects on board of such vessel 12 

Conveyance or Transport of, or Letters of Decree 
for, immovable property, for every $250 or part 
thereof ... ... ... ... 60 

On every Transfer of any Scrip or Stock at the fol- 
lowing rates: — 
Where the face value does not exceed $24 ... .02 

Exceeds $24 and does not exceed 48 ... 04 

Do. 48 do. do. 120 ... 06 

Do. 120 do. do. 240 ... 12 

Do. 240 do. do. 360 .. 18 

Do. 360 do. do. 480 ... 24 



424 

For every additional $480 or part thereof ... $ 24 

Deeds — 

On a Power of Attorney providing for the repre- 
sentation of a person resident in and remaining 
in the Colony ... ... ... 1 20 

On a Power of Attorney providing for the repre- 
sentation of a person in his absence from the 
Colony ... ... ... ... 3 60 

On every Deed of any kind whatever not other- 
wise specifically charged with duty and not ex- 
pressly exempted from all Stamp Duty ... 3 60 

On every Deed, Decree, or Instrument whereby im- 
movable property is conveyed in exchange, if no 
sum or sums under $960 is or are paid for 
equality of exchange ... ... ... 9 60 

Above $960, ad valorem duty as on a sale on the 
sum to be paid. 

On every Deed or other Instrument executed 
wholly out of the Colony, and not bearing the 
British ad valorem Stamp, the same duty as on 
a like Instrument executed in the Colony. 

On every Deed or other Instrument executed part- 
ly in the Colony on which the British ad valore^n 
duty has been impressed, one-half of the Colony 
duty. 

On every Bond or Debenture issued by any person, 
company or corporation for the payment of 
money borrowed by them an ad valorem duty 
of one-half of one per centum on the amount of 
such Bond if such amount does not exceed $700, 
and if such amount does exceed $700 a duty of... 3 60 

On every Deed or other Instrument executed wholly 
out of the Colony, bearing the British ad valorem 
Stamp, the Colony duty, or in the option of the 
parties, a duty of .. ... ... 16 80 

But if every such Deed or Instrument executed 
wholly or partly out of the Colony relates to 
land or property therein and is not stamped 
within twelve months from its execution, then 
the full Colony duty shall be payable. 



425 

Exemptions — 

(1.) Policies of Insurance and transfers and assign- 
ments thereof. 

(2.) All Bonds executed under the provisions of 
the Spirits Ordinance, 1905. 

(3.) Bonds given by vendors of Stamps under the 
Stamp Duties Management Ordinance, 1888. 

(4.) Powers ad lites. 

(5.) Acts of deposit of any document or money in 
the Registry of Court, 

(6.) Colonial Bonds and Bonds issued by the Con- 
solidated Immigration Loan Commissioners. 

(7.) Bonds or recognizances under the provisions of 
the Small Tenements and Bent Recovery Ordi- 
nance, 1903. 
Lease of House or Land or of House and Land or 
transfer thereof, where the annual value exceeds 
$250 ... ... ... ... $ 60 

Legacy Duty — Any peeson dying before 1898 — ■ 

Legacies and Successions to personal or movable es- 
tate upon intestacy where the testator, testatrix, 
or intestate shall have died on or after the day 
on which these duties come into force; 

For every Legacy, specific or pecuniary, or of any 

other description, given by any will or testamen- ' 

tary instrument either out of personal or mov- 
able estate or charged upon immovable property 
or out of any moneys to arise by the sale, mort- 
gage, or other disposition of immovable property, 
whether such gift be by way of annuity or in any 
other form ; 

Also for the clear residue or for every share of the 
clear residue of personal or movable estate (after 
deducting debts^ funeral expenses, legacies, and 
other charges first payable thereon), whether 
the title to such residue or share thereof shall 
accrue by virtue of any testamentary disposition 
or upon a total or partial intestacy ; 

And also for the clear residue or for every share of 
the clear residue of the moneys to arise from the 



426 

sale, mortgage, or other dispositions of any im- 
movable property directed to be sold, mortgaged, 
or otherwise disposed of by any will or testamen- 
tary instrument (after deducting debts, funeral 
expenses, legacies, and other charges first made 
payable thereout, if any) : — 

To a child or descendant of a child of the deceased, 
or to a father or mother or any lineal ancestor of 
the deceased ... ... ... ^ per cent. 

To a brother or sister or any descendant ... 1^ per cent. 

To an uncle or aunt or any descendant ... 2^ per cent 

To a great-uncle or aunt or any descendant... 3 per cent. 

To any other relation or to a stranger in blood 5 per cent. 

Exemptions — 

(1.) Legacy or residue left to a husband or wife of 
the deceased ; 

(2.) Money left for payment of legacy duty, so that 
a bequest shall be given duty free ; 

(3.) Legacy of books, prints, pictures, statues, 
works of art, or other specific articles to a cor- 
poration, society, or endowed school in this 
Colony, to be preserved by the donee and not for 
the purposes of sale ; and 

(4.) Legacy or residue left by a person whose 
whole personal estate does not amount to $500. 
Licence for Marriage without publications of Banns. ..$ 10 00 
Licence to practise as a Chemist and Druggist, to be 
issued by the direction of the Receiver General 
to those persons who are, under the Pharmacy 
and Poisons Ordinance, 1899, qualified to dis- 
pense and compound drugs : Provided that a 
person who obtains any such Licence under this 
section, or under any similar enactment, shall 
not be required to renew the same in any Finan- 
cial Year thereafter : 

Provided further that no person who at the com- 
mencement of this Ordinance holds a licence to 
practice as a druggist shall be required to take 
out any further licence in order to enable him to 
practise as a Chemist and Druggist ... 5 00 



427 

Oath or Affidavit taken or made by a Barrister-at- 
Law, Advocate or Attorney-at-Law, on his ad- 
mission to practise ... ... ...$ 100 00 

Oath or Affidavit taken or made by a Notary Public 

or Sworn Clerk, on his admission ... ... 30 00 

Passports — each ... ... ... 24 

Private Bill to be paid before the second reading 
(except where the Governor and Court of Policy 
maybe pleased to remit payment of the same)... 100 00 

Provisional Permit granted by the Comptroller of 

Customs ... ... • ... ... 24 

Receipt including any Note, Memorandum, or writ- 
ing whatsoever whereby any money amounting to 
ten dollars or upwards is acknowledged or ex- 
pressed to have been received, or deposited or 
paid, or whereby any debt or demand, or any 
part of a debt or demand, is acknowledged to 
have been settled, satisfied, or discharged or 
which signifies or imports any such acknowledg- 
ment, and whether the same is or is not signed 
with the name of any person ... ... 02 

Exemptions — 

Banker's acknowledgment of any Bill or Note for 

acceptance, or collection. 
Banker's Receipt in a deposit Book for lodgment at 

call. 
Receipt for any Postal Money Order. 
Receipt given by any Public Officer or any Officer 
of His Majesty's Naval or Military Service in 
the execution of his duty. 
Receipt given for return of duties in over-entries. 

Receipt given to or by a depositor on lodging or 
withdrawing money from any Government or 
Post Office Savings Bank, or the Savings De- 
partment of the British Guiana Bank. 

Receipt written upon any Promissory Note duly 
stamped. 

Succession Duty — Any person dying before 1898 — 
On every succession, according to the value thereof — 
To the lineal issue or lineal ancestor of the pre- 
decessor ... ... ... ^percent, 



428 

To a brother or sister or any descendant 1|- per cent. 

To an uncle or aunt or any descendant 2^ per cent. 

To a great-uncle or aunt or any descendant 3 per cent. 

To any other relation or to a stranger in blood 5 per cent. 

Exemptions — 

(1.) Where the whole successions or successions 
derived from the same predecessor and passing 
upon death to any person or persons shall not 
amount in money or principal value to $500 ; 

(2.) Any succession which, as estimated according 
to the provisions of the Ordinance in that behalf, 
is of less value than $100 on the whole ; 

(3.) Any moneys applied to the payment of the duty 
on any succession according to any trust for that 
purpose ; 

(4.) Any successions which, if it were a legacy be- 
queathed to the successors by the predecessors, 
would be exempted from legacy duty ; and 

(5.) Any property subject to a legacy duty. 
Testamentary Duty — Any jDerson dying before 1898 — 

On the affidavit to be required and received from the 
person depositing the will or on the inventory to 
be filed in a case of intestacy, where the value of 
the estate and efi'ects exclusive of what the de- 
ceased shall have been possessed of or entitled to 
as a trustee and not beneficially, shall be above 
$500 ... ... ... ...$ 7 50 

And so on at the rate of $7 50 for every $500 or 
part of $500 ad infinitum. 

Any person dying after the commencement of the 
Estate Duty Ordinance, 1898, the following Duty 
namely, — 

On the value of any property passing on the death 
of a deceased person to : — 

(a.) A husband or vvife or any child or descen- 
dant of a cliild of the deceased after allowing 
such deductions therefrom or in respect thereof 
as are specified in the said Ordinance ...1 per cent. 

(&.) A father, mother, brother or sister, after 

allowing the deductions aforesaid ...3 per cent. 



429 



(c.) Any other person after allowing the deduc- 
tions aforesaid ... ... ...6 percent. 

Exemption — 

Any estate and property (otherwise subject to such 
duty) the value of which before any deductions 
therefrom are made does not exceed in the whole 

$480. 

Stores and Shops. 
Annual Rental Value 
Where the appraised rental exceeds $10,000 
Exceeds $9,000 but does not exceed 10,000 



8,000 
7,000 
6,000 
5,000 
4,000 
3,000 
2,000 
1,500 
1,000 

750 

500 

250 

150 

100 
50 
does not exceed 



9,000 

8,000 

7,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

1,500 

1,000 

750 

500 

250 

150 

100 

50 



Licence Duty. 

$250 

230 

210 

190 

170 

150 

130 

120 

110 

100 

90 

70 

50 

30 

20 

15 

12 



The appraisements of rental value shall be made by the 
Commissary of Taxation of the districc, subject to the ap- 
proval of the Receiver General or Assistant Receiver General, 
as the case may be, and such Commissary shall, as soon as they 
are made, communicate them to the persons requiring the 
licences respectively. 

Any such person may appeal from such appraisement to 
the Stipendiary Magistrate of Georgetown, when the premises 
in question are situate in or near Georgetown, and to the 
Stipendiary Magistrate of the Berbice Judicial District, when 
the premises are in New xlmsterdam, who shall respectively 
have power to fix the rental value and whose decision shall be 
final. 



430 



$ 10 00 

5 00 
4 00 

6 00 
4 00 
2 00 

50 
24 



Licences. 

Private. 

Four-wheeled carriage, including motor cars 

Two- wheeled carriage 

Horse, pony, or mule 

Cart drawn by any of the above-mentioned animals 

Cart drawn by a donkey 

Bicycle or other cycle 

Occasional Cycle for one month, per month 

Schooner, Sloop, Vessel, boat bateau, Corial or Craft 

Horse, pony, mule, ox or cart^ belonging to and used 
only in the service of any sugar plantation (as de- 
fined by the Roads Ordinance, 1905) or of any 
wood-cutting grant, cattle farm, lot or farm 
under cultivation, cocoa estate, or private grant, 
or any mining or placer claim, as follows : — 

For each horse, pony, mule or ox 

For each cart drawn by any of the above-mentioned 
animals 

Each cart drawn by a donkey 

Exemptions. 

Any craft used exclusively within the Plantations Estates 
or Villages ; Ballahoos used by wood-cutters exclusively within 
the Creeks ; and any craft kept and used by any Aboriginal 
Indian. 

Horses, Carriages, Bicycles, or other Cycles kept by any 
member of the Police Force or of the Cycle Corps of the B. G. 
Militia for the performance of his duty or by any Naval or 
Military Officer on actual service ; any cycle used by a child 
under 12 years. 

Horse, pony, mule, ox or cart belonging to and used only in 
the service of any Sugar Plantation, Wood Cutting Grant, 
Cattle Farm, lot or farm under cultivation. Cocoa Estate, or 
any mining or placer claim, where such animal or cart is used 
exclusively within the bounds of such sugar plantation, etc. 

Tkade or Hire. 

1. For a licence for each omnibus or tramcar other 
than a tramcar worked by electricity plying 
within Georgetown or New Amsterdam ...$ 25 00 



4 00 

5 00 

2 00 



431 

2. For a licence for each tramcar worked by electri- 

city ... ... ... ... $ 50 00 

3. For a licence for each tramcar not constructed 

to be worked by electricity but which is at- 
tached to and drawn by a tramcar worked by 
electricity in accordance with such conditions 
as the Colonial Civil Engineer may impose for 
the public safety ... ... ... 12 00 

4. For a licence for every other omnibus or tramcar 12 00 

5. For a licence for each hackney carriage plying in 

Georgetown ... ... ... 5 00 

6. For a licence for each four-wheeled carriage in- 

cluding any hearse used in Georgetown or New 
Amsterdam ... ... ... 10 00 

7. For a licence for each four-wheeled vehicle used 

in any Rural District exclusively for the con- 
veyance of passengers and their baggage ... 10 00 

8. For a licence for each two-wheeled carriage ... 5 00 

9. For a licence for each horse, pony, mule or ox ... 4 00 

10. For a licence for each cart drawn by any of the 

abovementioned animals, with or without 

springs, kept and used in Georgetown ... 24 00 

11. For a licence for each cart, drawn by any of the 

abovementioned animals, with or without 
springs, kept and used elsewhere than in George- 
town ... ... ... ... 12 00 

12. For a licence for each cart drawn by a donkey, 

kept and used in Georgetown ... ... 4 00 

13. For a licence for each cart drawn by a donkey 

kept and used elsewhere than in Georgetown... 2 00 

14. For a licence for each bicycle or other cycle ... 2 00 

15. For each motor car plying for trade or hire in 

town or country ... ... ... 24 00 

Exemptions — 

Or any race horse brought to this Colony and entered at 
any race, if such race horse does not remain in the Colony 
for a period exceeding three months ; or 
Any hearse not used in Georgetown or New Amsterdam ; 

or 
Any watering cart, mule or donkey cart, or any animal 
drawing the same, which is owned and used exclusively by 



432 

the Mayor and Town Council of Georgetown or of New 
Amsterdam for municipal purposes. 



GOVERNMENT BONDED WAREHOUSE. 



Stoeage Rent. 
The rates for storage rents are equivalent to the charges for 
porterage. For porterage rates see page 362. 



Storage Duty on Petroleum. 
For each month or part of a month — 

Per Puncheon 

Per Hogshead 

Per Barrel... 

Per Case containing not more than 10 gallons 

Per Drum containing not more than 10 gallons 
and in other packages in proportion, all such storage rent to 
be exclusive of any charge incurred for porterage. 



32c. 
16c. 
08c. 
02c. 
02c. 



LICENCES. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

Aerated Mineral Waters and non-alcoholic drinks, 

Bread and Milk ... ... ...$ 3 00 

Auctioneer ... ... ... ... 100 00 

Ditto in New Amsterdam only ... ... 30 00 

Ball or dance^ public — 

In Georgetown or New Amsterdam ... 8 00 

In the Country ... ... ... 4 00 

Balata — to purchase sell or export ... ... 5 00 

Banking House... ... ... ...1,000 00 

Billiard Table or Bagatelle Board — public or sub- 
scription — if in Georgetown or New Amsterdam... 24 00 
Bonded Warehouse ... ... ... 120 00 

Butcher shop, in rural district, for the sale of meat 

other than fresh pork or game ... ... 8 00 

Ditto — occasional (3 days) ... ... - 50 

Cook shop in Georgetown or New Amsterdam ... 1 00 

Coconut Rum or toddy — sale of ... ... 600 00 

Dog — (dogs owned by Aboriginal Indians excepted)... 1 00 



16 


00 


4 


00 


8 


00 


4 


00 


24 


00 



433 

Druggist Shop — 

If situated in Main Street or to the Westward of 
it in Wards of N. Cumingsburg, S. Cumingsburg, 
Robbstown, Newtown, and Stabrcek,in George- 
town ... ... ... ... $ 60 00 

Ditto, in any other part of Georgetown or within 

a mile thereof, or in New Amsterdam ... 20 00 

Drugs sold in any market owned by Town Coun- 
cils of Georgetown or New Amsterdam 
Drug Shop in rural district 
Explosives, Sale of — 
By wholesale 
By retail ... ... ... ... 

Fireworks — Sale of 
Firearms. 

Guns (except those used by the Militia, Volun- 
teer Force, Rifle Association, Officer of His 
Majesty's Naval and Military Forces on actual 
Service, Police or other person duly authorised; 
or Aboriginal Indians)... ... ... 4 00 

Ditto — licence for two months ... ... 1 00 

Pistol or revolver (Military or Naval Officers on 

actual service exempted) ... ... 5 00 

Gold — Licence to trade in ... ... 25 00 

Hotel or Tavern,— 

If in Georgetown ... ... ... 480 00 

Elsewhere in the Colony ... ... 120 00 

In any Station of the Demerara Railway Company 

except the Georgetown Railway Station ... 12 00 

Hucksters licence — 

(Sale of Bibles, bread, ice, pastry, sweetmeats, jams, 
jellies, fresh fish, pork, game, eggs, milk, fruit or 
vegetables, etc., excepted) ... ... 4 00 

Huckster's Assistant ... ... ••• 2 00 

Insurance Company ... ... »•• 250 00 

Liquor Store licence in Georgetown or New Am- 
sterdam ... ... ... ... 100 00 

Liquor licence to sell single bottle — 

(issued to holder of liquor store licence only) ... 48 00 




434 

Master or Super cargo of a vessel to sell goods not 
consigned to any person having a store or licence 

— for each voyage ... ... ...$ 48 00 

Market— 

Stabroek ... ... ... ... 200 00 

Cumingsburg ... ... ... 30 00 

Bourda ... ... ... ... 30 00 

Ditto 

New Amsterdam ... ... ... 40 00 

Milk- 
Shop for sale of fresh milk, bread, cakes, or non- 
alcoholic, aerated and mineral waters ... 3 00 
Opium, Charas, Bhang, or Gange — 

By wholesale — in quantities not less than 10 lbs. 

avoirdupois ... ... ... 480 00 

By retail, — in less quantities than 10 lbs. avoirdupois 20 00 
Pawnbroker — 

In the City of Georgetown or within a circuit of 

half a mile thereof ... ... ... 240 00 

In the Town of New Amsterdam or within half a 

mile thereof ... ... ... 120 00 

Elsewhere in the Colony... ... ... 1 00 

Precious Stones — Licence to trade in ... ... 50 00 

Public concert, theatrical or other public enter- 
tainment (except entertainment held for the ex- 
clusive benefit of a purely religious, educational, 
or charitable object) each performance ... 2 00 

Ditto — for a term not exceeding 3 months if in 

Georgetown or New Amsterdam or their suburbs 24 00 
Ditto — if in any other part of the Colony ... 8 00 

Public Entertainment — licence to sell spirituous 
liquor (other than rum) Wine and Malt liquor 
and tobacco for each day ... ... 2 00 

Store or Shop in rural district ... ... 8 00 

For sale of goods for which no special licence is 

provided by law 
Ditto — Ditto — if provisions alone are dealt 

in ... ... ... ... 4 00 

Spirit Shop — retail — for every gallon assessed — ... 2 00 

Tabacco — Sale of ... ... ... 5 00 



435 

Weigher and gauger (except those employed by the 

Customs or Commissaries' Department) .,.$ 10 00 

Wine or Malt Liquor — 'In Georgetown or within a 
quarter of a mile thereof, or in New Amsterdam 
not to be consumed on the premises — Holder of 
Hotel Tavern or Retail Spirit Shop Licences 
excepted ... ... ,., ... 16 00 

Ditto Ditto — In any other part of the Colony... 10 00 



IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 



Imports.* 

The value of the imports of the colony for the financial 
year 1907-08 was returned at $8,473,720 94 which shows an 
increase of $357,858 over that of the previous year. Taking 
the estimated population at 304,549, the consumption per head 
was $27 82. 

'J'he total value of the imports during each of the past five 
years (after deducting the item Coin and Bullion), has been as 
follows : — 

1903-4 ... ... $ 7,842,113 76 



1904-5 
1905-6 
1906-7 
1907-8 



7,250,373 05 

7,872,381 16 

7,848,761 87 

8,234,333 02 



The total value of the imports for 1907-08 (exclusive of 
coin and bullion) was more by $385,571 15 than the value of 
the imports in 1906-7, and it exceeded the average value of 
the previous four years by $530,925 56. 

The value of coin and bullion imported into the colony 
during 1907-08 was $27,712 51 less than in 1906-07. As com- 
pared with the average of the previous four years, it is greater 
by $87,704. 

The value of the imports during the last four quinquennial 

*In comparing the figures relating to imports, it must be borne in mind 
that the figures from 1903-04 (inclusive) here given include an addition of 
approximately 15 per cent, to the invoice or entry value of the goods to cover 
cost of freight, insurance and packages. 



436 



periods and the annual average in each case, also for the years 
1906-7 and 1907-8 are given hereunder : — 



Periods. 


Value. 


1886-1890 


. 1 39,918,840 00 


Annual A vei*a ge . . . 


7,983,768 00 


1891 to 1895-1896... 


40,901,280 00 


Annual Average... 


8,180,256 00 


1896 1897 to 1900-1901 


32,199,960 00 


Annual Average... 


6,439,992 00 


1901-1902 to 1905-19GG 


37,030,434 53 


Annual Averagp... 


7.406,087 00 


190G-1907 


8,115,8(i2 30 


1907-1908 


8,473,720 94 



It will be observed that the value of last year's imports 
exceeds ail of the annual averages of the four quinquennial 
periods given above. 



437 



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438 



Of the total duty collected during 1907-08, namely, 

$1,575,603 25. 

Specific contributed ... ... 72.51 per centum 

Ad Valorem do. ... ... 17.53 „ „ 

Wines and Spirits do. ... ... 9.96 „ ,, 

The value and direction of the import trade of the colony 

for 1907-08 compared with the four previous years was : — 



COUNTEIES. 


1903-1904. 


1904-1905. 


1905-1906. 


United Kingdom 
British Colonies 
Foreign Countries ... 
Transit Trade ..; 


$ 4,170,062 12 

922,622 07 

2,586,454 05 

269,775 22 


$ 3,775,219 68 

914,122 40 

2,408,659 13 

282,436 15 


$ 4,127,780 82 

977,827 81 

2,497,850 75 

375,128 52 


Total ... 


$ 7,948,913 46 


$ 7,380,437 36 


$ 7,978,587 90 


COUNTKIES. 


1906-1907. 


1907-1908. 


Increase. 


United Kingdom 
British Colonies 
Foreign Countries ... 
Transit Trade 


1 4,424,085 61 

819,181 92 

2,597,548 44 

275,046 33 


$ 4,442,201 83 

922,658 39 

2,785,154 15 

323,706 57 


$ 317,914 77 

14,219 84 

362,526 06 

23,110 01 


Total ... 


6 8,115,862 30 


1 8,473,720 94 


$ 617,770 68 



The distribution of the trade for 1907-08 was as 
follows : — 

per cent. 
United Kingdom ... ... ... 52-72 

Dominion of Canada ... .., 7*73 

Other British Colonies ... ... 3-16 

United States America ... ... 28-79 

Ofcher Foreign Countries ... ... 4-08 

Transit Trade ... ... ... 3-82 

The total value of imports from the United Kingdom 
showed an increase of $18,116, when compared with the 
figures for 1906-7, and it also showed an increase of $317,914.00 
over the average of the preceding four years. 

The value of imports from the United States of America 
was more than in 1906-7 by $138,840, and it exceeded the 
average value of the preceding four years by $195,710. 

The value of imports from the Dominion of Canada was 



439 



more than that of 1906-7 by $107,849.00 and it exceeded the 
average value of the previous four years by $128,218. 

The value of the imports (not including the transit 
trade) for 1907-8 from the United Kingdom, British Posses- 
sions and Foreign Countries, apportioned between the general 
headings into which imports are divided in accordance with the 
Board of Trade requirements, was : — 





Imports. 


Geoups. 


From 

TJnited 

Kingdom. 


From 

British 

Possessions 


From 
Foreign 

Countries. 


Total. 


(l.)Food, Drink and To- 
bacco ... 

(2.) Raw Materials and 
articles mainly un 
manufactured 

(3.) Articles wholly or 
mainly Manufac- 
tured ... 

(4.) Miscellaneous un- 
classified 

(5.) Bullion and Specie.. 

(6.) Precious Stones 


1 727,215 85 
190,103 11 

3,251,662 28 

57,415 70 
215,804 89 


$676,806 96 
101,103 85 

136,756 67 

4,555 05 
3,435 86 


$ 1,659,615 96 
479,219 11 

566,835 36 

59,336 55 
20,147 17 


$ 3,063,638 77 
770,426 07 

3,955,254 31 

121,307 30 
239,387 92 


Total Value ... 


$ 4,442,201 83 


$922,658 39 


$ 3,085,154 15 


1 8,150,014 37 



The principal items were : — 

{Under Head Foods, etc.) 

Flour 

Dried and salted Fish 

Pickled Beef and Pork, 

Butter and Substitutes. 

Canned goods 

Malt Liquors Wines and Spirits 

Tobacco ... 



Coal 
Lumber 
Oats 
Oils 



{Voider Head Raw Materials, etc.) 



$ 



931,574 
232,392 
281,136 
165,350 
109,267 
244,132 
115,368 

147,724 
203,371 
128,347 
280,291 



00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

00 



440 

{Under Head Articles wholly or mainly manufactured.) 

Bags and Sacks ... ... $266,816 00 

Boots and Shoes ... ... 124,17100 

Haberdashery and Millinery ... 242,611 00 

Hardware and Cutlery... ... 10,814 00 

Linen Cotton and Wollen goods ... 754,315 00 

Machinery... ... ... 356,726 00 

Among Miscellaneous items, Live Stock, Government 

Stores and unclassified goods account for the larger part of 

the importations. 

EXPOETS. 

The total value of the goods exported from the Colony 
during the Financial year 1907-08 amounted to $8,215,408.08 
including transit trade which was returned at $323,706.57. 

A comparison of the above figures with those of the pre- 
vious year gives the following results : — 

Produce of the Colony ... Decrease ...$ 547,089 99 

Other Produce ... Do. ... 84,419 25 

The decrease in the value of the colony's produce was 
caused chiefly by the sugar crop being less than that of the pre- 
vious year by 14,214 Tons, so that the total quantity exported 
realized $266,292 72 less than in the previous year. 

In the case of Rum, there was a decrease in both quantity 
and value as compared with 1906-7, in quantity by 701,908 
proof gallons and in value by $55,682 20. Compared with the 
average of the previous four years, there was a decrease of 734, 
299 proof gallons in the quantity, and in the value, of $8,859 78. 

With regard to Molasses, the quantity exported was less 
than the quantity sent away in 1906-7 by 229,405 gallons, and 
the value was less by $37,083 18. As compared with the aver- 
age of the previous four years, last year's figures show a de- 
crease in quantity of 219,140 gallons and in value of $34,131 27. 

The quantity of Molascuit and other cattle foods exported 
was less by 3,385 tons than the quantity shipped in 1906-7. The 
value was less by S^87,729 44. When compared with the aver- 
age of the previous four years, the following results are arrived 
at, viz., increase in quantity of 548 tons and a decrease in value 
of $53,751 14. This newly-found by-product of the sugar cane 
has taken a permanent place in the export list of the colony. 

The decrease in the value of other produce was due to 



441 



smaller exports of Raw Gold, Silver Coin, Dry Goods, Fish, 
Flour, Old Iron, Machinery, Old Metal and sundry other items. 
The relative proportion of the value of the colony's pro- 
duce and the produce of other places in the last two years has 

been as follows : — 

1906-7. 1907-08. 

Colony's Produce ... ... 90-03 90*29 

Other Produce ... ■-. 9'97 971 

The total value of the exports in each of the past five 

years (after deducting the value of bullion and coin not the 

produce of the colony) has been : — 

1903-4 ... ••• - ^ 8,655,940 90 
1904-5 ... ... ... 9,467,443 61 

1905-6 ... ... ... 9,404,737 89 

1906 7 ... ... ... 8,511,205 48 

1907-8 ... ... ... 7,992,377 80 

This shows that the value of the exports (without bullion 
and coin), was less in 1907-8, than in any other year of the 
quinquenniad. When compared with the average value of the 
previous four years, it is found that there has been a decrease 
of$l,Ul7,454 17. 

Exports of Sugar from British Guiana during the past 16 years. 





To U. 


To 


To 


To 




Year. 


Kingdom. 


U. States 


Canada 


Elsewhere 


Total Tons. 




Tons. 


Tons. 


Tons. 


Tons. 




1892-3 


38.730 


70,114 


3,821 


215 


112,880 


1893-4 


39,759 


61,615 


6,2.S0 


167 


107,771 


1894-5 


51,687 


48,762 


1,815 


238 


102,502 


1895-6 


33,950 


63,459 


3,572 


178 


101,159 


1896-7 


30,053 


75,672 


1,2-27 


121 


107,073 


1897-8 


30,350 


69,194 


1,121 


174 


100,839 


3898 9 


17,612 


78,609 


218 


209 


96,648 


1899-0 


75,931 


6S,422 


331 


98 


84,782 


1900-01 


16,902 


76,216 


1,588 


39 


94,745 


1901-02 


12,868 


85,000 


7,774 


43 


105,694 


1902 03 


16,327 


89,896 


*13,777 


127 


120,127 


190.3-04 


11,45 L 


45,887 


68,328 


283 


125,949 


1904-05 


17,682 


44,633 


44,329 


72 


106,716 


1905-06 


21,040 


29,987 


65,436 


87 


116,550 


1906-07 


25,110 


38,522 


51,217 


102 


114,951 


1907-08 


12,990 




87,708 


39 


100,737 




392,442 


945,997 


368,492 


2,192 


1,699,123 


Per cent... 


23-10 


55-68 


21-10 


•12 


Annual \ =io6-195 
Average J 



* N, B.— A Svirtax was placed by Canada on German Sugar in 1903. 



442 

Ifc will be observed that of the total quantity of sugar 
shipped during this period the 



United Kingdom took 
Canada 
United States 
Other Countries ... 



23-10 per cent. 
2M0 
55-68 
•12 



The value of the Canadian Market to the sugar planter is 
evidenced by the exports for 1907-8. While not a single ton of 
sugar found its way into the United States, 87,747 tons (or 
87*11 per cent, of the production of the colony) valued at 
$4,124,335 83, were shipped to Canada. Comparing the export of 
sugar in 1907-8 to the United Kingdom with that to Canada, 
the ratio is as 1 to 6f , that is to say, for every ton taken by 
the United Kingdom, Canada took 6f tons. 

The following statement shows the quantities and values 
of Sugar, Bum and Molasses exported in the last four quinquen- 
nia] periods a,nd the annual average in each case, also for the 
year 1907-8. Molascuit has been included from 1902-3. 





Sugar, 


Tons. 


Eum, Proof Gallons. 


Pekiod. 










Quantities. 


Values. 


Quantities. 


Values. 


1886-90 


575,920 


$ 39,429,267 


10,237,465 


$ 3,710,730 


Annual Average 


115,184 


7,885,853 


2,047,493 


742,146 


1891—1895-6 ... 


541,280 


34,962,588 


10,938,020 


3.886,898 


Annual Average 


108,256 


6,792,518 


2,187,604 


777,. 380 


1896-97 to 1900 01 


484,090 


25,378.711 


16,477,814 


3,774,229 


Annual Average 


96,818 


5,075,742 


3.295,563 


754,846 


1901-02—1905-06 


575,037 


27,312,384 


18,559,435 


2,797,818 


Annual Average 


115,007 


5,462,477 


3,711,887 


559,563 


190607 


114,951 


5,085,617 


3,342,896 


520,610 


1907-08 


100,737 


4, 819, .324 


2,640,988 


464,928 



443 





Molasses. 


Molascuit and other 
Cattle Food, Tons. 




Period. 












Quantities. 


Values. 


Quanti- 
ties. 


Values. 




1886-90 ... 


11,156,800 


$ 1,528,460 








Annual Average 


2,231,360 


305,692 




... 






1891—1895-6 


5,494,110 


696,824 










Annual Average ... 


1,098,822 


139,365 










1896-97 to 1900-01 ... 


2,574,835 


333,862 










Annual Average 


514,967 


66,772 










1901-02—1905 06 ... 


1,447,025 


230,052 










Annual Average 


289,405 


46,010 


385 


$ 7,313 50 


(1902-03) 


1906-07 ... 


344,127 


56,780 


2,880 


60,402 82 


(1903-04) 


1907-08 ... 


114,722 


19,697 


8,967 


176,211 52 


(1904-05) 








11,405 


200,947 49 


(1905-06) 








12,961 


191 158 34 


(1906-07) 








9,576 


103,429 00 


(1907-08) 



The following table shows the \'alue of the exports of 
Colonial Produce other than Sugar and its by-products for the 
years 1906-7 and 1907-8. 





1906-1907. 


1907-1908. 


AUTICLES. 


Quanti- 
ties. 


Values. 


Quanti- 
ties. 


Values. 


Gold ...ozs. 


86,125 


$ 1,532,266 39 


65,717 


1 1,148,299 38 


Balata ...lbs. 


634,242 


240,510 37 


973,269 


368,538 09 


Timber ...cubic ft.... 


170,985 


74,669 74 


232,669 


97,310 00 


Charcoal ...bags 


65,919 


.34,109 60 


83,241 


41,839 88 


Diamonds ...carats ... 


4,113 


32,627 25 


1,863 


14,529 00 


Shingles ...No. 


2,075,2C0 


7,935 50 


2,537,400 


9,943 76 


Cattle ...head 


1.389 


31,932 30 


1,438 


26,988 00 


Hides ...No. 


4.018 


8,944 96 


4,542 


12,289 43 


Puncheons & Casks val... 


441 


3,181 75 


270 


2,206 50 


Lumber, G. H. Scantling, 










&c. ...feet 


49,841 


12,835 30 


69,304 


9,049 87 


Fish Glue ...lbs. 


16.124 


5,757 20 


16,154 


5,905 14 


Railway Sleepers Mora No 


3,000 


1,200 00 


3,500 


1,290 00 


Firewood &Wallaba val... 




10,626 07 




15,083 24 


Poultry and Stock ,, ... 




538 .32 




619 80 


Cocoa ...lbs. 


50,033 


6,819 81 


60.105 


10.738 76 


Coconuts ...No. 


49,990 


713 19 


631,705 


10,051 54 


Kolanuts ...lbs. 


3,652 


292 16 






Starch — Cassava lbs. 


7,600 


225 10 






Gums , , 


7,253 


1,019 98 


3,684 


856 12 


Ground Provisions val... 




2,209 42 




3,054 71 


Plantains ...bunches... 


46 


11 16 






Carried forward 


... 


... 


e >• 


• • a 



444 





1906-1907. 


1907-1908. 


Articles. 


Quanti- 
ties. 


Value?. 


Quanti- 
ties. 


Values. 


Brought forward 










Bread & Crackers lbs. ... 


2,921 


200 68 


695 


48 30 


Corii ...lbs. 






7,400 


148 00 


Cassareep ...value 








... 


Cotton ...lbs. 


303 


51 48 


12 


2 88 


Kaolin ...tons 










Rice ...lbs. 


3,474,512 


89,078 21 


6,977,877 


191,423 60 


Fruits, Fresh ...value 




16 60 




15 36 


Rubber ...lbs. 


2,563 


1,613 70 


6,873 


4,814 80 


Ice (artificial)... 










Sundry small items val... 




10,993 10 




35,030 73 


Total value 


... 


$ 2,110,379 34 




$ 2 010,076 89 



The total value of these products was less than the value 
in 1906-7 by $100,302 45. It was also below the average value 
of the previous four years by $131,691 51. 

The value of these exports was equal to 24*47 per cent, of 
the total value of the exports from the colony. 

The following statement shows the value of colonial pro- 
duce, other than sugar, rum, molasses and molascuit, the total 
value of all exports in the four last; quinquennial periods, and 
the annual average in each case ; also for 1906-7 and 1907-8. 





Colonial Produce 




Period. 


other than Sugar, 
Rum, Molasses, 
and Molascuit. 


Total Exports. 


1886-90 


$ 3,356.387 


1 61.316,320 


Annual Average 


671,277 


10,263,264 


1891 to 1895-6 


12,240,370 


53,443,510 


Annual Average 


2,448,074 


10,688,722 


1896 97 to 1900-1901 


n. 755, 602 


45,385,340 


Annual Average 


2,351,120 


9,077,068 


1901-1902 to 1905-1906 ... 


10,977,382 


45,402,495 


Annual Average 


2,195,476 


9,080,499 


1906-07 


2,110,379 


8,846,917 


1907-08 


2,010,076 


8,215,408 



The percentage of the value of the exports of sugar, rum, 
molasses and molascuit as compared with the percentages of 
other produce of the colony for 1907-8 was — 



445 

Sugar, rum. molasses and molascuit 73 per c«nt. of the 
the domestic exports. 

Other produce of the colony 27 per cent, of the domestic 
exports. 

The value of the trade with each group of countries stands 
as follows : — 



Countries. 


Imports 
per cen*-. 


Exports 
per cent. 


Aggregate Trade 
per cent. 


United Kingdom 
Dominion of Canada... 
Other British Possessions 
United States of America 
Other Foreign Countries 
Transit Trade 


5-3-42 

7-73 
3-1 G 

28-79 
4 '08 
3-82 


35-95 
50-57 
3-59 
2-23 
3-72 
3-94 


44-31 

28-82 

3-37 

15-72 

3-90 

3-88 



It will be observed thijt the colony did most of its import 
trade with the United Kingdom and the United States of 
America; and export trade with the Dominion of Canada and 
United Kingdom. 

With respect to the aggregate trade, the above table 
shows that the United Kingdom obtain 44-31 per cent., the 
Dominion of Canada 28-82 per cent., and the United States of 
America 15'72, the other countries making up the balance of 
11-15 per cent. 

The total value of exports to the United Kingdom showed 
a decrease of $896,863 when compared with the figures for 
1906-7 ; and it also showed a decrease of $765,157 over the 
average of the preceding four years. 

The value of the principal exports to the United States of 
America was less last year than in 1906-7 by $1,807,791 
and it also showed a decrease of $1,855,872 over the aver- 
age of the preceding four years. 

The total value of the exports to the Dominion of Canada 
showed an increase of $1,875,355 when compared with the 
figures for 1906-7 and it also showed an increase of $1,430,427 
over the average of the preceding four years. 



446 



The exports (not including the transit trade) for 1907-8 
grouped under the general heads prescribed by the Board of 
Trade compare as follows : — 





To 


To 


To 




Groups. 


United 


British 


Foreign 


Total. 




Kingdom. 


Possessions. 


Countries. 




(1.) Food, Drink and 










Tobacco 


$1,134,779 76 


$ 4,347,741 65 


1 143.247 60 


$ 5,625,769 01 


(2.) Raw Materials and 










Articles mainl} 










unmanufactured ... 


313,549 93 


72,336 74 


236,679 24 


622,565 91 


(3.) Articles wholly or 










mainly manufac 










tured ... 


11,507 25 


8,493 98 


50,723 56 


70,724 79 


(4.) Miscellaneous and 










unclassijaed 


132,180 23 


15,741 08 


38,807 83 


186,729 14 


(5.) Bullion and Specie 


1,350,228 06 


4,800 00 


16,355 60 


1,371.383 66 


(6.) Precious Stones ... 


11,278 00 




3,251 00 


14,529 00 


Totals 


$ 2,953,523 23 


$ 4,449.113 45'$ 486,064 83 


1 7,891,701 51 



The principal items making up Class I, are sugar, rum, mo- 
lasses, rice and cocoa. Of Class II, the more important items 
are : — 

balata $368,538 ; lumber, timber and shingles, $116,303; 

charcoal $41,839 ; hides $12,289 and rubber $4,815.* 

SHIPPING. 

The total number of vessels entered and cleared at the 
several ports of the colony during the year 1907-08 was 2,743 
of a tonnage of 786,880. The number and tonnage were 
greater by 400 and 61.386, respectively, than those of the 
previous year. 

There is a large increase in the number and tonnage of 
vessels entered at Georgetown and Springlands, and a decrease 
in those entered at New Amsterdam and Morawhanna. 

It should be understood that vessels visiting the Ports of 
of Springlands and Morawhanna are small craft trading in one 
case across the Corentyne River between Springlands and 
Nickerie ; and in the other case, on the Barima River, between 
Morawhanna and the Venezuelan north-eastern coast line. 



For further statistical information in regard to Imports and Exports 



see under "Statistics. 



447 



The nationality and toncage of steam and sailing vessels 



entered during 1907-08 was : — 









Entered. 


Nationality. 


Steam Vessels. 


Sailing Vessels 


Total. 




No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


British ... 




207 


256,585 


676 


19,924 


883 


276,509 


American 








_ 


5 


2,599 


5 


2,559 


French ... 






25 


11.130 


12 


790 


37 


11,920 


Dutch ... 






57 


41,534 


134 


1,022 


191 


42,536 


Norwegian 






43 


40,225 


4 


1,839 


47 


42,064 


Russian ... 










9 


2,813 


9 


2,813 


Portuguese 










2 


434 


2 


434 


Spanish ... 










1 


168 


1 


168 


Danish ... 






9 


14,355 






9 


14,355 


Venezuelan 










190 


808 


190 


808 


Total . 


. 




341 


363,829 


1,033 


30,377 


1,374 


394,206 



The proportion of steam and sailing vessels entered was 



Steam 
Sailinsf 



24.81 per cent, 
75.19 „ „ 



The respective nationalities of the vessels entered are 
shown to have been in the following proportions : — 



Nationalities. 


Steam. 


Sailing. 


Total Entered. 


British 


60-70 


65-44 


64^26 


American 






•49 


•36 


French 




7-33 


1-16 


2-69 


Dutch 




16-72 


12-97 


13-90 


Norwegian 




12-61 


•39 


3 42 


Russian 






-87 


•66 


Portuguese 






•19 


•15 


Venezuelan 






18-39 


13-83 


Danish 




2-64 




•66 


Spanish 






•10 


•07 



448 



The number and tonnage of steam vessels entered are 
classified hereunder according to the lines to which they 



belong. 



Line of Steamers. 


Number. 


Tons. 


Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 


33 


46,540 


London Direct Line 


15 


29,083 


London and Berbice Steamship Company ... 


10 


18,356 


Liverpool Line 


14 


13,876 


Glasgow Direct Line 


15 


28,285 


Canadian Mail 


30 


46,563 


Sprostons, Limited (Surinam Service) 


56 


7,904 


Quebec Steamship Company 


25 


50,001 


Armstrong Line 


14 


16,408 


Royal Dutch Mail 


27 


30,659 


Dutch Government (Surinam) 


30 


10,875 


French Mail ... 


24 


11,079 


East Asiatic Company, Ltd. 


9 


14,355 


Cayenne-Bolivar Line ... 


11 


5,375 


Elder Dempster Steatners 


8 


16,547 


Nourse Line ... 


4 


8,565 


All other Steamers 


16 


9,358 


Total 


. 341 


363,829 



The following statement shows the total number and ton- 
nage of the vessels entered and cleared in the past five years :— 





Entered. 


CIiEARED. 


Yeaks. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


1903-1904 
1904-1905 
1905-1906 
1906-1907 
1907-1908 
Average 


1,193 
1,050 
1,033 
1,168 
1,374 
1,164 


396,160 
432,663 
398,335 
367,407 
394,206 
397,754 


1,190 
1,043 
1,017 
1,175 
1,369 
1,159 


■ 

397,372 
433,941 
396,105 
368,087 
392,674 
397,636 



See also under " Statistics" in Index. 



449 



MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 



OVERSEA. 



CABLE COMMUNICATION. 

In the matter of its cable communication the colonv is 
served bj the West India and Panama Telegraph Company, 
Limited, which receives an aanual subsidy of £3,000 from the 
Government. By agreement with the Government the Company 
is duplicating its cable service between Demerara and Trinidad 
by wireless telegraphy without any additional subsidy. The 
erection of the requisite apjDaratus has been completed but at 
the time of writing the service has not yet been opened to the 
public, certain necessary " tuning " operations being in progress. 

Personnel. 

Directors—W-aXt&r B. Kingsford, Chairman ; W. Ford, 
Henry Holmes ; Head Offices in Zonc^ow— Dash wood House, 9, 
New Broad Street, London, E.C. ; General Superintendent— 
Robert Morrell, St, Thomas; Head Offices m the West Indies— 
St. Tliomas ; Manager and Secretary — R. T. Brown, London ; 
Clerk in charge o) Local Branch — H. Legall ; Clerks— 3 , E! 
Mathews, H. J, Sayers, Henry Walters (Learner) ] Office 
Hotirs—Fvom 7 a.m. to 6 j).m. Sundays, 8 a.m. till 10 a.m. 
and from 7 p.m. till about 9 p.m. The Clerk in charge is now 
responsible for the entire working of this Station ; all com- 
munications to be addressed to him. 

West India Stations. 



Antigua 

Barbados 

Colon 

Cienfuegos 

Dominica 

Grenada 

Guadeloupe — 
Basseterre 
Pointe-a-Pitre 
Capesterre 

Havanna 

Jamaica 

Martinique 



Per Word. 
.10 
. 
. 1 
. 1 
. 
. 



72 
57 
42 
34 
62 
41 



86 



34 
06 
76 



Per Word. 
Panama ... ,.,$ 1 48 

Porto Rico, San Juan 

and Ponce ... 1 28 

Santiago de Cuba ... 1 34 
Santa Cruz ... ... 1 26 

St. Kitts 51 

St. Thomas ... ... 1 20 

St. Lucia 53 

St. Vincent 48 

Trinidad, San Fernando 30 
Port of Spain and 

other Stations ... 32 



450 



Rates for PlxVces Beyond Cuba. 





Per Word. 


Per Word. 


Austria 


...$ 1 


76 


Madeira % 


1 94 


Belgium 


... 1 


69 


New Brunswick 


1 44 


Bermuda 


• • • -L 


37 


Newfoundland 


1 54 


British Columbia 


. • • 1 


49 


Norway 


1 79 


Canada 


• * • J- 


44 


Nova Scotia 


1 44 


Cape Breton ... 


• . . J- 


44 


Portugal 


1 83 


Ceylon 


• • • ^ 


20 


Prince Edward Island 


1 50 


Denmark 


... i. 


79 


Russia in Europe . . . 


1 87 


France 


* f . i- 


69 


Spain 


1 82 


Germany 


• * . 1 


69 


Sweden 


1 82 


Great Britain 


• • • jL 


69 


Switzerland 


1 74 


Greece 




80 


Turks Island 


1 25 


Holland 


... 1 


69 


United States East of 




India 


, , , ij 


18 


Mississippi 


1 44 


Ireland 




69 


United States West of 




Italy 


... i- 


75 


Mississippi 


1 49 


Kev West 


... -1- 


62 


Vancouver Island ... 


1 49 



Rates over New French Company's Cables via Guade- 
loupe as follows ; — 



Paramaribo . . . 
French Guiana 
Brazil N. Region 
Northern Region in- 
cluding Rio Janeiro 



Per Word. 
... ^1 36 
... 1 76 



1 7 



/ 



Per Word. 

Southern Region ...% 1 88 
Argentine Republic k 

Paraguay ... 1 93 

Uruguay ... ... 1 88 



Other rates, etc , can be ascertained at the Local Sta- 
tion of the Company. 

There is now a universal system of counting and charging 
Messages as follows : — 

The maximum length of a chargeable word is fixed at 15 
letters. Should a word contain more than 15 letters, every 15 
or fraction of 15 letters is counted as a word, but in the address 
of the Message, the name of the Delivery Office and the name 
of the Countr}^ in which it has to be delivered are counted 
respectively as one word only^ no matter how many letters are 
employed. 



451 

Code or mixed Messages 7nust not contain words exceeding 
10 letters in length. They may be composed of words in the 
English, French, German, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, 
and Latin languages. Proper names (i.e,, names of persons 
and places) ai-e not allowed in the text of Code Messages 
except in the manner they are used in ordinary private 
messages. 

Mixed Messages are those composed of words in plain 
languages and words in Code languages. 

Cypher Messages msiy be composed either wholly or partly 
of figures or letters, or of a continuation of words and figures, 
words and letters, or words, figures and letters, constructed for 
the purpose of concealing the meaning and intention of the 
sender ; messages, composed of words not to be found in any 
European language, are charged as Cypher Messages. 

Figures are charged at the rate of 5 to a word, plus 1 word 
for any excess. The same rule applies in counting groups of 
letter. 

Messages transmitted to Great Britain by the Company 
pass through St. Thomas, Porto Rico and Cuba and over the 
territory of the United States of America from Key West to 
New York. Telegrams to Great Britain, however, if routed " via 
Bermuda " muse in Jamaica be handed over by the W.I. and 
Panama Telegraph Company to the Direct West lodia Cable 
Company, and they are then transmitted to their destination 
over the lines of the latter Company and of the Halifax and 
Bermuda Cable Company — that is to say all over British lines. 
This supplies an All-British Route from British Guiana to Great 
Britain except as regards the breaks at St. Thomas and Porto 
Rico. 



OCEAN STEAM COMMUNICATION. 
With the United Kingdom. 

Under a Contract entered into between the Imperial Gov- 
ernment and the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company the 
Colony enjoys a regular fortnightly Mail Service with the 
United Kingdom. 

Under this Contract the Colony pays for the conveyance 



s. 


d. 


.. 3 





.. 


3 


.. 


4 


.. 


8 


.. 1 






452 

of mails between the United Kingdom and Barbados, the ter 
minus of the Service, at the following rates : — 

Letters or Postcards per lb. 

Other Postal Packets ,, „ 

Parcels not over 3 lbs. 

Parcels over 3 lbs. but not over 7 lbs. 

Parcels over 7 lbs. but not over 11 lbs. 

Connection with this Ocean Service is secured by an Inter- 
colonial Service under a Contract between this Company and 
the Crown Agents on behalf of British Guiana and certain of 
the West Indian Islands, towards which the Colony pays a sub- 
sidy of £5,000 a year. 

Communication with the United Kingdom is also provided 
by the following Lines of Steamers : — 

The Direct Line. Fortnightly from London and every three 
weeks from Glasgow. 

The Liverpool Line. Sailings tri- weekly from Liverpool 
during September to March, and monthly from April to August. 

Uast xisiatic Line. Monthly sailings from Copenhagen 
touching outwards and homewards at London and other Ports. 

Elder Dempster Line. From Liverpool. Steamers call fre- 
quently during the crop season. 

Communication with New York. 

The following lines of Steamers provide communication 
with Nev/ York : — 

Armstrong Line. Direct communication fortnightly. 

Quebec Steamship Company, From Quebec every 10 days 
for the West Indies and Demerara calling at New York and 
other Ports outwards and homewards. 

Royal Dutch West India Mail Comjyany. Fortnightly from 
New York via Barbados and returning via Paramaribo and 
Trinidad. 

Other Lines of Steamers calling regularly at Demerara 
are : — 

The Compagnie Gcnerale Tra7isatlantique> Between Fort- 
de-France and Cayenne calling at Demerara and other Ports 
outwards and homewards. 

Pichford and Black's. Canadian Line of Steamers. From 
Halifax every 12 days^ from Demerara alternately every 11 
and 13 days. Touching at Demerara and other Ports outwards 
and homewards. 



453 



LINES OF STEAMERS. 



THE ROYAL MAIL STEAM PACKET COMPANY, 

Offices : — 18, Morgate Street, London, 

R.M.S.P. Buildings, Southampton. 
Manager: — Alfred S. Williams. 
Secretary & Assistant Manarjer : — R. L. Forbes. 
Southampton — Superintendent : — Captain Hicks. 
Agents in Bemerara: — Garnett & Co., Lots 18 & 19, Water St. 

WEST INDIES AND NEW YORK MAIL SERVICE— PASSENGERS 

FARES, 

ALL BAGGAGE AT PASSENGERS' EISK, UNLESS INSURED. 





TRANSATLANTIC VOYAGES. 








Passengers must pcti/ their own Ex'i 


senses IV hemvaiting for connecting Steamers. 




Single Tickets, 


OUT 


Return Tickets, out 




OR Home. 




OR Home. 




SOUTHAMPTON 


First Cabin- 




o ,r 


First Cabin* 






AND 




Second 


9 a 

So 




Second 




CHERBOURG. 






, 






. 






Col. 


Col. 


30 


Cabin. 


03 


Col. 


Col. 




Cabin. 






1. 


2. 


1 «6 
X > 




02 S 
£ 


1. 


2. 










£s. 


£s. 


£ s. 


£ 


£ s. 


£?. 


£ $=. 


£ 




Antigua 


30 


25 


17 10 


20 


10 


48 


40 


26 10 


30 




Barbados 


30 


24 


17 10 


18 


10 


48 


38 


26 10 


27 


T3 


§Colon (Aspinwall) 


35 


30 


20 


20 


12 


52 10 


45 


30 


30 


Oi 


Demerara 


30 


25 


17 10 


20 


10 


48 


40 


26 10 


30 




Domiuica 


30 


25 


17 10 


20 


10 


48 


40 


26 10 


30 


1— 1 


Grenada 


30 


25 


17 10 


20 


10 


48 


40 


26 10 


30 


"o 


§.Jamaica 


35 


30 


20 


20 


12 


52 10 


45 


30 


3') 


a 


§La Guayra 


30 


25 U 17 10 


20 


12 


-18 


40 


26 10 


30 


-ji 


Limon 


35 .30 0l20 


20 


12 


52 


45 


30 


30 




New York 


40 35 


25 


25 




70 


60 


40 


40 


P 


Martinique 


30 0:25 


17 10 


20 


10 


48 


40 


26 10 


30 


H 


Monserrat 


.30 25 


17 10 


20 


10 


48 


40 


26 10 


30 


5«, 


Nevis 


30 0,25 


17 10 


20 


10 


48 


40 


26 10 


30 


J 


St. Kitts 


30 0:25 


17 10 


20 


10 


48 


40 


26 10 


30 




St. Lucia ... 


30 25 


17 10 


20 


10 


48 


40 9 


26 10 


30 


St. Vincent 


30 25 17 10 


20 


10 


48 


40 


26 10 


30 


03 

bO 


§tPto. Colombia! 
(Savanilla) / 


35 30 o'20 


20 


12 


52 10 


45 


30 


30 


o3 
9 


Tobago 


30 25 017 10 


20 


10 


48 0i40 


26 10 


30 


m 


Trinidad 


30 25 n!l7 10 


20 


10 


18 0!40 


26 10 


30 





* Column 1.— Main and Upper Decks, Outside, Forward, and a few Aft. 
Column 2.— Main Deck Amidships, and Aft with few exceptions. 

The above distinctions in First Cabin accommodation apply more particularly to 
the Transatlantic Voyages, but they will also be adhered to as far as practicable 
on board the Intercolonial Vessels. The difference in the Kates of l<'irst Cabin 
Passage-money, shown above, refers merely to the position of the sleeping cabins ; 
in all other respects the Passengers are precisely on the same footing. 



4:54 

INTERCOLONIAL RATES OF PASSAGE FROM DEMERARA, 

PEMERARA BRANCH LINE. 

FIRST CABIN FARES. 



From 



Barbados 
Demerara 
Grenada 

St. Vincent 



To 


To 


To 


To 


Barbados. 


Demerara. 


Grenada. 


St. Vincent. 


£ s. d. 


£ s. d. 
3 2 6 


£ s, d. 


£ s. d. 


3 2 6 




2 18 


2 12 1 


1 11 3 






1 10 


1 10 









Intercolonial Passengers must not be booked further than they can be 
conveyed by the vessel in which tiiey embark. They must re-book on arrival 
at Barbados, 



TIME TABLE, 1909. 



SOLTHAMPTON. 


Barbados. 
Arrives 


Demerara. 


Southampton. 


Leaves 


Arrives 


Leaves 


Arrives 


Wednesday. 


Tuesday. 


Thursday. 


Saturday. 


Monday. 


Dec. 23, 1908. 


Jan. 5, 1909. 


Jan. 7, 


1909. 


Jan. 9, 1909. 


Jan. 25, 1909. 


Jan. 6, 1009. 


„ 19, „ 


21 


,, 


„ 23, „ 


Feb. 8, „ 


„ 20, „ 


Feb. 2, „ 


Feb. 4, 


, , 


Feb. 6, ,, 


„ 22, „ 


Feb. 3, „ 


,, 16, ,, 


,, 18, 


, 5 


„ 20, „ 


Mar. 8, „ 


„ 17, .; 


Mar. 2, ,, 


Mar, 4, 


, , 


Mar. 6. ,, 


„ 22, ,, 


Mar. 3, ,, 


,, 16, ,, 


„ 18, 


,, 


., 20, „ 


Apl. 5, ,, 


M 17, ,, 


„ 30, „ 


Apl. 1, 


,, 


Apl. 3, „ 


„ 19, „ 


M 31, „ 


Apl. 13, „ 


„ 15, 


,, 


„ 17, „ 


May 3, „ 


Apl. 14, ,, 


,, 27, ,, 


„ 29, 


,, 


May 1, „ 


„ 17, „ 


„ 28, „ 


May 11, „ 


May 13, 


!, 


„ 15, „ 


„ 31, „ 


Mav 12, „ 




„ 27, 


,, 


„ 29, „ 


June 14, ,, 


„" 26, „ 


June 8, ,, 


June 10. 


,5 


June 12, ,, 


„ 28, „ 


June 9, ,, 


99 


„ 24; 


,5 


„ 26, „ 


July 12, „ 


„ 23, „ 


July 6, ,, 


July 8, 


,, 


July 10, „ 


26 


Jnlv 7, ,, 


„ 20, „ 


99 


, J 


„ 24, „ 


Aug. 9, ,, 


„ ' 21, „ 


Aug. 3, „ 


Aug. 5, 


5, 


Aug. 7, „ 


„ 23, „ 


Aug. 4, ,, 


,, 1^ ,, 


„ 19, 


,, 


„ 21, „ 


Sep. 6, „ 


„ 18, „ 


„ 31, „ 


Sep. 2, 


,, 


Sep. 4, ., 


„ 20, „ 


Sep. 1, „ 


Sep. 14, ,, 


„ 16, 


,5 


„ 18, „ 


Oct. 4, „ 


„ 15, „ 


M 28, ,, 


„ 30, 


J, 


Oct. 2, ., 


„ 18, „ 


,. 29, „ 


Oct. 12, ,, 


Oct. 14, 


5, 


„ 16, , 


Nov. 1, „ 


Oct. .3, „ 


„ 26, „ 


„ 28, 


,, 


., 30, ,, 


„ 15, „ 


„ 27, „ . 


Nov. 9, ,, 


Nov. 11, 


), 


Nov, 13, „ 


„ 29, „ 


Nov. 10, ,, 


„ 23, „ 


„ 25, 


,, 


„ 27, „ 


Dec. 13, „ 


„ 24, „ 


Dec. 7, ,, 


Dec. 9, 


, , 


Dec. 11, ,, 


„ 27, „ 


Dec. 8, „ 


„ 21, „ 


23 


,, 


,. 25, „ 


Jan. 10, 1910. 


22 

3 1 -J-J, ), 


Jan. 4, 1910. 


•Jan. 6, 


1910, 


Jan. 8, 1910. 


„ 24, „ 


Jan. 5, 1910. 


„ 18, ,, 


„ 20, 


,, 


„ 22, „ 


Feb. 7, ,, 


» 19, ,. 


Feb. 1, „ 


Feb. 3, 


,5 


Feb. 5, ,, 


„ 21, „ 



455 

Families — First Class. 

Tri.nsatlantic Toy ages. 

An abatement of 15 per cent, from the tariff rate of First 
Class Passage is made in favour of families taking single Trans- 
atlantic Tickets when the passage money (if charged in full for 
the whole party) would be equal to the full charge for four 
adult cabin passengers. The abatement is not made to passen- 
gers taking return Tickets. 

Second Class Passengers 

Will be conveyed for £20 between Southampton and all 
Ports, each way ; Return Tickets £30, except Barbados, in 
which case the fare is £18 single, and £27 return. 

Third Class Passengers 

Are conveyed from Southampton to Demerara (men only) 
and vice versa, at £10 each. 

Servants. 
Passengers' servants cannot be booked as deck passengers, 
nor at the rate of " Servants " unless they accompany their 
employers. Men servants will be berthed in the fore part of 
the ship. Women servants will have beds made up in the 
Ladies' Saloon. 

Dogs, Carriages, Horses, Cattle, Etc. 

Dogs, Carriages, Horses, live stock, &c. (for the shipment 
of which special application must be made) are conveyed only 
under Bill of Lading ; the owner undertaking all risk of con- 
veyance whatsoever; as the Company are not responsible for 
any injury or damage (however caused) occuring while on board 
the Company's ships, or on embarkation, transfer, or disem- 
barkation ; and the shippers must in all cases provide food, 
boxes, pens or coops. 

If shippers prefer it, the Company will, on timely notice 
being given, provide boxes for horses, and pen and fodder for 
sheep, for an additional payment. 

No dogs can be conveyed to England by the Company's 
vessels. 



i56 
THE ROYAL MAIL 8TEAM PACKET CO. 

AND 

"DIRECT" LINE JOINT CARGO SERVICE. 

Agents: Royal Mail Steam Packet Co., 18, Moorgate Street, 
London, E.G. 

Prentice, Service & Henderson, 175, West George 
Street, Glasgow. 

Scrutton, Sons & Co., 9, Gracechurch Street, London. 

G. R. Garnett, La Penitence, Demerara. 

London Steamers. 

These steamers run regularly every fortnight. During the 
Sugar Seasons extra Steamers are pub on the route. 

All the steamers are classed 100 AI. at Lloyds and are 
well and comfortably found in every respect. 

Glasgow Steamers. 

These steamers sail regularly all the year round via Bar- 
bados and Trinidad, leaving Glasgow every 3 weeks, and are of 
the same class as the London Line. 

Fares. 
Pel- London Steamer— Single £17 10s. Return =£35 

„ Glasgow ,, „ 15 15 ,, 31 10s. 

Children under 16 years, £1 Is. per year ; under 12 months, 
free. 

Servants travelling with family, £8. If alone, £12. 

QUEBEC STEAMSHIP COMPANY, LTD. 

QUEBEC, CANADA, AND 29, BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 

Agents : Thom k Cameron, Ltd., Water Street. 

PORTS OF CALL. 

Nesv York, Bermuda, St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Kitts, 
Antigua, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. 
Vincent, Barbados and Demerara. 



457 



STEAMERS. 



Bermudian 2889 tons net, 

Campana 1154 ,, 

Guiana 2294 „ 

Korona 1871 



Manoa 1967 tons net. 

Parima 1875 ,, 

Trinidad 1354 



SAILINGS. 

AVeekly for Bermuda, and every twelve days for the West 
Indies and Demerara. 

ARMSTRONG LINE OF STEAMERS. 

NEW YORK AND DEMERARA. 

Agents : Booker Bros., McConnell & Co., Ltd., Water 

Street. 
Agents, Neiv York : L, W. k P. Armstrong, 106, Wall 
Street. 
Carrying United States and Colonial Mails. Sail fortnightly 
— average passage 10 days. 

Uller— 1,900 Tons Register ; 
and another first-class steamer of 2,000 Tons Register. 

LIVERPOOL LINE OF STEAMERS. 

Agents : Booker Bros,, McConnell & Co., Ltd., Water Street. 

Agents, Lwerpool : Booker Bros., McConnell & Coy., Ltd., 

77, The Albany. 
Sailing tri-weekly from Liverpool from September to March, 
and monthly from April to August. 



Carmelina ... 1694 tons. 
Ottar ... 1550 „ 



Malm ... 1433 tons, 

or other 1st class steamers. 



COMPAGNIE GENERALE TRANSATLANTIQUE. 

Agents : Wieting & Richter, Water Street. 

The vessels of this Company leave St. Nazaire on the 9th 
of each month, and arrive at and leave the ports of call on the 



following dates ;- 



458 



Out. 



Dates. 



I Arrive. Depart. 



Home. 



Dates. 



Arrive. 



Depart. 



Frora Saint Nazaire to Colon. 



St. Nazaire 




9 


Colon 




3 


Pointe-a-Pitre 


20 


21 


Carthagena 


4 


4 


Basseterre... 


21 


21 


Savanilla 


5 


5 


Fort-de-France 


21 


23 


Porto-Cabello 


7 


7 


La Guaj-ra 


24 


25 


La Guayra 


7 


8 


Porto Cabello 


25 


25 


Fort-de-France 


10 


11 


Savanila ... 


27 


27 


Basseterre 


12 


12 


Carthagena 


28 


28 


Pointe-a-Pitre 


12 


12 


Colon 


29 




St. Nazaire 


23 







From Fort-de-France to Cayenne. 






Forfc-de-France 




23 


Cayenne ... 




3 


Saint Lucia 


23 


23 


Surinam ... 


4 


4 


Trinidad ... 


24 


25 


Demerara... 


5 


5 


Demerara ... 


27 


27 


Trinidad ... 


7 


7 


Surinam ... 


28 


28 


Saint Lucia 


8 


8 


Cayenne ... 


29 




Fort-de-France 


9 





From Trinidad to Colon. 





Arrive. 


Depart. 


Trinidad 


... 


10 


Carupano 


11 


11 


La Guayra 


12 


12 


Porto Columbia 


14 


14 


Colon 


15 


1(5 


Port Limon 


17 


20 



459 



FARES FROM ST. 


NAZAIRE AND VICE 1 


'ERSA. 








1st Class Single. 


o 

0) 


1st Class Retuen. 




>> 


p-i 


tA 


>> 


^ 


>> 

^ 


Ports. 


o 

be 

o 


o 

SiD 


o 

bO 
-*^ 

Q 


a 


o 

Ml 

O 


o 
bfl 

HI 

O 


o 
bo 
<o 






'T3 


■13 

CO 


-4-> 

<D 


CO 


-73 


CO 


St. Nazaire to — 


s 


$ 


i 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


Pointe-aPitre 


180 


160 


150 


80 


234 


208 


195 


Basseterre 


180 


160 


150 


80 


234 


208 


195 


For t-de -France ... 


180 


160 


150 


80 


234 


208 


195 


La Guavra 


190 


170 


150 


80 


285 


255 


225 


Porto Cabello ... 


190 


170 


150 


80 


285 


255 


225 


Savanilla 


200 


180 


160 


80 


300 


270 


240 


Colon .. 


200 1 180 


160 


80 


300 


270 


240 


St. Liicia 


180 160 


150 


80 


270 


240 


225 


Trinidad 


190 170 


150 


80 


285 


255 


225 


Demerara 
Surinam 


180 ! 160 
180 1 160 


150 
150 


80 
80 


270 
' 270 


255 
240 


225 

1 225 


Cayenne 


200 


180 


160 


80 


1 300 


270 


! 250 

i 



INTERCOLONIAL FARES. 



Demerara to 
Trinidad... 
Sfc. Lucia 
Fort-de-France 
Pointe a-Pitre 
Basseterre 
Carupano 
La Guayra 
Porto Cabello 
Savanilla 
Colon 
Surinam 
Cayenne 



1st Class. 


2nd Class. 


Deck. 


$ 22 00 


1 11 


1 4 56 


30 00 


15 


6 24 


32 00 


17 


6 72 


38 40 


22 


7 68 


38 40 


22 


7 68 


30 00 


15 


6 50 


46 00 


23 


10 56 


52 00 


25 


12 56 


72 00 


36 


18 56 


82 00 


41 


20 56 


9 60 


8 


4 00 


30 00 


17 


10 00 



15 per cent, allowed for Return passages. 
Children up to 3 years old, free. 

from 3 to 8 years, J fare. 

Return Tickets for Europe, available for 1 year. 

Do, Intercolonial „ ,,3 months. 

If the above are taken on board 20 % more is charged. 
The passage for any of the above mentioned ports for Servants (men and 
women) will be ^100. 

Reduction of 15 per cent, to families paying equal to four iirst-class 
passages. 



460 



KONINKLIJKE WEST INDISCHE MALDIENST. 

Royal Dutch West India Mail Service, under contract with 
the Netherlands Government for the conveyance of mails. 

Head Office : 125, de Ruyterkade, 

Amsterdam. 

General Agency, New York : Royal Dutch West India 

Mail, 17, State Street. 

Freight Agents, New York : Fundi Edye & Coy., 

8-10, Bridge Street, 

Agents at Demerara : The New Colonial Co., Ltd. 

The Steamers of this Line are — " Prins Frederik Hendrik", 
" Prins der Nederlanden", " Prins Maurits", Prins Wil- 
lem I '", Prins WiUem II", Prins Willem III", " Prins 
Willem IV", " Prins Willem V". 

They sail from Amsterdam (Thursday) and from New York 
(Friday) every fortnight. 

PASSENGER FARES FROM DExMERARA. 





1st Class. 






Poets. 






2nd Class. 


Declv 




Single. 


Return. 




J-'U^/JV* 


Amsterdam 


$ 160 00 


§ 240 00 


$ 80 00 


S 


Havre 






150 00 




80 00 




Paramaribo 






10 00 


15*00 


5 00 


2*50 


Port-of -Spain ,. 






15 00 


26 00 


10 00 


4 00 


Carupano 






25 00 


43 00 


16 00 


6 00 


Cumana 






32 00 


54 00 


21 00 


9 00 


Guanta 






32 00 


54 00 


21 00 


9 00 


La Guayra 






35 00 


60 00 


21 00 


9 00 


Porto Oabello .. 






40 00 


68 00 


26 00 


11 00 


Curagao 






45 00 


77 00 


30 00 


14 00 


Jacmel 






HI 00 


104 00 


40 00 


19 00 


Aquin 






68 00 


116 00 


44 00 


21 00 


Aux Cayes 






68 00 


116 00 


44 00 


21 00 


Jeremie 






71 00 


121 00 


46 00 


22 00 


Petit Goave 






73 00 


124 00 


48 00 


23 00 


Port au Prince .. 






75 00 


128 00 


50 00 


24 00 


St. Marc 






77 00 


131 00 


51 00 


25 00 


New York 






90 00 


153 00 


55 00 


... 



Return tickets to Amsterdam and New York are available for 
12 months, and to other ports 4 months. No return 



461 

tickets are issued for 2nd Class and no deck tickets for 
Amsterdam or New York. 
The Steamers of the Fruit Service between Paramaribo and 
New York leave the latter port every week, as follows : — 
Every alternate Monday the s.s. " Saramacca " or 

" Marowyne "' for Trinidad, Paramaribo^ Barbados, and 

back to New York, 
On other Mondays the s.s. '' Suriname'' or " Coppename " 

for Barbados, Uemerara, Paramaribo, Trinidad and 

back to New York. 
Passengers are landed at Demerara on the ninth day after 

leaving New York. 
The rates of passage are :-= — 



To New York 


, 


,1^80— Single. 


$144 Pveturn. 


,, Paiamaribo 


, , 


,1^10 do. 


1 18— do. 


,, Barbados via) 








Paramaribo) 




$30 • do. 


$ 4.5_ do. 


Keturn tickets from 


Pai 


L'amaribo are 


available by the 



steamers of the fortnightly service. 

PICKFOBD cfe BLACK'S. 

CANADIAN LINE OF MAIL STEAMERS. 

Under contract with the Imperial and the Canadian 
Governments for the transmission of Mails between Canada, 
Bermuda, West Indies and Demerara. 

A(jents—^A^DBACE, Parker ct Co. 

PORTS OF CALL. 

St. John, New Brunswick, Halifax, N.S., Bermuda, St. 
Ivitfcs, Antigua, Montserrat, Dominica, St. Lucia, Barbados, 
St. Vincent, Trinidad and Demerara, returning to St. John, 
via same Ports except Halifax. 

STEAMERS. 

Dahome 100 A.l 

Sobo 100 A.l 

Ocamo 100 A.l 

Oruro 100 A.l 

or other steamers. 

SAILINGS. 

From Halifax, N.S., every 12 days, 
alternately every 11 and 13 days. 



2470 tons 


gross 


3652 


5) 


?5 


1910 


V 


j> 


1919 


)) 


3> 


■om 


Demerara 



462 



TIME TABLE. 



Name. 



Sobo ... 

Oriiro 

Dahome 

Ocamo 

Sobo ... 

Oruro 

Dahome 

Ocamo 

Sobo ... 

Oruro 

Dahome 

Ocamo 

Sobo ... 

Oniro 

Dahome 

Ocamo 

Sobo .., 

Oruro 

Dahome 

Ocamo 

Sobo ... 

Oruro 

Dahome 

Ocamo 

Sobo ... 

Oruro 

Dahome 

Ocamo 

Sobo ... 

Oruro 

Dahome 



Leave Halifax, N.S. 



Dec. 
Jan. 
Feb. 

Mch. 
Apl. 

May 
June, 

July 
Aug. 

5 J 
5 « 

Sept, 

Oct. 

J) 

Nov, 
Dec. 



1909. 

18fch, 1908. 
30 th 

nth 1909. 
23rd 

4th 
16th 
28th 
12th 
24th 

5fch 
17th 
29th 

nth 

23rd 

4th 
16th 
28th 
10th 
22nd 

3rd 
15th 
27th 

8th 
20 th 

2nd 
14th 
26th 

7th 
19th 

1st 
13th 



Leave Demerara. 



Jan. 

5) 

Feb. 
Mch. 

Apl. 
May 

June 

)) 
July 

55 
55 

Aug. 
Sept, 

Oct. 

5 5 
55 

Nov. 

3 5 

Dec. 



1909. 

4th 

5th 

28th 

8th 

21st 

4th 

17th 

28th 

10th 

21st 

4fch 

15th 

28th 

8th 

21st 

2nd 

15th 

26th 

8th 

19th 

, 1st 

12th 

25th 

6th 

19th 

30th 

12 th 

23rd 

6th 

17th 

30th 



FARES FKOM DEMEEARA, 



Ports. 


1st. Class. 


2nd. Class. 


Deck. 


St. John or Halifax 


$ 75 00 


$ 50 00 


• None. 


Return ... 






130 00 


80 00 




Bermuda 








60 00 


40 00 


$ 16 00 


Return 








no 00 






St. Kitts 








32 50 


19 50 


6 50 


Antigua 








30 00 


18 00 


6 00 


Mcntserrat 








30 00 


18 00 


6 00 


Dominica 








25 00 


15 00 


5 00 


St. Lucia 








20 00 


12 00 


4 00 


Barbados 








15 00 


9 00 


4 00 


St. Vincent 








20 00 


12 00 


4 00 


Trinidad 








15 00 


9 00 


4 00 



463 

Hons KoDg, via St. John, N.B., and Vancouver. 

'1st Class $356.50 Single 

Steerage $130.00 ,, 

Children under 12, half fare, under 8, quarter fare, and 1 
child under 3, free. 

Servants in Cabin, 2ud Cabin fate. 

Passengers can be booked to Bermuda, from which port 
there is frequent opportunity for New York 

Passengers can be booked to Halifax or St. John, N.B., 
from which ports there are frequent opportunities for Eng- 
land and Europe. 

No return tickets issued to W. I. Islands. 



THE EAST ASIATIC COMPANY, LTD. 



AVest India Line. 

Agent — Sandbach, Parker & Co. 

Regular monthly sailings. 
Ports touched at — 

OUTWARDS. 

Copenhagen, Rotterdam, London, St, Thomas, Barbados, 
Trinidad, Demerara and Paramaribo. 

HOMEWARDS. 

Trinidad, Barbados, St. Lucia, St. Thomas, Havre, Lon- 
don, Rotterdam and Copenhagen. Connection with all West 
Indian, Isthmus, British and Continental Ports. 

.^iQamers—'' St. Thomas", " St. Croix", " St. Jan," each 
about 2,500 tons ; 1,500 horse power. New and specially built 
for the trade. 

A doctor and stewardess carried on each boat. 

The fares Demerara to London are — 

Single ... Return 

£20 ... X38. 

Return tickets are available for twelve months. 



46^ 



INLAND COMMUNICATION. 

COLONIAL STEAMERS. 

Worked under contract with the Government by Spros- 
tons, Limited. 

Steamers. — S.S. Amy, Charleslown, Cuyuni (Tug), Eliza, 
Essequeho, Guiana, Horatia, Ira, Lady Longden, Mazaruni, 
Alallali, New Amsterdam, Farika, Penwortham, Puruni and 
Sproston Wood. Launches — Ahary, Alice, Arthur W., Blanche, 
Elfrida, Eloise, Gertie, Gretchen, Ismay, Marjorie, Montreal, 
Mora, Nellie, Payuca, Piamah, Potaro and Wismar. 

Booking offices are provided on all the stellings at which 
the steamers stop for the purpose of receiving and booking 
goods. Cargo is received at the offices in Georgetown the day 
previous to the departure of the steamer, between the hours 
of 11 a.m. and 5 p.m. Parcels and live stock are also received 
on the morning of the departure of the steamer to within 
15 minutes of the hour of leaving. 



8TEAMEK SEKVICES. 

GEORGETOWN-SUDDIE SERVICE. 

A steamer leaves Georgetown every day at T a.m. for 
Suddie, Essequebo, returning same day, calling at Leguan, 
Wakenaam and Aurora both ways. 

Fares. 





o 
-»2 




1 
re 








0) 


s 




ce 


<u 




&c 


« 


o 














O 


Ti 


Stations. 


o 


be 

03 


b? 








O 


1-r 


^ 


< 


xn 




]st 


2nd 


1st 


2nd 


1st 


2nd 


1st 


2nd 


1st 


2nd 




% 


c. 


^ 


c. 


$ 


c. 


% 


c. 


% 


c. 


Georgetown 






1.00 


48 


1.50 


48 


2.00 


48 


2.00 


48 


Leguan ... 


1.00 


48 






0.75 


24 


1.50 


24 


1.50 


24 


Wakenaam 


1.50 


48 


6.75 


24 






0.48 


16 


0.75 


24 


Aurora ... 


2.00 


48 


1.50 


24 


0.48 


16 


' ... 


0.48 


16 


Suddie ... 


2.00 


48 


1.50 


24 


0.75 


24 


0.48 16 







For rates of Freight see page 472 el seq. 



465 

GEORGETOWN-BARTICA (AND PENAL SETTLEMENT) SERVICE. 

Leaves Georgetown for H.M.P.S. and then to Bartica 
Grove, every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, at 8.30 a.m., 
returning on Wednesday, Friday and Monday, touching at 
Tuschen both ways, leaving Bartica at 8 a.m. The steamer 
doe3 not, however, call at H.M.P.S. on her way to Bartica 
on Court days every first aud third Tuesday in the month. 

Faees. 





Georg 


etown, 


TuscliPu. 


H. M. P. 

Settlement. 


Bartica. 


Si:a,finris 














1st 


2nd 


1st ; 2nd 

i 


1st 


2nd 


1st 


2nd 




$ 


c. 


$ c. 


$ 


c. 


$ 


c. 


Georgetown 






1.00 24 


2.00 


64 


2.0't 


64 


Tiischeu 


i.oo 


24 




1.00 


48 


1.00 


48 


H.M. Penal Settlement. 


2.00 


64 


1.00 ' 48 


... 




48 


24 


Bartica 


2 00 


64 


1.00 48 


48 


24 


... 





Por rates of Freight see page 472 6^! seq. 



GEORGETOWN-BE RBICE (NEW AMSTERDAM) SERVICE.* 

Leaves Georgetown for Berbice every Monday and Thurs- 
day at 8.30 p.m. 

Leaves Berbice for Georgetown every Tuesday and Friday 
about 8.30 p.m. 

Fares. 



Stations. 


Georgetown. 


New Amsterdam^ 


Blairmont. 




1st 


2nd 

72 c. 
72 c. 


1st 


2ud 


1st 


2nd 


Georgetown ... 
New Amsterdam 
Blairmont 


$ 'l.44 
L44 


$ 1.44 


72 c. 


$ 1.44 


72 c. 



For rates of Freight see page 477 



Not a Contract Service^ 



466 
BERBIOE RIVER SERVICE. 



Leaves New Amsterdam at 7 a.m. on Mondays and Thurs- 
days, touching at intermediate stations, arriving at Coomacka 
at about 9 p.m. 

Leaves Coomacka on Tuesdays at 9 a.m., touching at 
intermediate stations, arriving at Mara at about 6 p.m. on 
Tuesdays, leaves there on Wednesdays at 7 a.m., and 
arrives at New Amsterdam at about 9 a.m. 

On Fridays the steamer runs through to New Amsterdam, 
leaving Coomacka at about 5 a.m. and arriving in New Am- 
sterdam about 6.30 p.m. 

Fares. 





New Am- 
sterdam. 


Mara. 


Bartica. i ^''t^.f,*^' 
1 snip. 


Coomacka. 




1st 


2nd 


1st 


2nd 


1st 


2nd 


1st 


2nd 


1st 


2nd 


New Amsterdam 

Mara 

Bartica ... 

Friendship 

Coomacka 


"32 

61 

96 

1.20 


c. 

16 
32 

48 
64 


c. 
32 

32 
64 
96 


c. 
16 

16 

32 
48 


c. 

64 
32 

32 
64 


c. 

32 
16 

16 
32 


c. 

96 
64 

32 

32 


c. 

48 
32 
16 

16 


$ 

1.20 
96 
64 

82 


e. 

64 

48 

32 

16 



Passengers joining the steamer at any other place than 
Mara, Bartica, or Friendship (Patoir's) are charged the fare 
from the station next before, and, when leaving, the station next 



following. 



For rates of Freight see page 472. 



46? 



GEORGETOWN-NORTH AVEST DISTRICT (MT. EVER ARD) SERVICE. 

Leaves Georgetown for Mount Everard every Tuesday at 
12.30 p.m., returning to Georgetown on Fridays, calling at 
Morawhanna both ways. 

Fakes. 



Stations. 


Georgetown. 


Morawhanna. 


Mt. Everard. 




1st 2nd 

1 


1st 2nd 


1st 


2nd 


Georgetown ... 
Morawhanna... 
Mount Everard 


I 

$ '6.00 $ '2.00 
6.00 1 2.U0 

1 


$ 6.00 
'3.00 


$ 2.00 
1.00 


$ 6.00 
3.00 


$ 2.00 
1.00 



Saloon Passengers are taken for the round trip including 
meals, as under — To Mount Everard and back — $12. 
For rates of Freight see page 472 et seq. 



DEMERARA-ESSEQUEBO RAILWAY SERVICE. 
(Georgetown to Tdmatumaki.) 

AND SUBSIDIARY SERVICES. 

Steamer, Train and Launch Service to Potaro Landing, 

Under the Time table and Working Bill framed bv the 
Governor-in-Council on 23rd August, 1906, a s<;eamer feaves 
Georgetown daily at 8. a.m. (Sundays excepted) and arrives at 
Wismar on the same day, after stopping at various points on 
the J)emerara Kiver, and leaves Wismar for Georgetown daily 
(Sundays excepted) at 8.45 a.m. 

Train leaves Wismar for Fvockstone every week-day after 
arrival of Steamer from Georgetown, and not earlier than 
5.30 p.m. 

Train leaves Rockstone for Wismar daily (Sundays 
excepted) at 7 a.m. 

One or more launches, conveying cargo and passengers 
leaves Rockstone for Tumatumari daily ut 6.30 a.m. (Sundays 
excepted), and leaves Tumatumari for Rockstone at 7 a.m. 
the following day. 

A launch runs daily between Tumatumari and Potaro 
Landing, taking passengers and cargo. 



468 



TAEIFF OF FARES AND FREIGHTS. * 



o 




-p-^ 




s ^ 


, 


gcC 


?S 


O H 






Vi 


O ?2 


C^ 


?^ v! 








O 





o rt § 



5-! O 



O PI 

fe a 
o 



«' 



! o 9 • 

15* 



o 'S 

o -^? s 

»£ S ^ 

OH ^ 



s 
c S s 



o.^ 



S § 



o " 



Fares — 
1st Class Passengers 
2nd do. do. 



Freights— 

(1) Bread, biscuits, potatoes, 
onions, oil and corn, at a 
tonnage rate calculated on 
a mean between weight and 
measurement, of 

(2) Calves, each 

(3) Cattle „ 

(4) Dogs „ 

(5) Dynamite in i)ackages of 
not less than 25 lbs. — per lb. 

(6) Feathered S t o c k — p e r 
head 

(7) Goats or sheep, each 

(8) Horses or mules, ,, 

(9) Lumber, W. P.— per 1,000 
feet 

(10) Lumber, P. P.— per 1,000 
feet 

(11) Machinery — per ton — in 
pieces not exceeding one ton. 

(12j Timber (colony cut) per 
cubic foot, including haul- 
age, loading and discharg- 
ing 

(13) Goods, other than those 
enumerated above at a rate 
calculated on weight or 
measurement on the basis 
of per ton (minimum 56 lbs. 
or 1 cubic feet) 



^ c. 
2 00 



02 
24 

2 00 

3 00 

4 00 



3 00 



$ c. 

1 50 
84 



3 OOi 5 00 

1 OOi 1 00 

1 OOI 1 50 

24; 48 



04 

72 
3 00 

7 00 

8 00 



3 00! 7 00 



04 



5 00 



$ c. 



$ c. 



3 00! 2 50 

1 44! 1 00 

j return 

jfare 2nd 

: class 

64 



$ c. 



$ G. 



8 00 

2 00 

2 50 

50 



061 

961 
5 00' 

10 00 

12 00 

10 00 



8 00 



15 00 

3 75 

6 00 

60 

20 

10 
1 50 
9 00 

15 00 

18 00 

15 00 



4 00' 5 00 

1 80j 2 40 

return | return 

fare 2nd jfare 2nd 

class ! class 

1 44j 2 08 



12 00 



20 00 

4 75 

7 00 

80 

20 

10 

1 80 

12 00 

22 00 

26 00 

22 00 



17 00 



22 00 
5 50 
8 00 

1 00 

20 

10 

2 00 
13 00 

25 00 

30 00 

25 00 



20 00 



* See "Official Gazette" 3rd October, 1900— page 1,180. 

Steamers plying daily between Georgetown and Wismar 
and vice versa under this contract shall stop at the undermen- 



469 



tioned places for passengers and such passengers sball be 
charged only the proportionate rate of fares : — 

Supply, No. 2 Island (Government Station), Coeverden, 
Hyde Park Police Station, Dunoon, Berlyn, Vryheid, Dora, 
(Kooliseraboe Creek), Tapanaquana, Yaruni, Hooradia, Dalgin, 
Christianburg. 

The following are the fares charged between the under- 
mentioned intermediate stopping places : — • 







First Class. 


Second Class 


Georgetown 


to Dunoon 


... $ 


48 


$ 24 




Dalgin 


1 


50 


48 




Kooliseraboe 


1 


00 


36 




Omai 


4 


50 


2 08 




Potaro 


5 


48 


2 64 


Dunoon to 


Kooliseraboe 





48 


24 




Dalgin 


1 


00 


36 




Wismar 


1 


50 


48 




Georgetown 





48 


24 


Kooliseraboe to Dalgin 





48 


24 




Dunoon 





48 


24 




Wismar 


1 


00 


36 




Georgetown 


1 


00 


36 


Dalgin to 


Georgetown 


1 


50 


48 




Dunoon 


1 


00 


36 




Kooliseraboe 





48 


24 




Wismar 





48 


24 


Rock stone to Omai 


1 


50 


64 




Potaro 


2 


88 


1 32 


Omai to 


Tumatumari 


1 


00 


48 




Rockstone 


1 


00 


48 




Georgetown 


4 


00 


1 92 


Tumatumari 


to Potaro 





48 


32 


Potaro to 


Georgetown 


5 


48 


2 3^ 




Rockstone 


2 


48 


88 




Tumatumari 





48 


24 



Passengers joining the steamer at any other place than 
Dunoon, Kooliseraboe and Dalgin, are charged the fare from 
the station next before, and, when leaving, to the station 
next following. 



470 
LAUNCH SERVICES. 



UPPER DEMERaRA river SERVICE, 



Wismar to Mallali, 

Leaves Wismar foi* Akyma and Mallali every Wednesday 
and Saturday, at 6.30 a.m. 

Leaves Mallali for Akyma and Wismar every Tuesday and 
Friday at 8.30 a.m. 

Fares. 



Stations. 


"Wismar. 


Akyma. 


Muritaro. 


Mallali. 




1st 


2nd 


1st 


2nd 


1st 


2nd 


1st 


2nd 


Wismar ... 
Akyma 
Muritaru ... 
Mallali ... 


$ c. 
1*20 


$ c. 

"24 
36 

72 


$ c. 
120 


•1 c. 
24 

'72 


$ c. 


^ c. 
36 

"36 


$ c. 
120 


$ c. 

72 
72 
36 



TARIFF OF FREIGHT. 

Horse or Mule 

Bull, Cow or Ox ... 

Foal, Calf or Ass ... 

Sheep, Goat, Pig or Dog 

Feathered Stock, per head 

Wheelbarrow, Tricycle or Bicj^'cle 

Barrels of Biscuits, Potatoes and other Ground 

Provisions 
Barrels of Flour. Corn, Peas, Pork, Beef or 

Pickled Fish... 
Bags of Rice and other Grain and seed 
4-Quintal Casks of Salt Fish ... 
Drums or Boxes of Salt Fish ... 
Hogsheads, full ... 

Do. empty ... 



,$ 1 50 

, 1 00 

, 50 

32 

02 

24 

16 

24 
16 
48 

12 
2 00 

1 00 



471 



Puncheons and Tierces, full ... 
Do. do. empty ... 

HojOfsheads of Wine, Spirit, Malt and Oil 

Lumber per 1,000 feet 

Shingles, per bundle of 50 

Staves, each 

Bunches of Plantains 

Bateaux or Boats not exceeding 30 feet long 

All other packages not enumerated above for every 
100 lbs. or part of 100 lbs. or of a cubic content 
of 3 feet or part of 3 feet one uniform rate of 



...$ 1 


00 


... 


50 


... 


50 


... 3 


00 


... 


03 


... 


04 


... 


04 


... 3 


00 



08 



UPPER BARIMA RIVER.^ 



Mt. Everard to Arakaka. 



A Launch runs between Mt. Everard and Arakaka on the 
Barima for the jDurpose of carrying mails and passengers and 
towing bateaux when there is sufficient water in the river. 



UPPER ESSEQUEBO RIVER.* 



Tumatumari to Potaro Lanrling. 



A launch runs daily between Tumatumari and Potaro 
Landing, taking passengers and cargo. 



Fares. 



Tumatumari to Potaro 
Potaro to Tumatumari 



First Class. Second Class. 
$ 48 $ 32 

48 24 



Freights. — Calculated at the rate of $4 per ton weight or 
measurement at the steamer Company's option. 



* Not Contract Services. 



472 



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476 
FERRY SERVICES. 



Demerara. — The Ferry steamer plies across the river 
every week day at 6.15, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 a.m. and 12 o'clock, 
noon, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.15, 6 o'clock, and 6.30 p.m., and returns 
at the half hour except the 5.15 p.m., 6 o'clock and last boat, 
which return at 5.40, 6.15, 6.45 p.m., respectively, On Sun- 
day, at 6.15, 7, 8, and 10 o'clock a.m., and 1, 3, and 5 p.m. 

Passengers can book through from Georgetown to any 
station on the West Coast Railway. 

Fares — First Class, 12 cents ; Second Class, 8 cents ; 
Special 2Qd Class rate of 4 cts. by 6.15 a.m., and 5.15 p.m., to 
Vreed-en-Hoop, and 6.30 a.m., and 5.40 p.m., to Georgetown. 

Bbrbice. — The Ferry steamer leaves New Amsterdam for 
Rosignol every week day at 6.30 a.m., 10.15 a.m. and 12, noon, 
and for Blairmont at 8 a.m., 1, 3 and 5 p.m., returning half- 
an-hour later in each ca&e. 

As a tentative measure the 5.30 p.m. a boat from Blairmont 
calls at Rosignol on her way to New Amsterdam, except on 
Monday's when an extra boat is run from New Amsterdam to 
Rosignol, and back to connect with the 4 p.m. train from 
Georgetown. On Sundays a boat leaves New Amsterdam for 
Blairmont at 8 and 10 a.m , and 1, 3, 4 and 5 p.m., and returns 
in half-an-hour. 

Fares — First Class, 16 cents; Second Class, 8 cents. 

Essequebo. — The Ferry steamer leaves Leguan every week 
day at 7 a.m. 9.30 a.m., and 12.20 p.m., and 3.30 p.m. 
returning from Tuschen at 8.20, 11 a.m., 2 and 5 p.m. On 
Sunday, the steamer leaves Leguan at 7.30 a.m. and 3 p.m., and 
Tuschen at 9 a.m. and 4.30 p.m. 

Fares — First Class, 32 cents ; Second Class^ 16 cents. 

Children under 12 years of age are charged half the ordin- 
ary rates on all routes, and children in arms are free. 

Passengers may carry 50 lbs. of luggage free of cliarge ; 
excess luggage charged at the rate of 8 cents for every 100 lbs. 
or 3 cubic feet, or part thereof. 



4/ / 



GEORGETOWN-SURINAME & ST. LAURENT SERVICE.* 



A steamer leaves Georgetown on Tuesday, lOtb August, 
and every alternate Tuesday for Parimaribo via Springlands 
and Nickerie, calling at Nickerie on her way to Georgetown. 

A steamer leaves Georgetown on Tuesday, 3rd August, 
and alternate Tuesday, for Parimaribo, Albina and St. Laurent, 
calling at Parimaribo on the return to Georgetown. 

Dates of sailing are subject to alteration as the necessity 
may arise. 

Fares. 





George- 


Spring- 


Nic- Para- 




Albina 

& 

St. Laurent, 






town. 


lands. 


kerie. maiibo. 






Stations. 


CO 

c3 
















02 










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$ c. 


.$ C. 


$ c. 


$ c. 


$ c. 


$ c. 


.S c. 


^ c. 


$ C. 




$ c. 




Georgetown . 






2 40 


1 20 


3 00 


1 505 00 


3 00 


iO 00 




5 00 




Spiinglaiids . 


2 40 


1 20 


.. 




1 20 


72i3 00 


1 50 










Nickerie 


3 00 


1 50 


1 20 


72 




_ , 


3 00 


L 50 










Paramaribo . 


5 00 


3 00 


3 Oij 


1 50 


3 00 


I 50 






4 00 


r 
1 


To Albina $1 20 
To St. Laurent 150 



* Not a Contract Service. 



RATES OF FREIGHT. 

Georgetown to 













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% c. 


% c. 


^ c. 


% c. 


S c. 


Acid (Sulph) 


96 


96 


1 00 


1 00 


1 00 


Ass ... ... ... 


50 


1 00 


1 50 


2 00 




Barley, bag 


16 


24 


28 


32 


50 


Balata, per 200 lbs. 


12 


18 


20 


24 


50 


Bricks, per 1,000 


5 00 


5 00 


5 00 


6 00 




Brooms, per bundle of 1 doz. 


08 


09 


12 


16 


20 


Biscuits, per barrel 


12 


15 


20 


24 


50 


,, ,, box 


12 


12 


16 


20 


32 


Butter or meat, kegs 


08 


12 


14 


16 


25 


4 kegs 


08 


09 


08 


10 


16 


* Georgetown-(New Amsterdam) lierbi 


ce Ser% 


^ice m( 


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d on p, 


ige 465. 



478 



RATES OF FREIGHT, 

Groegetown to 





g 
>^ 

UP 

-»^ 

< 


bO 




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g 


tia & 

. Laurent. 




"A 








i^ 




% c. 


% c. 


$ c. 


S c. 


$ c. 


Bloomer, per carboy 


96 


1 00 


1 20 


1 50 




Charcoal, per bag ... 


08 


12 


14 


16 


"24 


Carriage or Cart (4 wheeled) ... 


•S 00 


4 50 


5 00 


6 00 




,, ,, ,, (2 wheeled) ... 


2 00 


2 25 


2 50 


3 00 




Cows, each 


1 00 


2 00 


2 00 


4 00 


6' 00 


Calves, each 


50 


1 00 


1 00 


2 00 


3 00 


Cement, per barrel 


24 


30 


40 


48 


75 


Corn ,, ,, 


12 


15 


20 


24 


50 


per bag 


12 


09 


12 


16 


25 


Candles, per box 


08 


06 


06 


08 


12 


Dholl, per bag 


12 


15 


20 


24 


45 


Dogs, each 


12 


16 


20 


24 


40 


Feathered Stock, each 


02 


03 


06 


06 


08 


Fish, Salt, cask ... 


32 


36 


48 


64 


75 


,, ,, box or drum 


12 


09 


16 


20 


25 


,, ,, 1 box 


08 


06 


10 


12 


20 


,, Pickled, per ban el 


12 


15 


20 


30 


50 


Flour, bags 


12 


15 


20 


24 


50 


,, barrels 


12 


15 


20 


24 


50 


,, 1 barrels 


08 


09 


12 


16 


30 


Galv. S*heets, case ... 


96 


1 20 


1 60 


2 00 


3 20 


each ... 


03 


03 


05 


05 


10 


Ghee and M. Oil, case 


12 


18 


20 


24 


50 


,, ,, )j a case 


08, 


09 


12 


16 


25 


,, ,, tin 


08 


09 


06 


08 


14 


Goats and Sheep, each 


12^ 


16 


20 


24 




Ground Provision, bags or barrels 


12 


15 


2f.» 


24 


... 


Hay, truss 


32 


30 


40 


56 




,, 1 truss 


16 


16 


24 


32 


... 


Horse, each 


2 00 


3 00 


5 00 


5 00 




Lumber, W. P. and P. P. per M. feet 


4 00 


4 00 


4 00 


5 00 


6" 00 


,, Lr. xx, 5} )» )) 


8 OOi 


8 00 


8 00 


10 00 


10 00 


Lime, puns. 


1 OOi 


90 


1 20 


1 50 


, 


„ brls. 


12 


15 


20 


24 


50 


Lard, case 


12j 


16 


20 


24 


50 


,, tin 


08: 


06 


06 


08 


14 


Malt, brl. or case 


121 


15 


20 


24 


50 


,, bhd. 


40| 


48 


64 


80 


1 00 


Meat, Salt, brl. 


16 


20 


24 


32 


50 


„ 4 brl. ... 


08! 


12 


12 


16 


32 


Milk, per case 


08: 


09 


12 


16 


25 


Matches, per case (Colony) 


12i 


15 


20 


24 


... 


Mule, each 


2 OOj 


3 00 


5 00 


5 00 


... 



479 



RATES OF FREIGHT. 

Geokgetown to 





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$ c. 


% c. 


$!c. 


% c. 


% c. 


Nails, 100 lbs. jietfc ... 


08 


12 


12 


16 


25 




08 


06 


08 


12 


16 


Oats, bag- 


12 


15 


20 


24 


50 


Oil, cask 


40 


45 


64 


80 


1 00 


,, Kerosine, ca&e ... 


08 


09 


10 


12 


20 


tin ... 


08 


06 


06 


08 


14 


Pigs, each 


12 


16 


20 


24 


1 00 


Pitch, brl. 


12 


15 


20 


24 


50 


Potatoes, brl. 


12 


15 


20 


24 


50 


,, hampers or boxes, 100 lbs. 


08 


12 


10 


12 


25 


„ „ 50 lbs. 


08 


06 


06 


08 


16 


Paper, bundle 


04 


06 


06 


08 


16 


Peas, brls. or bags ... 


12 


15 


20 


24 


50 


„ ibrls. 


08 


09 


10 


12 


25 


Plantains, bunch 


02 


03 


04 


04 


08 


Pigtails, tierce 


32 


36 


48 


64 


50 


Salmon, case 


08 


09 


10 


12 


23 


Sardines, case 


08 


09 


10 


12 


25 


Soap, box 


04 


06 


06 


08 


16 


Salt, brl. or bag 


12 


15 


20 


24 


50 


Shingles, bdle. 


03 


03 


04 


06 


10 


Staves, Vat, each 


03 


03 


03 


03 


06 


,, Paaling, per 100 


50 


80 


1 00 


1 20 


1 50 


Spirits, case 


08 


12 


12 


16 


25 


Sugar, brl. or bag ... 


16 


16 


24 


30 


50 


Tobacco, per 5 hhd. ... 


90 


1 35 


1 60 


2 00 




Vermicelli, box 


08 


06 


06 


08 


16 


Wine, cask 


40 


36 


48 


64 


1 00 


Packages not enumerated, bj^ weight or 












measurement, per ton 


1 20 


1'50 


2 00 


2 40 


4 00 


Machinery 


As per 


arran 


geme 


nt. 





SPECIAL RATES FOR VISITORS TO THE COLOKY, 



Georgetown to Suddie — 

Steamer leaves Georgetown every week day at 7 a.m., 
returning to Georgetown between 5 and 6 p.m. 

Return fare (including breakfast and lunch) ... 



$3.00 



480 

Geoegetown to Bartica — 

steamer leaves Georgetown every Tuesday, Thursday 
and Saturday at 8.30 a.m. and Bartica every Mon- 
day, Wednesday, and Friday at 8 a.m. arriving 
in Georgetown between 2 and 3 p.m. 

Return fare for two-day trip (including break- 
fast and lunch both days) ... ... $4.00 

Return fare as above with dinner and permission 

to sleep on board and coffee next morning ... $5.00 

Return fare for week-end (including all meals 

and permission to sleep on board)... ... $6.00 

N.B. — -Launch at Bartica may be hired by special 
arrangement. 

Georgetown to Wismar, Rockstone, Tumatumari and 

POTARO — 

Steamer leaves Georgetown for Wismar every week 
day at 8 a.m. and Wismar for Georgetown at 8.45 
a.m. 

Train leaves Wismar for Rockstone about half-an- 
hour after arrival of steamer at Wismar, but not 
before 5 p.m. 

Launch leaves Rockstone at 6.30 a.m. for Tumatu- 
mari and Potaro. 

To Wismar — 

Return fare for two-day trip (including breakfast 
and lunch both days on steamer, dinner, lodging and 
early coffee at Wismar Hotel) ... ...$5,50 

Return fare for week-end trijD (including all meals on 
steamer and accommodation at Wismar Hotel) ... $6.50 

To PvOCKSTONE 

Return fare for two -day trip (including breakfast 
and lunch both days on steamer, dinner, lodging and 
early coffee at Rockstone Hotel) ... ... $7.00 

Return fare for week-end trip (including breakfast 
and lunch both days on steamer, and accommodation 
at Rockstone Hotel) ... ... ...$8.00 



481 

To TUMATUMAHI 

Pveturn fare without meals on steamer or Hotel 
accommodation, available for one week ... ... $7.50 

To POTARO — 

Return fare without meals on steamer or Hotel 
accommodation^ available for one week ... S8.00 

WisMAR Hotel- — 

Lodging 7 2c. J Coffee 12c., Breakfast 60c., Lunch 
*48c., Dinner 72c., or $2.16 per day without lunch. 

RocKSTONE Hotel — 

Lodging 96c., meals at same rates as Wismar Hotel, 
or $2.40 ]3er day without lunch. 

Parties desirous of travelling beyond Rockstone must 
provide themselves with hammocks and space wdll be 
allotted at the Tumatumari rest house. There is no 
rest house at Potaro as the launch returns to Tu- 
matumari the same day. Parties must also provide 
their own meals after leaving Rockstone until their 
return. Provisions may be obtained from the Rock- 
stone agency for the purpose, 
Georgetown to Morawhanna and Mount Everard and 
Arakaka — 

Steamer leaves Georgetown every Tuesday at 12.30 
p.m. and returns to Georgetown on Fridays between 
10 a.m. and 12, noon. 

To Mount Everard — 

Return fare for four-day trip (including meals and 
sleeping accommodation on board steamer) ...Si 2. 00 

To Arakaka — 

Single fare (2nd Class only) by launch from Mount 
Everard ... ... ... ... 64c. 

Mount Everard Rest House — 

Rates same as at Rockstone Hotel. 

Arakaka Rest House — 

Parties must provide their own hammocks and j)ro= 
vision for the journey before leaving Mount Everard. 
N.B. — These special return fares are only issued to 
bona Jldc visitors to the colony on application at tlie 
Head Office, Lombard Street. 



482 



RAILWAYS. 



There are three lines of Railways, viz. :— 

1. From Vreed-en-Hoop, on the West Bank of the Dem- 

erara River, opposite Georgetown, to Greenwich Park 
on the AVest Coast of Demerara — a distance of 15 
miles. Gauge of line 3' 6". A steam ferry connects 
Vreed-en-Hoop with Georgetown. 

2. From Georgetown to Rosignol at the mouth of the 

Berbice River opi^osite to the town of New Amster- 
dam, Length of line 60^ miles. Gauge 4' 8^". Rosignol 
is connected with the town of New Amsterdam by 
steam feriy. 

Both these lines have been constucted and are worked by 
the Demerara Railway Company. 

The total cost of construction of these lines on 31st Decem- 
ber, 1908, was returned at £693,333 16s. 7d. 

Of the capital raised ,£312,500 is preferent and entitled to 
4% interest in perpetuity. 

For the year 1908 the passenger receipts (including mails, 
parcels and police) amounted to £29,911 8s. 9d. and the goods 
receipts to £21,744 6s. 4d. The total expenditure for the same 
period (excluding charge for interest) was £33,434 13s. 9d. 

The Company receives from the Government in respect of 
that portion of the Georgetown-Rosignol Line extending from 
Mahaica to Rosignol, known as the Berbice Railway, and also 
in respect of the W^est Coast Line, a guarantee or subsidy for 
each half-year of such a sum as with the net revenue from such 
line in respect of such half year shall make up, but not in any 
event exceed, a sum equal to interest at the rate of 4% per 
annum on the sum of £260,416 13s. 4d. (^1,250,000) in the case 
of the Berbice Railwav, and on the sum of £52,083 6s. 8d. 



48;^ 

($250,000) in the case of tlie West Coast Line. An annual 
subsidy of £625 is also paid to the Company for the convey- 
ance of mails, police and prisoners on that portion of the 
Georgetown-Rosignol line extending between Georgetown and 
Mahaica which is known as the old line. 

3 The Demerara Essequebo Railway which runs from 
Wismar on the left bank of the Demerara River to 
Rockstone on the right bank of the Essequebo River, 
a distance of 18^ miles. Metre gauge. The line was 
constructed, and is worked, by h>prostons, Limited, a 
private firm, who obtained a loan from the Colony of 
£41,616 repayable without interest over a period of 
20 years. £70,000 of the capital consists of debenture 
loans entitled to interest at 4°/. 

/o 

The line was constructed to provide expeditious and safe 
means of access to the Potaro gold fields on the Upper Esse- 
quebo River, the route via the Essequebo below the terminus of 
the Railway being obstructed by a series of falls dangerous and 
tedious to navigate. There is daily communication by steamer 
between Georgetown and AVismar, and launch services carrying 
passengers and freight connect Rockstone, the Essequebo River 
terminus, with Tumatumari and Potaro Landing, stopping at 
other places on the way. 



484 






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485 



DEMERARA AND BEREICE RAILWAYS. 

Time-Table from 21st March, 1908, until Further Notice. 



Down. 






Week 


Days. 






Sundays. 






a. m. 


Noon 


p.m. 




p.m. 


p.m. 


a.m. 


p.m. 


Georgetown 


.. Dep. 


7.30 


12.00 

P.M. 

12.05 


4.00 




6.00 


6.30 


7.15 


4.00 


Kitty 


M 


7.35 


4.05 


t'j 


6.04 


6.34 


7.20 


4.05 


Plaisance... 


)> 


7.45 


12.15 


4.15 


"^ 


6.16 


6.46 


7.30 


4.15 


Beterverwagling 


•• 3> 


7.55 


12.27 


4.23 


5 


6.26 


6.56 


7.40 


4.23 


Buxton 


5 ? 


8.05 


12.35 


4.31 


•ji 


6.36 


7.06 


7.50 


4.31 


Nonpareil* 


•• )5 


* 


* 


* 


c5 


* 


* 


* 


* 


Enmore ... 


)» 


8.15 


12.45 


4.40 


^ 


6.46 


7.16 


8.00 


4.40 


Golden Grov.3* 


) J 


* 


* 


* 


O 


* 


* 




* 


Belfield ... 


.. Arr. 
.. Dep. 


8.20 
8,25 


12,55 
1.00 


4.50 
4. .55 


S 


6.55 


7.25 


8.05 
8.10 


4.50 


Do. 




4.55 


Ion brook 


5 5 


8.30 


1.05 


5.00 








8.15 


5.00 


Maliaica ... 


.. Arr. 
.. Dep. 


8.40 
8.45 


1.20 


5.10 




CO 
rJ3 


^ 


8 25 


5.10 


Do. 






5.15 






DeKinderen* 


• • 


*• 






* 


C 


o 






Mahaicony 


'.'. Arr. 


9.! 3 






5.40 


o 


m 






Do. 


.. Dep. 


9.18 






5.43 








Belladrum 


5 » 


9.40 






6.05 


0^ 








Lichfield ... 


• ' )5 


9.50 






6.15 


1x1 


o 






Fort Wellington 


5> 


10.10 






6.35 




s 






Rosignol ... 


.. Arr. 


10.. 35 






7.00 










Up. 




a.m. 


a.m. 


p.m. 


p.m. 


a.m. 




a.m. 


p.m. 


Rosignol ... 


.. Dep. 




6.55 




3.30 










Fort Wellington 


' * ? 9 






7.20 




3 51 










Lichfield ... 


J? 






7.40 




4.06 










Belladrum 


• • i 1 






7.50 




4.15 










Mahaicony 


.. Arr. 






8.10 




4.37 










Do. 


.. Dep. 






8.15 




4.42 










DeKinderen* 


* * 19 






* 




■j:- 










Mahaica ... 


.. Arr. 
.. Dep. 






8.45 

8.50 




5.14 










Do 


1.50 




5.20 


8 35 


5.20 


Clonbrook 


1 » 






9.00 


2.00 




5.30 




8.45 


5.30 


Belfield ... 


. . Arr. 
.. Dep. 






9.05 
9.08 


2.05 
2.10 


>^ 


5.35 
5.38 




8.50 

8.. 55 


5.35 


Do. 


G.- 


10 


5.38 


Golden Grove* . 


5 5 


* 


* 


■x- 


"^ 


■X- 




* 


* 


Eninore ... 


>) 


6.45 


9.15 


2.15 


O 


5.45 




9.00 


5.45 


Nonpareil* 


)) 


* 


* 


* 


T- 


* 




•"- 


■K- 


Buxton 


>> 


6.55 


9.25 


2.25 




5.55 




9.10 


5.55 


Beterverwagting 


, , 


7.05 


9.35 


2.35 




6.05 




9.20 


6.05 


Plaisance ... 


)S 


7.15 


9.45 


2.45 


O 

l— 1 


6.15 




9.30 


6.15 


Kitty 


5 5 




9.56 


2.55 


p=^ 


6.26 




9.41 


6.26 


Georgetown 


.. Arr. 


7^30 


10.00 


3.00 




6.30 




9.45 


6.30 



NoTa.— *Stop3 by signal or informing Conductor at preceiling Station. Fares as 
from preceding Station. 

Passengers may be taken up or set down at any of the recognized side-lines 
between Stations on payment of an extra fare of 48 cents for each stop outside the 
Station. The recognized side-lines will be Success, La Bonne Intention, Man Repos, 
Lusignan and Non Pareil, 



486 



WEST COAST RAILWAY. 

Tkiie Tahle on and after Monday, 1st June, VMS. 



DOWX TRAINf^. 



Vreeden-Hoop Dept. 

Windsor Foresi" ... 

Blankeuburg* 

Hague ... 

Leonora 

Uitvlugt"' 

Boeraserio 

Tuschen 

Greenwich Park Air, 

Up Trains. 

Greenwich Park Dept. 

Tuschen 

Boerasetie 

Uitvlugt* 

Leonora 

Hague . . . 

Blankenburg*. 

Windsor Forest* 

Vreeden-Hoop Arr. 



Week Days. 



Sundays. 



a.m. 
0.1.5 
6.20 
6.25 

6.37 
6.4.5 



r.io 



a.m. 
7.20 


p.m. 

12.20 


p.m. 
3.20 


p.m. 
5. .35 


a.m. 

8.15 


p.m. 
3.15 


7.38 
7.46 


12.45 
12.53 


3.45 
3.53 


6.00 
6.07 


8.40 
8.48 


3.40 
3.48 


7.56 
8.01 

8.07 


1.04 
1.10 
1.15 


4.04 
4.10 
4.15 


6.19 
6.24 
6.30 


9."6o 

9.05 
9.10 


4.00 
4.05 
4.10 


8.25 
8.30 
8.35 


1.25 
1.30 
L35 


4.25 

4.30 
4.35 


Sat. 
only. 
6.35 
6.40 
6.45 


9.25 

9.30 
9.35 


4.25 
4.30 
4.35 


8.47 
8.55 


i.'47 
1.55 


4.47 
4.55 


6.57 
7.05 


9.47 
9. .55 


4.47 
4.55 


9.20 


2."20 


5.20 


7.30 


10.' 20 


5.20 



p.m. 
5.30 



5.55 
6.03 

6.14 
6.20 
6.25 



* Stop by signal or on informing Gonductor at preceding Station. Fare 
a.s from pieceding Station. 



487 



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488 



Children under 3 years of age caccompanying adults, free. 

3 years and upwards, i3ut under 12 years of age, half 

fare. 
Luggage — Each Passenger will be entitled to carry free of 
charge the undermentioned weight of j^ersona^* luggage. 

1st Class Passengers ... ...100 lbs. 

2nd „ „ 60 „ 

Luggage in excess of weight allowed above will be charged for 
at the rate of one half cent per lb. 

SPECIAL TEAINS 

The charge for a Special Train consisting of one 1st Class 

Carriage — 

^2 per mile for distances below 20 miles and 
$1 50 ,, ,. „ above 20 „ 

the distance being calculated on the total mileage run, 

out and h.ome. Minimum charge ^2b. 
For Special Trains on Sundays the charge will be double. 
These charges only apply to Trains run between sunrise and 

sunset. 
$5 per hour (or any i3ortion of an hour) will be charged for 

detention. 
Application for Special Trains to be made to the Manager. 

PARCELS RATES BY PASSEN^GER TRAINS. DEMERARA— BERBICE 

RAILWAY. 



DISTANCES. 



Not exceed'iig 12 Miles ... 
A])Ove 12 and not exceeding ?>?> Miie- 
Above '.i3 and not exceeding 50 Miles 
Above 50 Miles 





■4.J 


-^ 


-1.3 


-tj 


+3 


+=• ,.! 




2 s 


° w 


2 "^ 


°=i 


2 =»=■ 

ax: 


§;2 
















. 


-Qi— 1 






IS 




5S 


-2 


fcfi be 


&c 


bL 


bC 


bC 


-^.5,;-!.= 


CO i= 


■M S 


to s 


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C\l ■'- 


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00 -p- 


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-^3 


a; <» 


(0 a> 


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(V) o 


(V, (D 


a> 0) 




°1 


> 0) 


> CD 


> ,0) 


-2 ;^ 




<j^ 


<^- 


<"" 


<"" 


<"" 


<j^ 


04 


OG 


12 


20 


24 


32 


40 


06 


08 


1(> 


24 


36 


40 


52 


08 


12 


20 


30 


44 


50 


56 


10 


IG 


24 


36 


50 


56 


56 



> 
o 

<: 



ic. p.lb. 

fc. „ 

gC. ,, 



Passengers excess Luggage, half-cent per lb. 

*N,B. — The term " Luggage" has been legally defined to mean clothing 
and such articles as a traveller usually carries with him for his personal use 
and convenience on a journey, or for personal adornment and utility on arri- 
val at destination, 



489 



All Parcels must be delivered at the Station 15 minutes before 
the dejDarture of the Train by which they are intended to be 
forwarded, or their despatch by it cannot be guaranteed. 

Packages, frail or very bulky in proportion to their weight ; such 
as Pasteboard boxes of light Millinery or Feathers^ Artificial 
Flowers, Lace, small Birds alive in cages, cases of stuffed Birds, 
Furniture, Picture Frames, Pictures, bottles of Medicine, Bar- 
ometers, Thermometers, and parcels containing brittle articles, 
such as Glass, China, Porcelain, will be charged one half more 
than the above rates, and will only be taken at owner's risk. 

Note. — The words "Glass," "China," and "Porcelain '' apply 
to Glassware, Chinaware, Ornaments, Clocks, and things of 
that kind. 

Bicycles — Carried as Passenger's Luggage — 

Up to 33 miles... ...12 cents each") At 

Over 33 ,, ... ...24 „ „ J owner's risk. 

Do. Carried as Parcels double the above rates. 

Motor Bicycles will be charged at double the rates for ordinary 
Bicycles. 

PARCEL TARIFF. 

Between Georgetown and all Stations on West Coast Raihvay 

(including Ferry.) 

,..$0 06 
12 
20 
24 
32 
40 

Over 112 lbs. ^c, per lb. 
Packages of Meat, Bread or Vegetables in small quantities for 
household consumption. 

\q, per lb. gross. 
Ice, ^c. per lb.. Minimum 4 cents. 
Do. in large quantities 8 cents per 100 lbs. gross, or part 

thereof. 
Fish, Fresh, Packages under 50 lbs., ic per lb. 
Minimum 6c. 

Do. from 50 lbs. to 100 lbs. 24c. 
Do, over 100 „ Jc. per lb. 



Up to 


14 


lbs. . 


15 lbs. 


to 28 




29 „ 


to 42 




43 „ 


to 56 




57 „ 


to 84 




85 „ 


to 112 





490 



Through rates for Goods and Parcels between Georgetown and Stations, 
other than Vreed-en-Hoop, on the West Coast Railway, irrespective 
of distance (including Demerara River Ferry Freight.) 



GOODS TARIFF. 

Bicycles, each ... ... $ 24 

Do. accompanying 

passenger. ... 12 

Beef, per brl. ... ... 24 

Do. perjbrl.... ... 12 

Beer, per brl. ... ... 16 

Do. per case ... ... 12 

Bread, per brl.... ... 12 

Do. per box ... ... 12 

Bran, per hag ... ... 08 

Butter, per firkin ... 08 

Cement, per brl. ... 32 

Charcoal, per bag ... 12 

Corn, per brl. ... ... 16 

Do. per bag... ... 08 

Dholl, perbag ... ... 12 

Dogs, each ... ... 24 

Feathered Stock per head 02 

Fish, Sal t, per 4-qtl. c ask ... .32 

Do. do. per drum ... 08 

Do. do. per box ... 08 

Do, Pickled Herrings per 

brl. ... ... 24 

Do. per J brl. ... 12 

Do. Smoked Herrings, 

per bdl. of 10 boxes ... 08 

Flour, per brl. ... ... 16 

Do. per ^ brl. ... 08 

Galvanized Sheets, in cases, 1 

per ton ... ... 1 60 j 

Do. per single sheet ... 02 

Ground Provisions, per brl. 12 

Do. per bag ... ... 08 

Do. por quake ... 04 

Lard, per case — 4 tins ... 08 

Do, per tin ... .., 04 
Lemonade and Mineral 

Waters, per brl. or case... 16 

Lime, per brl. ... ... 16 

Lumber, W.P,, per M feet 3 00 

Do. P.P. do. ... 3 60 

Machinery, in pieces not ex- 
ceeding 2 ton, per ton ... 2 00 
Massala, per bag ... 12 
Matches, per case ... 12 
Meal, per brl. ... ... 16 

Meal, per J brl... ... 08 

Meat, per keg ... ... 08 

Milk, per case ... ... 04 

Mustard Seed, per bag ... 12 

Oats, per bag ... ... 12 



Oil, Kerosene, per case ... 

Do. do. per tin 
Oil Meal, per bag 
Onions, per box — 112 lbs. ... 
Paper, per bale of 5 reams 
Pianos and Harmoniums, 

if packed in cases each, at 

owner's risk ... 
Pianos and Harmoniums (at 

owner's risk) if no tjiacked 

incases 
Peas, per brl, ... 

Do. per I brl. or bag ... 
Plantains, per bunch 
Pork, per brl. ... 

Do, per h brl. 
Potatoes, per brl. 
Potatoes, in boxes of not 

more than 150 lbs. 
Rice, per bag ... 

Do. per I bag 
Rum, per hhd. ... 
Salmon, per box 
Salt, per brl, ... 
Sardines, per box 
Soap ,, 
Spirit?, per case 
Stout, per brl. ... 

Do. per case 
Sugar, per brl. or bag 

Do. per i brl. or bag ... 
Shingles, per 1,000 
No less charge for any 

single consignment than 

eight cents. 

PARCELS TAKTFF. 

Parcels and Articles not 
enumerated above, car- 
ried in Van of Passenger 
Train, will be charged as 
under : — 



Up to 
15 lb. 



14 lb. 



to 
to 
to 
to 



28 
42 
5fi 
84 



08 
04 
12 
12 

08 



3 00 



00 
16 
08 
02 
24 
12 
12 

12 
12 
08 
48 
04 
16 
04 
04 
08 
16 
12 
20 
12 
60 



29 
43 

57 

85 ,, to 112 „ ... 

Over 112 lb. ^c, per lb. 
Ice ^c. per lb., Min. 4 cents. 
Fish, Fresh, pkgs, under 50 lbs., 

^c. per lb. Min. 6c. 



06 
12 
20 
24 
32 
40 



491 
TRAMWAYS. 



In Georgetown there is an Electric Tramway worked on 
the overhead trolley system with 10 miles of Une, of 4' 8" gauge, 
operated by the Demerara Electric Company, a Canadian 
concern with a capital of $425,000. A turbine engine, intended 
to eliminate the effects of vibration, has recently been laid in 
position at the Company's power station. 

During the year ended December 31, 1908, the gross 
tramway, light and power earnings (excluding earnings from 
house wiring) were .$123,767, and the net earnings, after 
providing for the interest on the outstanding bonds, were 
$26,041. 

Single fares without a ticket — 5 cents. Adult tickets can 
be purchased in stri|)s of three tickets for 12 cents. Books of 
60 tickets can be purchased for $2.40 a book. 

Children's tickets for children under twelve can be had in 
strips of 9 tickets for 24 cents. 



ROADS. 



The public roads of the colony may be classed under 
two general heads :— " Coast" roads, and " Bush" roads, as 
the roads in the interior are called. 

COAST ROADS. 

The coast roads run throughout their entire length 
within a mile, more or less, of the sea crossing en route all the 
Plantations and Villages situated within the occupied portion of 
the Sea Coast of the colony. They extend from " Better 
Success" on the north coast of the County of Essequebo, in the 
West, to Plantation Skeldon on the Left Bank of the Coren- 
tyne River in the East, with branch roads extending for short 
distances up the banks of the principal rivers crossed on the 
way, the whole being connected by bridges and steam ferries. 



492 

The total length of road between the points named is 268 miles, 
which includes 30 miles of roads in the Islands of Leguan and 
Wakenaam at the mouth of the Essequebo River. (Leguan 21 
miles, Wakenaam 18 railed.) 

With the exception of the portions which pass through 
sugar Plantations, the Roads and Bridges are maintained 
exclusively at the expense of the Public Revenue. The portions 
which pass through sugar Plantations, aggregating 88 miles, 
are maintained by the proprietors of the estates, who receive 
from the Government a uniform rate for their upkeep. A 
proposal that the Government should take over the upkeep 
of the whole of the roads and bridges is at pres?ent under 
consideration.* 

By Ordinance 13 of 1905 which consolidated and amended 
the law relating to the public roads of the colony, the roads 
which were formerly in the charge of the Treasury Depart- 
ment were transferred to the Public Work Department. Under 
this Ordinance the Colonial Civil Engineer is responsible, sub- 
ject to directions from the Governor, for the general care and 
supervision of the roads including those being maintained by 
the proprietors of sugar Plantations. 

Under this Ordinance the colony is divided for administra- 
tive purpose into road Districts under the charge of road 
Ofl&cers who are vested with all necessary powers for enforcing 
the maintenance of the roads in a state of eificient repair. 

The total cost of maintenance — including the sugar 
estates roads — for the financial year 1908-09 was $93,537.88. 

The sum provided on the estimates for the maintenance 
of the roads during 1909-10 is $118,850. 

In addition to the roads dealt with above, and falling 
within the category of " Coast" roads, there are about 50 miles 
of streets in Georgetown and 15^ miles in New Amsterdam. 

For the upkeep of the streets of Georgetown the Mayoi' 
and Town Council are responsible. Towards the cost of 
maintenance, which averages $19,300 per annum, the Govern- 
ment contributes a fixed sum of $5,000 a year. 



*Since the above was written the maintenance of the roads passing through 
Sugar Plantations has been taken over bv the Government as from the 
1st April, 1909. 



Plate 7. 




BARIMA-BARAMA ROAD, NORTH-WEST DISTRICT. 

Photo by E. R. Aiiwii. 



493 

The cost of maintebance of the .streets of New Amsterdam 
is borne one-half by the Municipality of tliat town and one-half 
by the Government. 

The total cost of upkeep for the year 1908 was .1^4,660. 

" Bush Roads and " Trails." 
In Mining Districts. 

The Fotaro-Konaivarook Road. — A cart road extending in 
a IS.S.E. direction from Potaro Landing, a point on the Potaro 
liiver about 10^- miles above Tumatumari, to Minnehaha Creek, 
a tributary of the Konawarook River, a distance of 15^ miles, 
and thence by bridle path to Konawarook River, a distance of 
7 miles, 

Jkirima-BfArama jKotw/.— Extending in a southerly direc- 
tion from Arakaka on the right bank of the Barima River at a 
point about 110 miles above Morawhanna, to Towakaima Falls 
on the Barama RiA^er, a distance of about 29 miles. The first 
5 nailes of this road from the Arakaka end is maintained as a 
cart road, the remaining portion being a bridle road. A trail 
of 5 miles in length extends from a point on this road a few 
miles inwards from the Towakaima Falls, to Mazawinni Land- 
ing on the Barama River a few miles below the Towakaima Falls. 

From the Towakaima Falls a line has been traced to the 
mouth of the Acarabisce Creek on the upper Cuyuni River in 
a S.W. direction, a distance of 48 miles. This line is not how- 
ever used. 

'Eclijjse Portage, —A cart road skirting the Eclipse Falls 
on the upper Barima River. Length If miles. 

Camaria Road. — Which skirts the Camaria Rapids on the 
Cuyuni River. Length 3 miles. 

Tumatumari to Tiger Creek Trail. — A trail or foot-path 
extending in a southerly direction from Tumatumari, the termi- 
nus on the Potaro River of the steamer and Railway contract 
service, connecting Georgetown with the Potaro gold-fields, 
to Tiger Creek, a distance of 10 miles. A branch of this trail 
extends from a point 7 miles inwards from Tumatumari, to the 
Konawarook River, a distance of 4 miles. 

Kokerite Trail. — Extending from Kokerite Landing on 
the Barama River in a southerly direction to Imoti on the 
Waini River, a distance of 15 miles. 



494 

Bartika-Kahuri Line. — Traced to conneot Bartika village 
at the junction of the Mazaruni and Essequibo Rivers, with the 
Kaburi Creek, a tributary of the first named river. The line 
is not used. Length 35 miles. 

All of the bush roads, trails, etc., enumerated above, have 
been constructed and are maintained by the Government, The 
sum provided on the estimates for the upkeep of these roads 
for the financial year 1909-10 amounts to $12,030. 

The Kartahu-Punmi Road. — A cart road of 65 miles in 
length, extending in a westerly direction from Kartabu Point 
at the junction of. the Mazaruni and Cuyuni Rivers to the 
Peters' Mine on the Cuyuni River, made and maintained by the 
proprietors of the Mine. 



CANALS. 



Used for Navigation Purposes. 

There are three Canals on theDemerara River, two on the 
left bank, each 7 miles long, and one on the right bank, 4 miles 
long. All are 60 feet wide and run at right angles to the river. 
They are used for navigation and drainage as waterways by 
the inland estates, the projjrietors of which bear the cost of 
maintenance. The Canals on the left bank are within 7 miles 
of the city of Georgetown, that on the right bank being 
within 5 miles of it. 



WATERWAYS. 

Provision is made annually for clearing the rivers and 
creeks in use, of fallen trees and other obstructions. The sum 
provided for this purpose on the Annual Estimates for the year 
1909-1910 amounts to $3,300. 



495 



NEW AM8TERDAM-SKELD0N MOTOR BUS SERVICE. 

Time Table. 



Down Mail. 

Leave New Amsterdam 

Whim 
,, Eversham 

No. 50 
,, Benab 

Arrive Skledoii 

Ujy Mail. 

Leave Skeldon 

55 Benab 

No. 50 
„ Eversham 

,. Whim 

» ^igg 

Arrive New Amsterdam 



7 a.m 


8 a.m 


8.35 




9.20 




9.45 




10.15 




11. 




1. F 


►.m 


1.45 




2.15 




2.40 




3.25 




4 




5 





CALLING STATIONS AND FARES. 



Nfcw Auisterdam to Skeidonai.d Between. 



Braiiifield 4 Miles and New Amsterdam 

Meiville 8 Do. and Bramfield 

Albion 12 Do. and Mervilie 

Whim 18 Do. and Albion 

Ever;sham 27^ Do. and Whim 

No. 50 33 Do. and Eversham 

No. 63 39 Do. and No. 50 

Skeldon 47 Do. and No. 63 



Intermediate! 
Stations 
1st 3rd 



1st 
Class 



24 

24 
24 
24 

48 
48 
48 
48 



12 


24 


12 


48 


12 


72 


12 


96 


24 


1 44 


24 


1 92 


24 


2 16 


24 


2 40 J 



2nd 

Class-', 



12 
24 

36 

48 
72 
96 
08 
20 



Skeldon to Nlw Amsterdam and Between. 



No. 63 


7 Miles and Skeldon 


48 


24 


48 


24 


No. 50 


14 Do. and No. 63 


48 


24 


96 


48 


Eversham 


25 Do. and No. 50 


48 


24 


1 44 


72 


Whim 


.30 Do. and Eversham 


24 


12 


1 68 


84 


Albion 


35 Do. and Whim 


24 


12 


1 92 


96 


Mervilie 


39 Do. and Albion 


24 


12 


2 16 


1 08 


Bramfield 


43 Do. and Mervilie 


24 


12 


2 40 


1 20 


New Amsterdam 












47 Do. and Bramfield 


24 


12 


2 40 


1 20 



496 

POSTAL INFORMATION.* 



Deliveries. 

Town House-to-House. — On week days there are three 
house-to-house deliveries in Georgetown, viz., at 7 a.m. the 
whole city ; 11 a.m. the whole city; 4 p.m. the whole citj, 
except Albouystown, Lodge slt!^ Wortmanville. At New Am- 
sterdam there are three house-to-house week-day deliveries, 7 
a.m. 11.30 a.m. and 2.45 p.m. and deliveries as far as Kendalls, 
Eist Coast, on Mondays, and Thursdays, and at Sandvoort on 
Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. 

Country House-to-House. — There are Iiouse-to-house 
deliveries within certain limits in the following Postal Dis- 
tricts, viz,, Skeldon, Fort AVellington, Mahaicony, Mahaica, 
Belfield, Enmore, Buxton, Eeterverwagting, Plaisance, Grove, 
Bagotville, Vreed-en-Hoop, Fellowship, Leonora, Tuschen, 
Taymouth Manor, Anna Begina, Danielstown, Bartica, AVhim, 
Sisters, Wales, Nigg, xvitty, Aurora, Ann's Grove, Buddie, 
Reliance, Blairmont, Weldaad, Albuoystown, Agricola, Provi- 
dence, Met-en-Meerzorg, De Kinderen, Leguan, AVakenaam. 

Interception OF Correspondence. — A fee of 12 cents is 
charged to every person requiring Inland Correspondence or 
Correspondence arriving by mail steamer, or both, detained in 
Georgetown, and delivered either on application at the 
General Post Office or otherwise, or sent to an address other 
than that to which it is directed. All applications must be 
made in writing, and applications will not be attended to until 
the fee is paid. The registration of Special Instructions as 
regards detention will remain in o23eration for such time as 
may be fixed in such instructions, and in the absence of any 
such fixture for a period of one month. 

Change of Residence. — Persons changing their residence 
should furnish the Post Office both at the place Avhicli they are 
leaving and at the place to which they are going, with written 
instructions regarding the disposal of postal articles (including 
telegrams and money orders) received to their address. The 
instructions must be simple and direct, and must state whether 
they are intended to apply to all postal articles, and whether 
the postal articles referred to are postal articles addressed to 

*For rales of postage and otlief charges see under Fees — Postal Depart- 
ment. 



the person giving the instructions only, or also to members of 
his family or household. No fees are chargeable in respect of 
redirection to changes of address. 

Private Bags. 

Fee for Private Letter Bag. — Persons living in the 
country will find it advantageous to have Private Letter-bags. 
The fee for a Private Letter-bag is $5 a year, payable in 
advance. 

Bags to be Provided.— Bags must be provided by each 
person. The bags must be so constructed as to secure their 
contents from inspection, and must be furnished with a lock, 
one key of which must be handed to the Postmaster General. 
The name of the owner must be legibly painted on each bag. 

Prohibition. — Letters containing coins or valuables may 
not be transmitted in a private letter-bag. If discovered they 
will be compulsorily registered and charged on delivery Avith a 
double registration fee. 

Express Delivery. 

Delivering Offices. — In Georgetown and at New Am- 
sterdam, and at every postal telegraph office, Inland letters 
and parcels can be specially delivered immediately on arrival 
at the Post Office if desired by the sender. The sender must 
in such case indicate on the article by the words '' Express 
Delivery" that it is intended for special delivery. 

Fees. — The fees for such delivery must be prepaid in 
stamps affixed to the article. 

Miscellaneous Regulations and Suggestions. 

Complaints against the Post Office. — In cases of com- 
j)laint of overcharge, or of delay in the delivery of any article, 
the cover or wrapper, with the Post Office marks upon it, 
should always be forwarded with the letter of complaint. In 
cases of complaint of the loss of any article sent by the person 
complaining, it is desirable that the actual posting of the 
article should be, if possible, established as the first step. In 
a large proportion of complaints it is found that articles 
entrusted to the messengers or servants were never posted, or 
were not posted at the time believed, or that the posting is 
altogether uncertain. Letters containing complaints against 
the Post Office need not be stamped, provided that they are 
addressed to the Postmaster General. CompUiints cannot be 



498 

attended to unless preferred within six months of the date of 
the occurrence to which they relate. 

Signs of Injury. — Where a letter when delivered bears 
signs of injury, the addressee should call attention to the fact of 
such injury at the time of delivery and if possible open the 
letter in the presence of an Officer of the Post Office. The 
cover should be forwarded to the Postmaster General with in- 
formation as to the parties in whose presence it was opened. 

Caution as to sending Coin, &c., by Post. — Neither 
money nor any other article of considerable value ought to be 
sent through the Post, except by means of a money order or in 
a registered packet. Any person who sends money or jewellery 
unregistered not only runs a risk of losing his property, but 
exposes to temptation everyone through whose hands the 
article passes, and may be the means of ultimately bringing 
some Post Office servant to ruin. The Government considers 
itself relieved of resj^onsibility to make enquiry in respect to 
the loss of unregistered packets containing money or other 
valuables. 

INLAISD POST. 
Newspapees. 

CovEES MUST BE OPEN AT Ends. — Every newspaper or 
packet of newspapers must be posted either without cover, or 
in a cover open at both ends, so as to admit of easy removal for 
examination. The cover must not be fastened by means of 
gum, sealing- wax, postage stamps or otherwise. If this rule is 
infringed the new^spajDer is liable to be treated as a letter. It 
is recommended that the addresses be written on exposed parts 
of the newspaj)ers themselves, as well as on the covers. 

Conditions as to size and Weight. — A packet of news- 
jDapers must not exceed tw^o lbs. in weight, two feet in length 
and one foot in width and depth. 

CiRCULAES AND PeICES CuREENT. 

Conditions as to Packing. — Circulars should be entirely 
open at the ends or sides, as for the purpose of inspection a 
corner of the cover cut off is not sufficient. And if sent with- 
out covers they must not be fastened by means of gum, wafers, 
seals, &c. Paper fasteners or string may be used. When 
posted in a cover, Avhich, from any cause, cannot be readily 
removed, they are cosed for inspection and Avill be treated as 
letters. 



499 

Posting in Bulk. — When circulars and prices current are 
posted in large numbers it is desirable, in order to facilitate 
their despatch, that they should be tied in bundles with the 
addresses all in one direction, and handed over the counter 
instead of being placed in the letter-box. 

May be sent by Book-Post. — Circulars and prices cur- 
rent may be made up in packets and forwarded at the rate 
chargeable for book-packets. 

Book Packets. 

What a Book-Packet may Contain.— A book-packet 
may contain : — 

(a) — Newspapers and publications of all kinds. 

(6) — Books, whether blank or printed ; engravings, photo- 
graphs, drawings, plans, maps, printed music, and 
proof sheets, with or without the manuscript relating 
thereto, 

(c) — Any quantity of blank paper, parchment, or card- 
board. 

(d) — And generally anything printed, engraved, litho- 
graphed or papyrographed, on paper, parchment or 
card-board. 

(e) — Bills of account whether sent for payment or returned 
■ after payment with a receipt, provided they contain 
no other communication to the person to whom they 
are addressed. 

(/')— Business papers, written or drawn wholly or partly 
by hand, not being of the nature of a letter or having 
the character of a personal communication, such as 
deeds, bills of lading, invoices, accounts, &c. 
f 5') —Manuscripts of all kinds, including manuscript 
music, not being of the nature of personal corres- 
pondence. Manuscript sent to a newspaper for 
publication, may also be sent as a book packet, even 
when it has the form and character of personal 
correspondence. 
Conditions as to Packing. — A book-packet may be 
posted either without a cover (in which case it must not be 
fastened by means of gum, wafer, sealing-wax, postage stamp 
or otherwise) or in a cover entirely open at both ends, so as to 
admit of the contents being easily withdrawn for examination. 



500 

The privilege of transmission at the low rate of postage ap- 
plicable to book-post is forfeited by any packet the contents 
of which are in any way fastened into the cover, or the cover 
of which cannot from any cause be withdrawn without diffi- 
culty. A book-packet may however be tied at the ends with 
string or may be secured by paper fasteners. 

Conditions as to Size and Weight. — No book-packet 
may exceed 2 lbs. in weight nor be above 18 inches in length 
and 9 inches in width and depth. 

Parcels. 

Mode of Posting. — In order that a packet may be sent 
by parcel post it must be presented at the counter of a Post 
Office for transmission as a jyarcel and must bear the words 
"^ Parcel Post" written cons]Dicuously in the left hand top 
corner. 

Prohibitions and Restrictions. — The following articles 
are not permitted to be sent through the Post : — Fish, meat, 
and all articles of a perishable nature ; glass bottles or glass in 
any form, unless enclosed in boxes or tins, or otherwise 
securely packed to prevent fracture ; anything of a greasy or 
oily nature ; live birds, animals and insects : bladders or 
other vessels containing liquids or semi-liquids such as 
jelly, paint, and varnish (these latter can, however, be sent in 
tins or cans securely fastened) ; gunpowder, matches, or any- 
thing of an explosive or inflauimable nature ; razors, scissors, 
knives, or other shai'p instruments, unless they are packed and 
guarded in such a manner as tp afford protection to the con- 
tents of the mail bag ; and parcels which bear on the outside 
or contain within any writing,- drawing, or thing of indecent or 
offensive nature. 

Registration. 

Conditions as to Enclosing. — Every article presented 
for registration must be enclosed in a strong cover, securely 
fastened. If money is to be sent, either in coin or postage 
stamps, it should be enclosed in a registered letter envelope, 
sold by the Post Office at 5 cents each, and if coins are sent, 
they must be packed and enclosed in such a way as to move 
about as little a^ possible. Any officer to whom a postal packet 
is tendered for registration is instructed to refuse to register it 



501 

if the packing thereof is in his opinion obviously such as to 
afford inadequate protection to the contents. 

Prepaybient Compulsory. — Registered articles must be 
fully prepaid as regards both postage and registration. 

Acknowledgments. — The sender of a registered article 
may obtain an acknowledgment of its due receipt by tlie 
addressee on payment of an extra fee of four cents at the time 
of registration. 

Manner of Registering. — Every article to be registered 
must be presented at the counter to an agent of the Post 
Office, and a receipt obtained for it ; and it should on no 
account be dropped into a letter box. If, contrary to this 
rule, an article marked " Registered " be dropped into a letter- 
box it will, if directed to any place in the colony, be charged 
on delivery a registration fee of eight cents, instead of the 
ordinary fee of 4 cents. Letters containing coin or valuables 
posted without registration, will be compulsorily registered and 
cliarged on delivery a registration fee of 8 cents. 

Object of Registering. — The registration of a packet 
makes its transmission much more secure, inasmuch as under 
ordinary circumstances a registered j)^'^^^^^ can be traced 
through its whole course. Thus the loss of a registered packet 
is a rare occurrence. Nevertheless large sums of money or 
other articles of great value should not be sent through the 
post, even if the packet be registered ; as the machinery of 
the Department is not arranged with a view to such trans- 
mission. By law the giving of a receipt does not make the 
Post Office revenue liable for the loss of registered packets or 
their contents. 

Free Correspondence, 

Officers entitled to free Postage. — The following 
Public Officers and Heads of Departments are entitled to 
frank and to receive post free all Official Postal matter sent 
or received by them through the Inland post. 

Schedule A. 



Governor 
Private Secretary 
Aide-de-Camp 
Chief Justice 
Government Secretary 
Attorney General 



Director of Science and Agri- 
culture 
Secty., Board of Agriculture 
Inspector General of Police 
Solicitor General 
Crown Solicitor 



502 



Auditor General 

Immigration Agent General 

Puisne Judges 

Receiver General 

Surgeon General 

Comptroller of Customs 

Colonial Civil Engineer 

Police Magistrate, Georgetown 

Registrar General, Births &■ 
Deaths 

Stipendiary Magistrates and 
Clerks 

Government Agent North- 
West Dist. 

Assistant Government 
Secretary 

Clerk to the Court of PoHcy 

Harbour Master 

The following Public Officers and functionaries ^re en- 
titled to frank inland official postal matter to officers of their 

own department or other persons upon business connected 

solely with their public duties and strictly upon His Majesty's 

service. 

Schedule B. 



Commissioner, Lands & Mines 
Registrar of British Guiana 
Postmaster General 
Chairman of Poor Law Board 
Inspector of Prisons 
Secy, to Local Government 

Board 
Superintendent, Botanic 

Gardens 
Inspector of Schools 
Analytical Chemist 
Principal of Queen's College 
Commandant of Militia 
Bishop of Guiana 
Moderator of Church of 

Scotland 
Immigration Agent 



Sub-Comptroller of Customs 
Officers in charge Medical 
Institutions 

District Engineer 
Inspectors of Police 
Commissaries of Taxation 
Officers in charge of Stations 

Coroners 



Poor Law Guardians 
Superintendent and District 



Registrars 



of 



Officers of Department 

Lands and Mines 
Adjutant British Guiana 

Militia 
Officers under Crown Lands 

or Mining Regulations. 



Other free Correspondence. — The following postal mat- 
ter may be sent free under the provisions of the laws relating 
thereto : — • 

Under Coroners Ordinance, No. 6 of 1887 — All Gorre- 
spondence, papers and documents transmitted by or to the 
Attorney General, or by or to a coroner relating to any matter 
dealt with under that Ordinance. 



503 

Under Registration of Births and Deaths Ordinance, No. 1 
of 1868. — All letters of persons giving written notices of birth 
or death to Registrar and Registrar's written acknowledgment 
of same. All letters and packets addressed to Registrar or 
Superintendent Registrar, and all letters from General Regis- 
ter Office. 

Under Political Constitution Ordinance, No. 9 of 1896 — 
Writs sent by Returning Officers as registered letters. 

Under Savings Bafiks Regulations, Ordinance No. 6 of 
1889 — All declarations, pass books, acknowledgments, notice 
of withdrawals, warrants and all other documents and corre- 
spondence passing between the Savings Banks and any deposi- 
tors in relation to the business of the Banks. 

Returned Letters. 

Period of time letters are Kept. — All letters, post cards, 
packets, newspapers and parcels, addressed to any Post Office 
in the colony are retained for a period of two weeks. If 
orginating abroad and not called for at the end of one month 
from the time of receipt in the returned letter office, they are 
advertised in the Official Gazette. If not applied for at the 
expiration of the second month, they are sent back to the 
country of origin. In the case of those posted in the colony, 
they are opened and, with the exception of newspapers, re- 
turned to the writer. 

Letters for persons at out-lying Places. — Letters, &g., 
addressed to gold-diggers and others resident at a distance 
from a Post Office are, however, exceptionally retained one 
month. 

Treatment of Letters in R.L.O. — On reaching the 
returned letter office if any inland letter be found not to con- 
tain the sender's address or any article of value, it is destroyed. 
Any letter or packet which on being opened, is found to 
contain value, is for its safety, recorded and returned registered, 
and, unless registered at the time of posting, a double registra- 
tion fee is charged on the sender. 

Fully prepaid letters, &c., returned Free. — Fully 
prepaid letters, if not found to contain articles of value, are 
returned to the writers free of charge. 

Postage on unpaid Postal matter will be collected 
FROM Senders.— The postage, &c., charged upon letters 
and other articles sent by post received in the returned letter 



504 

office will be charged upon the letters when sent to the writers, 
and the amount of such postage is, by law, recoverable from 
the senders of the letters. 

Lexers to be called foPw 

PosTE Kestante. — There is a Poste Eestante at the 
General Post Office, Georgetown, where letters " to be called 
for ' can be obtained. No letters are taken in ^' to be called 
for " at the branch receiving offices, and any so directed and 
posted yAU be sent to the returned letter office to be returned 
to the writers. 

For whom Intended. — The Poste Restante being solely 
intended for the accommodation of strangers and travellers 
who have no permanent abode in Georgetown, letters for 
residents should not, excepting under special circumstances, be 
addressed to the Post Office " to be called for," and any letters 
so addressed will be sent out by the letter carrier after the 
expiration of one month. Even strangers are not as a rnle 
allowed to use the Poste Restante for more than two months, at 
the end of which time they are expected to have their letters 
sent to a private address. 

Initials or Fictitious Names. — Letters addressed to 
initials or fictitious names at the Poste Restante are not taken 
in, but are at once sent to the writers. 

Re-direction to Poste Restante not Allowed.— -Let- 
ters may not be re-directed from a private address to the Paste 
Restante. 

Particulars of letters to be Given. — All persons ap- 
plying for letters at the Poste Restante must be prepared to 
give the necessary particulars to the clerk on duty, to prevent 
mistakes and to ensure the delivery of the letters to the per- 
sons to whom they properly belong. Information must also be 
given as to the place and district from which the letters are 
expected, and if necessary some proof of identification pro- 
duced. 

Period for which letters are Kept. — Letters from 
abroad addressed to the Poste Restante, Georgetown, are 
retained for one month, after which time they are advertised 
in the Official Gazette, and if not claimed within one month 
from the date of publication they are sent to the returned 
letter office for disposal in the usual manner. 



505 

Letters addressed to Ships.— Letters, &c., for Captains, 
Officers, Crews^ and passengers of all ships coming into port at 
Georgetown, are specially forwarded to the Consignee's Office 
on the arrival of the ship. 

FOREIGN POST. 

Closing of Mails. — Notice of closing mails is given 
as early as possible through the newspapers and by notices 
posted up in the Post Offices. 

Late Fees. — Ordinary or registered postal matter posted 
at the General Post Office, Georgetown, after the hour fixed 
for the closing of an ordinary or a registered foreign mail will 
be included in such mail if posted within the time limits and on 
payment of the prescribed extra postage. 

All such postal matter must be handed in over the 
counter of the Post Office at which the mail is closed, and no 
postal matter posted otherwise after the hour fixed for the 
closing of a mail will be included in such Mail. 

Definition of Term " Correspondence." — For the pur- 
poses of the Foreign Post the term "Correspondence" includes 
the following five classes, for each of which a distinctive rate 
of postage is described : — 

Letters. 
Post-cards. 



Commercial Documents. 
Patterns and Samples. 



Newspapers or other 
Printed papers. 
Parcels are dealt with under a separate head. 

Letters 

Postage. — The postage on letters for the Union coun- 
tries is 5 cents for the first oz. and 3 cents for every succeeding 
oz. or part thereof except in the United Kingdom and certain 
British colonies, etc., to which the postage is 2 cents every 
ounce or part thereof. 

Unpaid and Insufficiently Paid. — If letters are posted 
unpaid or insufficiently paid to the United Kingdom or other 
Union countries, they are charged on delivery with double 
postage, or double the amount of the deficienc3^ Unpaid and 
insufficiently prepaid correspondence when not deliverable at 
the country or destination, is chargeable on return to the coun- 
try of origin with the postage which has not been recovered 
from the addressee. Prepayment of postage is compulsory by 
certain routes. Where an incoming letter charged with lower 



506 

rates of Postage is re-directed to a country to which higher 
rates apply, it will be chargeable with an amount which, 
together with the postage already paid, shall be equal to the 
rates of postage on a letter to such country. 

Prohibitions. — It its forbidden to insert in ordinary or 
registered correspondence :— Current coin, articles liable 
to Customs' Duties, gold or silver, precious stones, jewellery and 
other precious articles, but only in case their insertion is for- 
bidden by the Legislature of the countries concerned. 

Post- Cards. 

Special Rules as to Address, &c. — Post-cards bearing 
written or printed communications on the left hand half of 
the address side may be sent to all British possessions to 
which the 2 cents postage applies and to certain Foreign 
countries — with these exceptions the face of the card is re- 
served for the postage stamp, and for the address, which may 
be written or be shewn, upon a gummed label not exceeding 
2 inches in length by 1 inch in width. The sender of a post- 
card may also add his own name and address on the face or 
on the back of it by means of a stamj), autograph stamp, or any 
other typographical process. Engraving or advertisements 
may be printed on the face, but must not interfere with the in- 
dication of the address or with tlie stamping or marking of the 
postal service. Except stamps for the prepayment and the 
labels mentioned in this paragraph no paper or other article 
may be attached to a post-card. The sender of the post-card 
with reply paid may indicate an address on the face of the 
reply half, either in writing or by sticking a label on it. The 
prepayment of the reply half by means of the postage stamp of 
the countrj' of origin only holds good if the reply half be sent 
to that country, otherwise it is charged as an unpaid letter. 
Newspapers or other Printed Papers. 

Definition of term " PRI^'TED Papers." — The following 
are considered as printed papers and allowed to pass as such : 
— Newspapers and periodical vvorks, books, stitched or bound, 
pamphlets, sheets of music, visiting cards, address cards, proofs 
of printing with or without the manuscrijDts relating thereto, 
papers impressed with points in relief for the Uvse of the blind, 
engravings, photographs and albums containing photographs, 
pictures, drawings, plans, maps, catalogues, prospectuses, an- 
nouncements and notices of various kinds, printed, engraved, 



507 

lithographed or autographed, and in general all impressions or 
copies obtained upon paper, parchment, or cardboard, by 
means of printing, engraving, lithography, autography, or any 
other mechanical process easy to recognize, except the copying 
press and the typewriter. 

Postage. — Postage on newspapers or other printed papers 
is 1 cent for every two ounces or part of that weight, except 
to Canada, with which country newspapers and periodicals are 
exchanged at Inland rates. 

Conditions as to Payment, — The postage must be pre- 
paid at least partly. Unpaid packets will be stopped. 

Conditions as to Size and Weight. — The limits of size 
for packets addressed to the United Kingdom and British 
colonies or possessions, or to Non-Union countries are 2 feet 
in length by one foot in width or depth, but to Foreign coun- 
tries in the postal Union, the length is limited to 18 inches ; 
packets in the form of a roll may not exceed 2 feet 6 ins. in 
length and 4 ins. diameter. The limits of weight are 5 lbs. 

n • • • 

for British colonies and possessions, and for Non-Union coun- 
tries ; and 4 lbs. for other countries. 

Commercial Papers. 

Definition of '• Commercial Papers." — The following 
are considered as commercial papers, and allowed to pass as 
such : — All papers and all documents, whether writings or 
drawings, produced wholly or partly by hand, not having the 
character of an actual and personal correspondence, such as 
papers of legal procedure, deeds of all kinds drawn up by 
public functionaries, way bills or bills of lading^ invoices, the 
various documents of insurance companies, copies of or extracts 
from acts under private signature, written on stamped or un- 
stamped paper, musical scores or sheets of music in manuscript, 
the manuscripts of works or of newspapers forwarded separ- 
ately, pupils' exercises with corrections but without any 
comment on the work, etc. 

Postage. — The i^ostage on commercial papers is the same 
as for printed papers, except that the lowest charge is five 
cents. 

Condition as to Size and Weight. — Commercial papers 
are subject so far as regards form and conditions of trans- 
mission to the regulations prescribed for printed papers. 

Condition as to Packing. — Packets of commercial papers 



508 

must be posted in unclosed envelopes, or in covers entirely 
open at both ends, so as to admit of the contents being easily 
withdrawn for examination ; the covers, however, may be tied 
at the ends with string. 

Samples. 

Limits of Size and Weight. — The limit of weight for 
packets of samples for British colonies or possessions or for 
non-Union countries is 5 lbs., but for foreign countries in the 
postal Union the limit is 12 oz. A packet of samples sent to 
any British colony or possession or non-Union country must 
not exceed 2 feet in length by 1 foot in width or depth, but 
to any foreign place , comprised in the postal Union a packet 
must not exceed 12 inches in length, (S in width, or 4= in depth, 
unless it be in the form of a ro]], in which case the limit of 
size is 12 inches in length and 6 inches in diameter. 

Specimens. — Transmission at the sample rate is accorded 
to articles of natural history, dried or preserved animals and 
plants, geological specimens, &c., when sent for no commercial 
purpose and packed in accordance with the general regulations 
concerning samjoles of merchandise. 

Tobacco. — With a view of afiording tobacco growers 
facilities for transmitting samples of their production to the 
trade in the United Kingdom, parcels containing type samples 
of manufactured tobacco sent bona fide for the purposes of the 
trade, and not exceeding 4 lbs. in weight, will be delivered to 
the addressees, subject to the payment of the Customs duty. 

Registeation. ^ 

Fee. — Registration is applicable equally to letters, post- 
cardsj newspapers, book-packet, and samples addressed to 
places abroad, but not to parcels sent by parcel post except in 
the case of parcels sent to or from the United States, The fee 
chargeable for registration to places abroad is 4 cents. 

Acknowledgments. — The sender of a registered article 
addressed to any Foreign Country or British colony in the 
postal Union, may obtain an acknowledgment of its due receipt 
by the addressee on paying a fee of 5 cents in advance at the 
time of registration. For enquiry as to the delivery of 
registered articles a fee of 5 cents must be paid, unless it can 
bo shewn that there is reason to suppose that the article has 
been lost in the post. 



509 

PuEPAYMENT OoMPULSORY. — Rcgistej'ed articles must be 
fully prepaid as res^at'ds both postage and registration fee. 

Manner of Registering, — Every article to be registered 
must be given to an agent of the Post Oflice, and a receipt 
obtained for it ; and it should on no account be dropped into a 
letter-box. 

Correspondence by Private Vessels. 

Address on Letters Outwards. — Correspondence de- 
sired to be despatched by private vessels taking mails should 
be marked by the sender, the name of the vessel being given 
if transmission by a particular vessel is desired, but the Post 
Office must still have discretion as to transmission Vjy that 
jjarticular opportunity. Correspondence not so marked may be 
forwarded by private vessel if there be no regular mail com- 
munication with the country of destination. 

Charges on Letters Inwards. — The following charges 
are made on the delivery of letters brought to the colony Vjy 
ship without having passed through a Post Office previous to 
arrival : — 

For each Letter, per oz. ... ... ... 2 cents. 

The gratuity to be paid to the ship's Captain by the Post 
Office is fixed at one cent for each letter irrespective of weight. 

Consignees' Letters. — The owners, charterers or con- 
signees of any vessel, not a Post Office packet, and the owners, 
consignees, or shippers of goods on board any such vessel, 
are entitled to have their letters delivered by the master of 
the vessel before he delivers the other letters to the Post 
Office and free of inland postage, but the letters brought by 
any one such vessel to any one such person, shall not collec- 
tively exceed six ounces in weight, and the owner, charterer, 
or consignees shall be described as such on the address and 
superscription, and in the case of owners, shippers, or con- 
signees of goods, it shall also appear by the ship's manifest that 
they have goods on board the vessel. 

MONEY ORDERS. 

Forms. — When apj)lying for Money Orders, the public 
should use the printed " requisition form " supplied gratui- 
tously at all Money Order Offices. 

Rates of Co3imission. — The Commission charged on In- 
land Money Orders and on orders drawn on any office in the 
Dominion of Canada is 2 cents for each ^2 40, or portion of 



510 

that sum. No Inland Money Order is issued fur a higher sum 

than $100. 

The Commigsion charged on all foreign orders except to 
Canada is 4 cents for each 10/-, or portion of that sum. 

Money Order Offices. — The following are the Offices 
authorised to transact Money Order business. 



GEORGETOWN. 

coenhill 

Caemichael Street 
BouEDA, Light Street 
Albouystown 

PLAISANCE 

BETERVERWAGTING 

BUXTON 

ENMOKE 

BELFIELD 

ANN'S GROVE 

MAHAICA 

MAHAICONY 

WELDAAD 

FOR, T WELLINGTON 

BLAIRMONT 

GROVE 

VREED-EN-HOOP 

BAGOTVILLE 

WALES 

FELLOWSHIP 

LEONORA 

De KINDEREN 

KITTY 



MET-ENMEERZORG 

TUSCHEN 

LEGUAN 

WAKENAAM 

SUDDIE 

TAYMOUTH MANOR 

ANNA REG IN A 

HACKNEY 

AURORA 

DANIELSTOWN 

BARTICA 

MORAWHANNA 

ARAKAKA 

WISMAR 

TUMATUMARI 

POTARO 

NEW AMSTERDAM 

NIGG 

WHIM 

BENAB (No. ()3) 

SKELDON 

RELIANCE 

SISTERS 

NAAMRYCK 

PROVIDENCE 



Particulars Required. — No money order can be issued 

unless the applicant furnish in full the surname and the initial 

of one Christian-name, at least, both of the remitter and 

payee, together with the remitter's address. Tn the case of 

foreign orders, the full address of the payee must be given. 

Exception. — In the case of inland orders or when orders 

are made payable in the United Kingdom, the remitter 

is at liberty to desire, at the time of issue, that the 

order be crossed like a cheque thus, &, Co., and be made 

payable only through a bank, in which case it is left to 

his option to give or with-hold the name of the payee. 

The designation of the bank need not be furnished. 

Orders may be Crossed. — The holder of a money order 

payable in the United Kingdom is always at liberty to direct. 

by crossing it, that the order be paid through a bank even 

though its payment was not originally so restricted ; and when 



I 



511 

the order is thus pi-e.sented the question put on the presenta- 
tion of an ordinary money order is dispensed with. 

Nearest Money Order Office. — When application is 
made for a money order payable in London, or at any other 
town where there is more than one money order office, the 
remitter should be prepared to say at which of such offices he 
wishes it to be paid, otherwise the order can be cashed only at 
the head office. 

Obders cannot be Cancelled. — An order once issued 
cannot be cancelled and should repayment or transfer to a 
different oflice be required, application on the subject must be 
made to the Postmaster General. 

P.^YMENT.-^Before an order is presented for payment the 
order must be signed by the person to whom it is made payable. 
Then if the signature be in agreement w^ith the information 
given in the advice, and the person presenting the order is able 
to give the name of the remitter, the order will be paid, unless 
the Postmaster have good grounds for believing the applicant 
is neither the right claimant nor deputed by him. If the 
payee is unable to write, his mark shall be witnessed in writing 
in the presence of the paying officer by two persons known to 
such officer. Payment of an order cannot be demanded on the 
same day as that on which the order Avas issued. 

Non-Eesponsibility of Post Office. — No application 
can be entertained for compensation for allegedin jury from 
the non-payment of an order at the expected time. After once 
paying an order, by whomsoever presented, the office is not 
liable to any further claim. 

Precautions to be Observed. — To guard against fraudu- 
lent payment of a money order, the remitter is recommended, — 

1st. — -When he is well-known to the payee to sign the 
letter enclosing the order with his initials only. 

2nd.,^ — When it is not the case to register the letter en- 
closing it. 

3rd. — When it is not considered expedient lO adopt either 
of these courses to send the remitter's name (with- 
out a knowledge of which payment cannot be 
obtained) in a separate letter from that containing 
the money order ; although this latter precaution 
is much less effective than either of the others. 



512 
INLAND TELEGRAPH ORDERS. 

Rate of Commission. — Orders may be transmitted by 
telegraph to any money order office having telegraphic commu- 
nication. The commission payable on such order is as follows: — 

On every 10/ or portion of that sum ... ..A cents. 

Charge for Advice. — In addition to the commission a 
charge is made at the ordinary inland rate for the Official 
telegram authorising payment at the office of payment 
and for the repetition thereof. Any telegraphic communi- 
cation which the remitter may wish to despatch to the payee 
must be paid for at the ordinary inland rate. 

Li.MiT OF Value. — No telegraph money order can be 
issued for a greater sum than one hundred dollars. 

PAYME^T OF Telegraph ORDERS.--The order can only 
be paid on the production of satisfactory evidence that the 
party claiming the same is entitled thereto. la other respects 
telegraph mouey orders are subject to the regulations which 
govern the transmission of ordinary money orders. 

POSTAL ORDERS. 
Inland. 

Where Obtained.— Inland postal orders issued by the 
Postmaster General are obtainable at the General Post Office 
at any money order office"^'" and at such district offices iiA the 
colony as may from time to time be authoiised to issue the 
same. 

To Be Promptly Transmitted. — A postal order must be 
transmitted by the purchaser with the least possible delay after 
being purchased, to its destination. 

Payable on Demand. — Postal orders issued at any of the 
offices will be payable on demand at any money order office in 
the colony, subject to the hereinafter conditions : Provided 
that in all cases the amount payable will not include any com- 
mission that may have been paid by the purchaser. 

No Claim after Payment. — After a postal order has 
once been paid at a money order office, to whomsoever it is 
paid, the Postmaster General will not be liable for any further 
claim. 



*Tlie following offices which are not money order offices are authorized 
to issue Postal Ovdeva :—JIaU all ; JX Mile, Potaro Road; H.M. Penal 
Settlement. 



513 

British Orders- 
British Orders Obtainable. — British postal orders of 
the form as issued by the Imperial Post office are obtainable 
for the transmission of small sums from the colony to the 
United Kingdom and British colonies and possessions, at the 
General Post Office, any money order office and at such other 
District offices in the colony, as may from time to time be 
arranged for by the Postmaster General. 

Broken Amounts, not including fractions of a penny, may 
be made up by postage stamps, not exceeding three in number 
nor five pence in value, affixed to the face of a postal order in 
the space provided for that purpose. 

Particulars required for Inquiry. — Should the pur- 
chaser of a postal order, with a view to tracing a miscarriage or 
loss, desire inquiry to be made by the Postmaster General, he 
must furnish the serial number of the order, its date and office 
of issue, without which the Postmaster General will not under- 
take such inquiry. 

Must not be Mutilated, &c. — No postal order which has 
been cut in halves or otherwise mutilated, and rejoined, will be 
paid without the express authority of the Postmaster General, 

If crossed payable through Bank. — If a postal order 
be crossed, payment will only be made through a Bank, and if 
the name of the Bank be added payment will only be made 
through that Bank. 

May be Refused for Erasures or Alterations. — If any 
erasures or alteration be made, or if the order is neither dale- 
stamped nor signed by the issuing Postmaster, payment may 
be refused 

ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS. 

Inland Telegrams. 

Charge. — The charge for Telegrams throughout British 
Guiana is 12 cents for the first 12 words and 6 cents for each 
additional 6 words or part of that number. The names and 
address of the receiver, also that of the sender, if telegraphed, 
are counted. The receiver's name and address shall consist of 
not less than 2 words. 

Delivery. — -Telegrams are delivered free within one mile 
of the nearest delivery office. When the addressee resides 
beyond the free delivery boundary a charge of 6 cents a mile 



514 

or parfc of a mile is made to the sender. The charge is calcu- 
lated from the boundary of the district, within which porter- 
age is levied. 

Prepayment by Stamps. — The prepayment of the charges 
for transmission and for porterage on a telegram shall be 
effected by means of postage stamps to be affixed to the mes- 
sage form by the sender. 

Posting. — Telegrams may be posted in an envelope free of 
postage addressed " Telegram, Immediate," in any Post Office 
letter box, and telegrams so posted shall be sent on by ihe next 
collection from such letter box to the nearest convenient postal 
telegraph office for transmission, provided the proper amount 
for transmission and for porterage (if any) have been prepaid 
by means of postage stamps affixed to the message form. 

Insufficient Payment. — Telegrams posted insufficiently 
prepaid may be forwarded and the deficiency charged to the 
addressee, but unpaid telegrams shall not be forwarded. 

Registration of Addresses. — Any person desiring to 
register an abbreviated or arbitrary address must make appli- 
cation for registration to the Postmaster General. The charge 
for the service is One Dollar per annum, payable in advance. 
The address must consist of two words, one of which must be 
the name of the town or place of delivery, the otlier must be a 
dictionary word containing not more than ten letters in En- 
glish, French, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, or 
Latin. No Surname is acce23ted for registration, A fee of 
One Dollar is payable for every change of address occurring 
during the year of registration. 

Messages for Ships. — On telegrams addressed to per- 
sons on board vessels not alongside a stelling, the sender is 
required to make a deposit of $1 for boat hire. Any unex- 
pended balance of that amount is refunded. 

Service Messages. — All telegrams sent to and by Gov- 
ernment officials, duly franked and handed in as Government 
service messages are accepted free of charge as regards trans- 
mission. Any extra charge for porterage has, however, to be 
paid. 

Compound Words. — No combination of words is counted 
as one word, with the exception of those which are ordinarily 
written as one, or coupled by hyphens, such as ^' mother-in- 



Yestercla3'. I Threepence 
Halfpenny. { and up to 
Twopence. | Eleven pence. 



515 

law," '' non-delivery," " sub-lieutenant," " alms-house," '' twen- 
ty-one," '' O'Niel/' " MacDonald," &c. 

The following exceptional compound words are charsjed for 
as one word : — 

Midday, Se'eu night. To-night. 

Midnight. Cannot. To-morrow. 

Noonday. To-day. Yesternight. 

So, too, are names with the prefix " 8t.," such at 8t. 
Philip's, St. Paul, tkc. 

Numbers. — Numbers expressed in figures are counted at 
the rate of five figures to a word. For example, 73856 counts 
as one word. Fractions are counted according to the number 
of figures employed, one figure being added to the bar or mark 
of division between the numerator and denominator, thus 
" ^ " counts as one word, " 2| " as one word, " 109| " as two 
words. In groups of figures a stop or oblique stroke is counted 
as a figure. In ordinal numbers the afiixed st, nd^ rd, or th, is 
counted as two figures thus, " 1st " counts as one word 
'' 1432nd " as two words. 

Compound Figures and Names. — Where a figure or a 
group of figures is followed or preceded by a letter (except in 
the case of ordinal numbers) the letter is counted as a word : 
thus, 104a or al04 counts as two words. A mark of division 
between the figures and the letter would count as an extra 
word : thus, a/ 104 would be counted as three words. All 
names are counted as compound word if composed of more 
than one word. For example, " La Bonne Intention " is 
counted as three words, " Mon Repos," two words. All names 
of telegraj)h offices, for which iheie are code words, are how- 
ever counted as only one word each. 

Characters and Instructions. — When the sender desires 
words to be underlined, or placed in a parenthesis, or within 
inverted commas, two extra words are charged for. Stops are 
counted as one word if the sender desires them to be signalled. 
When the sender desires that special instructions, such as 
" private," " confidential," " to be opened at once" or the like, 
shall be written on the envelope of the message, he must write 
those instructions immediately after the address of the 
receiver. Instructions are charged for as part of the message 
except in the case of the following special instructions as to 
delivery ; — " By estate's messenger," " By Post, ''To be left till 
called for." 



516 

Late Messages. — All telegraph offices close at 5.30 p.m. 
and telegrams handed in after 5.15 p.m., therefore run the risk 
of not reaching their destination until the following morning. 
Postmasters may accept telegrams after the usual hours, pro- 
vided that the terminal office is open and its attention can be 
gained. Upon each telegram so accepted, they are allowed to 
charge the following gratuities in addition to the cost of the 
messages : — 

12 cents to the officer dealing with the message at the forwarding office, 
12 ,, ,, ,, „ „ „ receiving office. 

12 ,, ,, ,, ,, ., ,, transmitting office, 

(if the message has to be he transmitted.) 
8 ,, M , niessenger wlio has to deliver tlie telegrams. 

Foreign Messages. — Telegrams addressed to places out- 
side the colony, are accepted on payment of the Inland rate, 
plus the rate chargeable from Georgetow^n according to the 
tariff of the Cable Company. 

Messages Wired to be Posted. — Telegrams addressed 
to places outside the colony will be forwarded by post from 
Georgetown or other station on payment of the ordinary 
charge for postage, in addition to the Inland telegraph rate. 

The words " post from to " must be inserted by 

the sender in the address. 

Messages Posted for Transmission by Wire. — Messages 
may be posted at any Post Office in this colony to be sent on 
by wire upon the arrival of the Mail steamei'. The telegram- 
letter should in such a case be addressed as follows : — 
" Telegram Immediate ! " 

" The Superintendent on duty,'" 

" Post Office.-^' 
Every such telegram -letter must be fully prepaid at the ocean 
postage rate from this colony, and the message enclosed should 
bear the charge for transmission in the postage stamps of the 
United Kingdom affixed thereto by the sender. Under the 
regulations of the Imperial Post Office telegrams posted insuffi- 
ciently prepaid are forwarded and the deficiency charged to 
the addressee, but unpaid telegrams are not forwarded. The 
rates for transmission in England of inland telegrams are six- 
pence for first 12 words, and a half penny for each additional 
word. Addresses are charged for. 

News Messages. — Where the transmission of ca,ble or 
other public news is desired by a resident in a country dis- 



517 

trict arrangements may be made with the Post Office for the 
transmission of the same provided it will not delay the 
ordinary traffic. The charge is 12 cents for every 100 words 
or portion of that number of words. 

Press Messages. 

Chaeges. — Press telegrams addressed to newspapers pub- 
lished in British Guiana, and hoiia -fide for insertion will be 
accepted at any teleo^i'aph office (provided in the case of mes- 
sages exceeding 200 words in length, 24 hours' notice o- 
intended despatch is given to the Postmaster General), bef 
tween the hours of 7 a.m. and 10 a.m., and 3 p.m. and 5.30 p.m. 
The rate for transmission is 1/ for every 100 words or portion 
of that number of words to each address, the charge to include 
the free delivery of the message within a mile of the terminal 
office. 

Conditions. — Press messages must not be addressed to 
the Editor, Manager or other Officer. For example, a press 
message for the Daily Chronicle, must be handed in addressed, 
Daily Chronicle, Georgetown. 

The following particulars will not be transmitted at the 
press tariff : — 

(1.) Letteis to Editor. 

(2.) Anything for the publication for which in a 
newspaper a money payment is usually required — 
as for example, advertisements, and notices of 
births, deaths and marriages. 
(3.) Anything written either wholly or in part in 
cipher or in a foreign language. 
Notice to Postmaster General. — The Postmaster Gen- 
eral must be informed of the intended despatch of all tele- 
grams exceeding 200 words in length. The notice must state 
the date and probable time of despatch, the number of words 
to be handed in, the newspaper or newspapers to which the 
report will be sent, and whether the message will be handed 
in complete or in portions. 

TELEPHONE EXCHANGE SYSTEM. 
Town and Sububan Telephone Services. 
Exchanges.— Georgetown Exchange (Metallic Circuit) for 
600 renters — Continuous night and day service. New Am- 
sterdam Exchange (Single Wire) for 100 renters — Houns of 



518 

attendance, week-days, 6 a.m. to 10 p.m., and Sundays, 8 a.m. 
to 10 a.m. ; 3 p.m. to 9 p.m. 

Agreement. — In the case of every Telephone Wire and 
apparatus let on lease, a Memorandum of agreement must be 
made and signed by the Postmaster General, of the one part, 
and the renter of such wire and apparatus, of the other part. 

Business Premises. — The term " business premises '' in- 
cludes any room or place adjacent to any store or shop, and 
occupied by the same person, and any hotel or club. 

Joint Connection. — Two or more persons occupying 
offices in the same building may be connected up under the 
same exchange number on payment of the usual rental for con- 
nection with the Exchange and an additional rental of six dol- 
lars per annum for every additional set of telephone apparatus 
supplied. 

Payable in Advance. — All charges shall be payable at 
the General Post Office quarterly in advance after the expira- 
tion of the first year, and for the first year such charges shall 
be payable in advance, unless an express provision is embodied 
in the aforesaid memorandum of agreement to rent the wire 
and apparatus for a period of 12 months, in which case such 
charges shall be payable quarterly in advance. The service 
will be discontinued, and the wire and apparatus be removed, 
if the rent is not paid within 10 days after it has become due. 

Alterations. — A new change of residence by the renter 
will be treated as a new service unless the additional expense 
incurred in the removal is borne by the renter. The Post- 
master General may, if he thinks fit, before commencing such 
removal, require a deposit of any sum not exceeding five dol- 
lars to cover the cost thereof. 

Damages to be made Good. — Any damage to the wire 
and apparatus arising through the wilful act or default of the 
renter, or his servants or agents, shall be made good at his 
expense, and the renter shall, on demand, repay to the Post- 
master General the cost thereof. No alteration shall be made 
in the wire or apparatus, either permanently or temporarily, 
except with the permission in writing of the Postmaster 
General. In the event of partial or total destruction by fire or 
other causes of the apparatus supplied for the use of a renter, 
such renter shall be liable for the cost of replacing the same. 



510 

Restriction as to Use. — The use of the telephone is 
restricted to the individual firm, corporation or house repre- 
sented by the renter ; and in aoy case where it is found that 
the telephone has been made use of by some person other than 
the renter or on his behalf, the Postmaster General may dis- 
continue the service by notice in writing as from the time of 
the service of such notice or from any other time specified in 
such notice, but such discontinuance shall not affect the right 
of the Postmaster General to recover any rent or other money 
which may be in arrear or unpaid. 



SIGHTSEEING. 

In the section on " Georgetown " will be found noted the 
places of interest to be visited in the city. Outside of George- 
town pleasure trips by steamer or boat up the principal rivers 
to various points of interest can be arranged with the local 
steamer contractors who offer special rates to tourist parties. 

See page 479. 

The visitor whose stay is limited to a few days can obtain 
a glimpse of the interior of a tropical country by visiting 
certain of the termini of the local steamer services. 

A four days trip via the mouth of the Waini river and 
the Morawhanna passage to the Barima river, and thence to 
Mount Everard, the starting place by launch or boat to the 
Arakaka gold-fields, will afford an interesting view from the 
deck of a comfortable steamer of the low-lying tropical forest 
which borders the banks of the lower reaches of the rivers. 

Bartika, the steamer terminus at the confluence of the 
Essequebo and Mazaruni rivers, can be reached after a run of 
seven hours partly along the coast and past some of the many 
islands in the estuary of the Essequebo, up which river distant 
views of the inland mountains can be seen. Un route the 
steamer touches at His Majesty's Penal Settlement, which is 
picturesquely situated on rising ground at the junction of the 
Mazaruni and Cuyuni rivers. From Bartika excursions can be 
made by launch or boat to various spots of interest in the 
vicinity, including among others, Cartabu Point, the starting 
point of the bush road leading to the Peters' mine ; the settle- 
ment of Bara-Cara; and the foot of the first rapids in the 



520 

Mazaruni river, at all of which places are to be found ideal 
camping grounds for pic-nic parties. 

The run to Wismar, the stopping place of the Demerara 
river steamer, occupies eight hours including stoppages on the 
way at several of the many picturesque homesteads situated 
along the forest lined banks of the river, Bj train from this 
point a run of an hour through forest and over intervening 
sand hills brings the traveller out at Rockstone on the 
Essequebo river, the starting point by launch to the Potaro 
gold-fields. Making the excellent hotel at this place his head 
quarters a boat can be obtained and the many islands round 
about explored or, if adventurously inclined, the exhilarating 
excitement of shooting the rapids can be enjoyed. 

The visitor with more time at his disposal who would like 
to see something of the elevated hinterland can continue his 
journey up river by boat or launch beyond the termini men- 
tioned. A run by launch occupying a day or two, from either 
Mount Everard or from Rockstone, Avill take him to the gold- 
fields where many interesting - bits '' for the camera can be 
obtained. 

Those who can afford the time and expense to penetrate 
farther into the interior should not fail to view the imposing 
grandeur of the Kaieteur Fall, the beauties of which are 
described elsewhere in this book. The journey from George- 
town to and fro if previously arranged occupies from 10 to 12 
days according to the state of the rivers. 

TEAVEL AND TRANSPORT. 

Equij^ment. — It is quite unnecessary for the visitor to 
bring with him more than the usual kit as it is possible to 
obtain in the colony everything required and at much the 
same price as in England. In Georgetown, where the tem- 
perature rarely exceeds 87° F. in the shade, the usual costume 
consists of ordinary light summer clothes; white linen drill 
suits with straw or felt hat and white canvas or buckskin boots 
are much in favour for business wear. It is strongly recom- 
mended that in order to keep the body at a fairly even tem- 
perature soft and light flannel should be worn next to the skin 
both day and night. In the interior it is advisable to wear 
woollen or tlannei clothing. Clothing of this kind which has 



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521 

become unserviceable for wear in England will be found useful 
in the bush. Khaki or other similar material may be worn 
but light flannel underwear both day and night is an absolute 
necessity as a precaution against sudden chills. For head gear 
a soft felt hat with high crown is the most comfortable, while 
for foot wear, strong broad-soled boots of shooting imttern but 
not too heavy, with woollen socks, are the best. Light easy 
fitting rubber-soled canvas shoes should be taken for wear in 
camp. A pair of stout leather leggings will be found service- 
able and a strong umbrella and a waterproof cape or light 
oilskin jacket should be carried for rainy weather. 

Portmanteaux, dress cases or leather bags of any descrip- 
tion should on do account be taken into the bush as they are 
affected by the damp and insects and rapidly fall to pieces. The 
ideal packages for keeping clothes are airtight metal uniform 
cases Where the traveller can afford these, he must brins 
them with him as they cannot be obtained in the colony. For 
those who cannot afford these, ordinary shallow steel or 
iron trunks, termed locally " canisters," form an excel- 
lent and cheap substitute. For sleeping in, an Indian 
hammock of local manufacture made of undressed cotton 
should be selected ; they are more comfortable than hammocks 
made of canvas. Camp beds of all descriptions are out of the 
question for the traveller on the move. A fairly warm 
blanket is a necessity, the nights and early mornings being 
often very chilly. The traveller's hammock, blanket, and sleep- 
ing suit, are carried for convenience in a jDainted canvas bag tied 
round with the rope used in supporting the hammock. A piece 
of light waterproof sheeting about 6 feet x 4 feet will be found 
very useful for placing on the ground under the hammoek as a 
protection against damp and wet. The traveller is strongly 
recommended to bi'ing with him an " artist's " folding camp 
chair with detachable canvas seat. This particular kind of 
chair will be found exceeedingly useful and handy. They are 
made by Messrs. Silver and Company, of Cornhill, London, and 
Messrs. John Edginton & Co., of 108, Old Kent Road. 

A hand compass, a pocket knife with corkscrew attached, 
a good cutlass or machecte, and a damp proof box for matches 
should also form part of the equipment. 

The carrying of weapons for self-defence is quite unneces- 
sary and the newcomer who brings out an assortment of 



522 

firearms only burdens himself with additional expense as duty 
must be paid on each article and a licence taken out. The 
import duty in the case of a gun is at the rate of 12-|- per cent. 
ad valorem, and on a revolver $5. For providing a change in 
the diet an inexpensive double-barrelled 12 bore gun maybe 
carried, with cartridges of B.B. or No. 5 shot which can be 
obtained locally. 

The ware generally used in the bush is of enamelled iron, 
of which the stores in Georgetown offer a large selection at 
reasonable rates. 

An assortment of medicines will not be required as with 
ordinary care there will be little use for them. Such medi- 
cines as are carried should be in tabloid form. Quinine, 
phenacetin and chlorodyne are necessary and some form of 
aperient — castor oil or glauber salts — is always invaluable. 
Some Calvert's carbolic ointment, some plaster for cuts, 
ammonia forte for insect bites, carbolic soap, and a Lauder 
Brunter lancet for snake bites, should also be included. Where 
mining labourers are employed certain simple and inexpensive 
remedies are officially j^rescribed and must be carried. 

The usual travelling tent consists of a tarpaulin or flat 
oiled canvas sheet having four or more eyelet holes along each 
side. This sheet is stretched over a pole fixed horizontally 
between two trees to form the ridge of the roof, and the sides 
are kept extended by means of sticks planted leaning out- 
wards and then pulled inwards and tied by string attached to 
the eyelet holes. Closed-in tents of all kinds are useless. 
Visitors are warned against bringing with them a varied 
assortment of tents, canteen pots, tools, etc ; where such have 
been brought to the colony they have been found quite 
unsuited to local conditions and have been left behind in 
Georgetown. Everything necessary of this kind can be 
obtained locally at cheap rates. 

At the Department of Lands and Mines charts of the var- 
ious gold districts can be examined and may be purchased for 
a few shillings apiece. Here all information required by 
miners and others can be readily obtained. Specimens of the 
various rock formations in the different districts in which gold 
and diamonds have been found can be examined at the Govern- 
ment Laboratory which should also be visited. 

Copies of the laws and regulations relating to mining can 



523 

be obtained from the .stationery establishments in Georgetown ; 
these are also to be found printed as an Appendix to the 
" Geology of the Gold-fields of British Guiana," by Professor 
Harrison, Government Geologist, which can be purchased at 
the Government Laboratory at 5s. a copy. A copy of the 
Geological map of the colony, published in connection with this 
book, can be obtained for an additional 5s. 

In the matter of making arrangements for stores and 
equipment for the expedition, and in connection with the 
engaging of labourers, the Institute of Mines and Forests will 
render all necessary assistance. Provisions can either be 
bought in Georgetown and transported to the diggings or they 
can be procured in the districts whsre there are numerous shops 
at whicli arrangements can be made for feeding the men at a 
cost of from 20 to 30 cents per man per day according to the 
locality. When stores are bought in Georgetown their ulti- 
mate cost will depend on the district, the freight, and distance 
inland to the work place. Goods are stored in magazines at 
the landing places and transported inland along roads or trails 
by carriers who are termed locally " droghers." 

Labour. — The labourers available are for the most part 
native negroes. They are of powerful physique and capable of 
great exertion. They make good porters and m the use of 
the shovel (a long narrow spade used for excavating) they are 
expert. Than the better class of them no better men could be 
found for the work, but taken as a whole a great number are un- 
satisfactory, and all require firm and tactful management. They 
are usually engaged for three to four months at a time. Ordinary 
labourers are paid at the rate of from Is. 6d. to 2s. a day or else 
they are paid by the task ; those employed underground receive 
from 3s. to 4s. a day. In every case the labourer must be 
furnished with rations according to a scale fixed by the Govern- 
ment. The three meals per day allowed, consist of the follow- 
ing rations : — Early tea — taken at 5.30 a.m. consisting of two 
large biscuits (called locally pilot bread) and 2 oz. of sugar. 
Breakfast-^lb. salted fish, ^ pint rice and 2 oz. of salt pork or 
salt beef. Dinner — ^Ib. salted fish, 2 oz. salt pork or beef made 
into soup with blaok-eye peas or split peas, and 1 pint of flour. 

When engaging labourers it is the custom to give them 
advances ranging from $4 to $8 accordingly to arrangement, 
to buy the necessary equipment, or to leave for the support of 



524 

their families. All mining labourers engaged in Georgetown 
must be registered at the Institute of Mines and Forests before 
leaving town, at a cost of Is, a head, the registration certifi- 
cate binding the labourer to the employer for the period 
sf)ecified. In addition to registration, the Institute, for a fee 
of 3s. will engage the labourers and arrange for them to enter 
into a contract of service with their employer, the Institute 
engaging in return for the fee paid for the contract to prose- 
cute any labourer who absconds before the completion of his 
term of service, and, on the part of the labourer, to prosecute 
the employer who fails to pay him wages earned. The employer 
who fails to pay wages fourteen days after they become due, is 
liable to a penalty of $50 (£10 8s. 4-d.) in addition to the lia- 
bility to pay the wages due. A labourer who absconds or for other 
reason fails to carry out his contract is liable to a fine of $4S 
(£10) or in default of payment to imprisonment not exceeding 
six months. Where a fine is paid, any sum owing to the em- 
ployer by way of advance or otherwise is refunded out of the 
fine paid. 

Labourers can also be punished for minor oflPences by the 
person in charge of the claim on which they are working who 
is authorized under the Mining Regulations to impose fines for 
misconduct committed on the claim. 

The Legislature presently has under consideration the 
question of increasing the j^enalties imposed on absconding 
labourers. In the draft Bill dealing with the matter it is pro- 
posed, among other things, to provide that an absconder may be 
required to return and complete his contract of service. 

There are a number of men in the gold-fields who can 
be engaged as labourers on the spot and these can be registered 
in the districts, where there are branch Registration Agencies 
of the Institute of Mines and Forests. 

Transport, — The following places are served by steamer 
and launch services from Georsfetown : — 

Potaro Landing on the Potaro River, three to four days' 
journey from Georgetown, whence a road nineteen miles in 
length runs through the mining district lying between the Potaro 
and Konawaruk Rivers. 

Arawak-Matope on the Cyuuni River, two days' journey 
frouj Georgetown, 



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525 

Groete Creek on the Essequebo River, a day's journey from 
GeorgetowD. 

Arakaka on the Barima River, three to four days' jour- 
ney from Georgetown, from which a road 28 miles long connects 
with the Barama River and Towakaima Falls. 

Mazawinni Landing on the Barama River, five to six days' 
journey from GeorgetoM-n, to which small launches run from 
Morawhnnna on the Barima River when there is sufficient 
water to admit of their doing so, stopping at other times at 
Hoorie Creek. 

The time-tables and tariff of fares and freight of these 
services will be found on page 464 et seq. 

Transport to the upper reaches of the rivers beyond these 
points is by means of boats. Boats can be hired at Bartica, 
Rockstone and Arakaka, at a charge including paddles, ropes, 
tarpaulins, buckets, bailers and other tackling, of from 5s. to 8s. 
a day according to size. Where the expedition is to extend over 
a couple of months it will be found cheaper to purchase a boat ; 
it is possible to procure a suitable one with a carrying capacity 
of from two to four tons for the sum of from £25 to =£35. 
The labourers are required to paddle the boats from the 
stopping-place of the steamer and for this they are paid, and 
also have their passage by steamer paid one way, either 
from Georgetown to the steamer terminus, or from thence to 
Georgetown. The crew necessary to propel one of these boats 
number from 12 to 16 hands and must, in accordance with the 
River Navigation Regulations, include a certificated captain 
and bowman. These men are certified according to their 
ability and their knowledge of the intricate channels of the 
dangerous rapids which impede navigation, and they receive 
comparatively high wages, the captain or steersman receiving 
at the rate of from $35 to $40 a month and the bowman from 
$25 to $30 a month, and their rations. 

Hotel accommodation can be obtained at Bartica, Rock- 
stone^ Mt. Everard and Arakaka, ac which places can also be 
obtained logie accommodation for the men. When travelling 
beyond these places, camp must be made on the bank of the 
river each afternoon. To alloxv of dinner being cooked befoj-e 
the night falls a stop should be made at about 4.30 -p.m. 

The only food available Avhile travelling will be canned 
meat and fish, salted beef, salt pork and salt fish : split peas 



526 

and other dried peas for soup, and biscuits and vegetables such 
as rice, yams, potatoes and eddoes. 

Having arrived at the point from which it has been 
decided to start prospecting operations, the stores are jDlaced 
under the shelter of tarpaulins on the bank of the river and 
left, along with the boat, in the charge of a watchman. The 
remainder of the party then strike inland carrying with them 
as little baggage as possible in order not to retard the work. 
Where the country selected is new, a track must be cut from 
the riverside along the line of country to be tested, but when 
the scene of operation is in the vicinity of country already 
being worked, the nearest existing trail or line can be utilized. 

The work of prospecting is very arduous and attended 
■with much discomfort owing to the necessity for the party to 
travel as lightly equipped as possible. 

On a paying creek being found and located preparations 
are made for establishing a working camp. For the framework 
and rafters of the bush house, barked round wood poles are 
used, which are fastened together by bush rope called 
'^' Mamuri." The roof is made of a tough brick red water-proof 
pa|)er called " Neponset " which is packed in rolls with nails 
and washers ready for laying, or of " Congo roofing," a thicker 
kind of water-proof material. Such rough furniture as is 
required is made of boards sawn from soft woods, of which 
there are many kinds available on the sjDot admirably adapted 
for the purpose. 

With the establishing of a permanent camp some degree 
of comfort is ensured. An Indian huntsman can be employed 
to keep the camp supplied with fresh meat or game from the 
forest. Fruits, limes and vegetables can be grown and jDOultry 
can be raised. 

On page 493 will be found the particulars of the bush 
roads and trails cut and maintained by the Government. In 
addition to these there aie numerous other trails or bush paths 
cut by gold-diggers some of which run inland for distances of 
over 35 miles. From these branch off many smaller paths, giving 
access to the existing gold workings which for the most part are 
situated at some distance from the banks of the rivers. Transport 
along these paths is difficult, especially in the wet weather. 

Among the more important of these main trails may be 
mentioned the following : — 




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527 

On the Cui/uni Elver. — On the right bank paths run 
inland to existing gold workings fro n the following places : 

(1.) From Arawak-Matope, the terminus of the launch 
service, to the Oko creek placers, a length of about 20 miles, 

(2.) From a landing about '2-h; miles up the Aremu creek 
and about 7|- miles above Arawak-Matope, leading to the 
Aremu creek placers, about 22 miles in length. 

(3.) From Quartz Stone landing, two and a half days 
journey by boat above Arawak-Matope, passing through the 
workings on Quartz Stone creek, about 24 miles long. 

(4.) From Pap Island landing about 8 miles above Quartz 
Stone landing connecting with the placers on Quartz Stone 
creek, a length of about 17 miles. 

(5.) From Waiamou landing, about half a day's journey 
beyond Quartz Stone landing passing through the workings on 
Waiamou creek. 

These paths connect one with another in the vicinity of 
the heads of the creeks mentioned, from the paths near the 
head of the Aremu creek, a line continues across country for a 
distance of about 22 miles to the Peters' Mine lauding on the 
Puruni river. 

(6.) From St. John's landing, about one day's journey 
beyond Quartz Stone landing, to the placers on St. John's creek. 

On the left bank there are paths leading from Kopang 
creek (opposite Waiamou landing) and from Devil's Hole, about 
eight days' journey by boat above Arawak-Matope, 

On the Essequeho River. — From a landing on Black creek 
a tributary of Groete creek, a path leads through the placers on 
this creek, thence about 17 miles in a south-south-west direction, 
crossing the Blue mountains and terminating at Tiger Island 
landing a few miles below Arawak-Matope on the Cuyuni river. 

From Omai landing and from a landing at Kumaka a 
short distance above, both three-quarter day's journey by launch 
above Bockstone, paths lead to existing workings on the creeks 
of the same names as the landings. 

O71 the Polar o River. — From Tumatumari, the Govern- 
ment station, a days journey by launch above Bockstone, a 
path leads to the Konawaruk river and a branch of this path 
connects with a point near the 8 mile pole on the Potaro 
Konawaruk road. 

From the Potaro Konawaruk road, which starts from 



528 . 

Potaro landing, the terminus of the launch service, the princi- 
pal of the branch paths are : 

(a.) From the road terminus on the " Divide," down the 
Minehaha creek to the Konawaruk river, a distance of between 
9 and 10 miles. 

(h.) From the 3 mile post to Kangaruma landing above 
thePakatuk Falls, about 1| hours walk^ on the way to Kaie- 
teur Fall. 

From Tukeit landing at the foot of the rapids below 
Ivaieteur Fall a path ascends some 1,200 feet to the top of the 
Kaieteur Plateau to a landing beyond the Fall where the 
Potaro river is again navigable — takes l-|to 2 hours to walk. 

On the Mazaruni River. — On the left bank paths of about 
3 to 5 miles in length lead to diamond workings in the locality 
from the following landings situate about 12 to 14 days' journey 
by boat from Bartica : 

(a.) Enachu landing. 

(6.) Seranamu landing. 

(c.) San San Kopai landing. 

Puruni River. — A line has been cut by Government from 
"Peters Mine" westward a distance of about 47 miles to the 
Diamond Fields on the upper Mazaruni river. The line ter- 
minates at a point on Enachu Creek, about 6 miles from the 
bank of the Mazaruni. 

On the Barima River.— A path leads from a point about 38 
miles up the Kaituma River across to Arakaka on the ujDper 
Barima River ; about 5 to 6 hours walk. 

From Arawatta — one to two days' journe}^ above Arakaka 
— a path of from three to four hours walk leads to the placers in 
the locality. 

From " Five Stars" Landing — three to four days' journey 
above Arakaka, lines go south to the head of Five Stars 
Creek and thence to the head tributaries of the Barama River 
and west to Jimbo Landing higher up the river. 

A path connects the line to Jimbo Landing with the 
Kaliaku Landing higher up the river, from which numerous 
paths branch off to the boundary line between the Colony and 
Venezuela. 

A trail of 32 miles in length connects " Five Stars" Landing 
with the Barima- Barama road at a point near the five mile 
pole, crossing en route the Arawatta and Whana Creeks. 



029 

From opposite '* Five Stars " Landing a path leads to the 
Kaituma head and thence to the head of the Amaciira River 
and continues down the Amacura to Junanita Falls. 

On the Bar ami River. — From Kokerite a trail of about 
20 miles in length leads across to Arabusa Creek, Iniotai River 
a tributary of Waini River. 

From lanna on right bank, and from Huri (or Woorie) on 
left bank, paths lead to claims in the locality situated at 
various distances in from the river. 

From the Aunama Greek a trail leads to the lieads of the 
Nusania and Arawini Creeks, extending thence to the head of 
Iroma Creek, a branch of Cuyutii River, and on to the head uf 
the Imotai branch of the Waini River. 

From Towakaima Falls, the terminus of the Earima- 
Barama Road from Arakaka, a line of about iS miles in length, 
runs to the mouth of the Acaribisci Creek on the Cuyuni 
River. 

Other paths and trails not mentioned here are described 
in the section on Geography and Topography. 

LIST WITH LOCAL PRICES, OF TOOLS AND IMPLE- 
MENTS AND UTENSILS USED IN THE INTERIOR. 



($l=4s. 2d. ; 2 cents=ld.) 

Augers, 1 inch, 72 cents, 1| inch, $1 20 each ; Axes, 
Felling, 3-i lbs., 80 cents, 4 lbs., 88 cents, 4J lbs., U 01 each ; 
Axes, Miners' Pick, 5 lbs., 6 lbs., 7 lbs., 8 lbs., 9 lbs., 10 lbs, 
and 12 lbs., each at 10 cents per lb. ; x\xe-handles (bh.), 16 
cents each. 

Bailers, 20 cents and 21 cents each ; Provisions bags, 84 
cents each : Balances (Spring for weighing loads at 112 lbs,), 
$1 92 each ; Balances (Spring for weighing loads at 200 lbs.), 
$2 16 each ; Barrows, Galv^ Iron, $9 each ; Battells, Iron, 56 
cents each ; Battells, Wood, 18 inch., $2 16 each, 20 inch., $3 
each ; Brushes, Tom and Sluice, 12 cents, 16 cents, and 20 
cents each ; Buckets, Galvanized, Light 24 cents each, Heavy, 
48 cents each ; Buckets, Wood, 24 cents each. 

Chisels, 1| in. Socket, 48 cents, 2 in. 72 cents each ; 
Clocks (Alarm), $1 20 each ; Compasses. (Bush), $1 20 and 
-i^l 60 each ; Crowbars, Iron, 5 feet, 10 cents per lb.. Steel, 16 



530 

cents per lb. ; Cutlasses, 18 inch., 40 and 44 cents each ; 
Cutlasses, 20 inch., 44 cents and 48 cents each. 

Files for sharpening Tools, 8 cents, 24 cents and 40 cents 
each ; Forks, Sluice, $1 32 and $1 68 each. 

Gimlets, 6 cents, 8 cents and 10 cents each ; Grindstones, 
$1 44 to $6 each; Guns, Muzzle-loading, ^7 and $12 each ; 
Guns, Breach-loading, $16 to |20 each. 

Hammers, 48 cents to 96 cents each ; Hatchets, 48 cents, 
56 cents, 64 cents and 72 cents each ; Hooks, Tom and Sluice, 
12 cents, 20 cents, and 24 cents eacli. 

Hoes, 16, 20 and 24 cents each. 

Koives, Prospecting, 72 cents, 84 cents and SI each ; 

Lanterns, Tubular, 56 cents, 64 cents and $1 each. 

Mattocks, $1 44 each. 

Nails, Wire, 5 cents per lb. ; Neponset, Roofing Fabric, 

|5 per Roll. 

Oars, 12 cents, 14 cents and 16 cents per foot. 

Quicksilver, 64 cents per lb. 

Rope, 16 cents per lb., Riffles, SI 20 each. 

Saws, Carpenters', $1 20 to $1 80 each ; Saws, Cross-cut, 
$3 20, $3 60, $4 and $4 80 eacli ; Saws, Cross-cut, one 
man, $3 each ; Saws, Pit, $6, $7, and $8 each ; Shots, 64 cents 
per bag ; Sieves, 48 cents, 64 cents, 84 cents, 96 cents and 
$1 20 each ; Shovels, Short handle, 64 cents. Long handle, $1 
each ; Shovels, Miners' Socket, 24 cents, 28 cents and 30 cents 
each ^ Shovels, Mud, 21 cents, 30 cents and 32 cents each ; 
Sluice Boxes up to 14 feet, $3 25 each. 

Tents, $8, $10, $12 and $16 each ; Tarpaulins, $9, $11, 
$13, S15, $18 and $26 each ; Tom Plates, $2 40 and $3 50 
each ; Toms, complete, $10 50 and $12 each. 

Wedges, 16 cents complete. 

Camp Outfit. 

Neponset Paper for roofing, in rolls of 250 and 500 square 
feet with nails, washers, etc., ready for laying at $2 75 and 
$5 50 per roll. 

" Congo" Roofing in rolls containing 216 square feet with 
cement caps and nails ready for laying at from $3 75 to $6 75 
per roll according to thickness. 

Bakepans, Tin, 16 cents, 32 cents, 40 cents, 48 cents, 
each ; Basins, Wash up, 24 cents and 36 cents each ; 
Bed, Spring Cot, $4 each. Mattresses, $3 36 each ; Coffee 



531 

Pots, 48 cents, 64 cents, 72 cents each ; Corkscrew, 
24 cents each; Cups and Saucers, Enamelled, 16 cents each j 
Jugs, Enamelled, 40 cents and 48 cents each ; Ladles, 
Enamelled, 16 cents each ; Meat Dishes, Enamelled, 64 cents, 
72 cents, and 84 cents each; Mugs, Enamelled, 12 cents, 16 
cents, and 20 cents each ; Pie Dishes, Enamelled, 24 cents, 28 
cents, 32 cents each ; Plates, Soup and Shallow, Enamelled, 
12 cents each ; Saucepans, Enamelled, 64 cents, 72 cents, 84 
cents, 96 cents each; Soup Tureens, Enamelled, $1 08 and 
$1 20 each ; Flour Sifters, 20 cents and 32 cents each ; Frying 
Pans, 24 cents, 28 cents, 36 cents, 40 cents, 44 cents each ; Grid- 
irons, 32 cents each ; Kettles, 96 cents, $1 20, $1 44 to $1 68 
each ; Knives, Kitchen, 16 cents, 20 cents, 24 cents ; Knives 
and Forks, 32 cents, 40 cents, 48 cents per pair ; Kitchen 
Spoons, 20 cents per dozen; Table Spoons, 16 cents, 24 cents 
each ; Lines, Fishing, 16 cents, 24 cents, 32 cents, 40 cents, 56 
cents each; Hooks, Fishing, 16 cents, to $1 44 pack; Tin 
Openers, 16 cents each; Pots, (Skillets), 60 cents, 70 cents, 80 
cents, 90 cents, $1 00 each ; Pots, Gang $1 80, $2 40, $3 00, 
$3 60, $4 20 to $9 00 each; Pudding Pans, 16 cents, 20 
cents, 24 cent^', 32 cents, 48 cents dozen ; Teapots, 20 cents, 
24 cents, 32 cents to 80 cents each. 

The following can be taken as a representative outfit for 
a prospecting party to consist of not less than six, and not 
more than ten men. 

Augers, 1 each, 1 in. and 1^ in. ; Axes, Felling, 4 with 
handles ; Axes, Pick^ 2 with handles ; Battells, 2 iron ; Buckets, 
Galvanised, 5 ; Chisels, 2 ; Clock, 1 ; Crowbars, 2 ; Cutlasses, 
12 ; Files, 2 ; Gun, 1, with cartridges, 1 extra material for re- 
loading ; Hammer, 1 ; Hatchets, 3 ; Knives, Prospecting, 4 ; 
Lanterns, Tubular, 6 : Mattocks, 1 ; Nails, 10 lbs. ; Rope, 30 
fathoms; Saws, Carpenters', 1; Saws, Cross-cut, 1 ; Shovels, 
Short handle, 2 ; Sieves, 3 ; Tents, 4 ; Bake Pans, 3 ; Basins, 
2 ; Coffee Pots, 2 ; Corkscrew, 1 ; Jugs, 2 ; Ladles, 2 ; Meat 
Dishes, 1 ; Vegetable Dishes, 2 ; Mugs, 6 ; Pie Dishes, 3 ; 
Plates, 12 ; Saucepans, Tin, 3 ; Saucepans, Enamelled, 3 ; 
Soup Tureen, Enamelled, 1 ; Flour Sifter, 1 ; Frypans, 2 ; Grid- 
iron, 1 ; Kettle, 1 ; Knives, Kitchen, 1 ; Knives, Forks, and 
Spoons (Table) 6 each ; Lines, Fishing, 6 ; Hooks, 1 Box, 
assorted; Tin Opener, 1 ; Pots, Skillets, 3 different sizes ; Pud- 
ding Pans, 3 ; Teapots, 1. 



532 



The following would be the necessary provisions for 10 



for 4 months : — 






4 Brls. Ex. Flour . 


. $32 00^ 




3^ Boxes Fish 


. 25 75 




4 Tins Sugar 


5 28 


This is a fair average 


3 Bags Rice 


. 13 20 


of total cost, but the 


1 Brl. Split Peas . 


6 50 


^ prices of these goods 


3 Half Brls. Pork . 


. 39 00 


fluctuate from time to 


1 Brl. Biscuits 


3 45 


time. 



$ 105 18 J 



MILEAGE OF PUBLK^ K0AD8. 



Demerara.— Road Distkict No. 2, 



Names of Plantations, &c. 


j Mile 
Stone 


Name of Plantati"ns, &c. 


Mile 

Stone 


East Coast — 




Beterveiwagting 


9 


Public Buildingf, Georgetown 





Triumph 




Camp Street 


1 


Mon Repos 




Thomas Road 


2 


D'Endragt 




Kitty 


3 


Good Hope 


10 


BlyGezigM 




Two Friends 




Bel Air 


4 


Nog Eens 




Sophia 




Lusignan 


li 


Liliendaal 




Annandale 




Pattenson 




Reconnaisance 




Tiiikeyen 


5 


Buxton 


12 


Cuming's Lodge 




Friendship 




Industry 




"Vigilance 




Ogle 


6 


Bladen Hall 


13 


Goedverwagting 




Strathspey 




Spareudaam 




Coldi' gen 




Plaisance 




Non Pareil 




Better Hope 


7 


Enterprise 


14 


Vrjheid's Lust 




Elizabeth Hall 




Brothers 




Bachelor's Adventure 




Montrose 


' 


Paradise 


15 


Felicity 




Foulis 




LeRessoLiveuir 


8 


Hope 




Chateau Margot 




Enmoie 


IG 


Success 




Haslinton 




La Bonne Intention 




Golden Grove 





533 



Demerara— Road Disteict No. 2.— (Contd.) 



Names of Plantations, &c. 



East Coast— QowM. 
Nabaclis 
John 
Cove 

Ciajg Milne 
Victoria 
Bel field 
Nooten's Ziiill 
Lowlands 
The Hope 
Doclifour 

Two Friends & Ann's Grove. 
01 on brook 
Bee Hive 
Greenfield 
Orange Nassau 
Grove 

Unity ■ 

Lancasier 
Moaquito Hall 
Spring Hall 

Tranquility Hall .'. 

Cambridge and Good Intent.. 
Voorzigtigheid 
Haiid-en-V^eldt ." 

Good Hope 
Helena 1 
Helena 2 
Mabaica Bridge 
Wilhelmina 
Bygeval 
Belvidere 

Manilla ' 

Strangroen 
Mes Del ices 

Content ' 

Dantzic 
Columbia 
Glazier's Lust 
Prospect 
Harmony Hall 
Rebecca'"s Lust (Stanley Town 
Carlton Hall 
Broom Hall 
Fairfield 
Bath 

Quaker's Hall 
DeKinderen 
Zeeland 
Planters' Hall 
Cottage 
Belmont 




27 
28 



29 



30 



31 



32 



East Coasi— Contd. 
Perseverance 
Bushy Park 
Now or Never 
Sarah 

18 Drill \, 
Yorkshire Hall 
Ormsary 
LaRaisonable 

19 Zes Kinderen 
Park 

20 I Fellowship 
Grove 
Huntley 
Airy Hall 

21 I Dundee 
Novar 

22 j Good Faith 

Recess 

23 Calcutta 

24 Catharina 
Abary 

25 Sans Souci 
Letter T 
Adventure 

, Abary Creek Bridge 

26 I ■■■; 

West Bank, Mahaka Greek— 
Public Buildings, Georgetown, 
Belmont ...i 

Vereeniging . j 

La Bonne Mere ...; 

Strathavon ..J 

Uplands ...j 

Diamond j 

Melville ..."j 

Waterloo , ...i 

Retreat 

Virginia 

Cane Grove (road ends) 

Le Bon Pere 

Land of Promise 

Palmyra 

Huntley 

West Bank, Mahaicony Creek— ' 
Public Buildings, Georgetown 
Farm 
Mary 

Blenheim "j 
Zes Kinderen/ •^••1 



34 

35 
3t) 



37 

38 

39 



40 
41 

42 

43 



27 
28 

29 

29# 



38 



534 



Demerara— Road District No. 2.— (Oontd.) 



Name of Plantation, &c. 


Mile 
Stone 


Name of Plantation, &c. 


Mile 
Stone 


West Bank, Mahaicony Creek— 


_ 


East Bank, Dem. River — Cont. 




Contd. 




Ruimveldt 


1 


L'Enterprize 




Houston 


2 


Sophia's Hope 




Rome 




Dunkbarheid 




Agricola Village or Jonestown 


3 


Anjou 




Eccles 




Hamlet (No. 6) 


; 39 


Bagot's Town 




Broomlands 




Peter's Hail 


4 


Perth Village 




Providence 




Fortitude 




Canal No. 3 


5 


Spooners 


.' 40 


Ht-rstelling 




Stipply 




Farm 




No. 10 




Vreede Lust 


6 


Felicity 




Coven t Garden 




No. 12 




Prospect 




Strathcampbell 




Little Di-jraond 


7 


Chance 




Great Diamond 


8 






Golden Grove 


9 


East Bank, Demerara Rivet — 




Good Success 




Public Buildings, Georgetowi 


1 


Craig 




Albouystown 




New Hope 




La Penitence 








Canal No. 1 — 








Police Station, Vreed-en-Hoc 


>P 


... 





Left. 


Mile Stone. Right. 




Mindenburg 


t> 


» 


La Grange. 




L'Heurtuse Adventure 






LaPaifaite Harmonie 




VauxhaU 


6 




Westminster. 




Beau Voisiu 






Onderneeming. 
Recht-door-Zee. 




L'Oratoire 




... Lu.st-en-Rust. 




Bordeaux 


7 




Java. 

Uitkomst. 




Geneve 






De Kiiideren. 




Mea Delices 






Mon Bijou. 
Two Brothers. 




Jacoba Constantia 


S 




Vreed-en-Vriendschap. 




LeDesir 










Anna Catharina 






Tenez Ferme. 




Noitgedaght 


s 


... 


Orangefield. 




L'Esperance 






De Bidder's Faith. 
Ostend. 




Sans Souci 






Endeavour. 




StudleyPark 


10 








Canal No. 2— 








Police Station, Vreed-en-Ho( 


>p 







Left. 






Right. 





Belle Vue 

Cottage or Little Alliance 
Beau Sejour 



LaRetraite 
Middlesex 



/7 

18 

9 



535 



DEMERARA—ROAn DISTRICT No. 2.— (Contd.) 



Name of Plantation, &c. 


Mile 
Stone 


Canal No. ^.— Contd. 






Left. 


Right. 




La Resource 




Resource 




Klyii en Rhyn 




Alliance 




'J'he Bell 








Mon Desir 








The Commons 




New Aan Legt 




Endeavour 








Rosetta 








The Bott" 








Canal No. 3~ 






Public Buildings, Georgetown 


..• ...' 





Left. 


Right. 




Providence 




Herstelling 


5 


Sage Pond 




Arcadia 


6 


Profit 




Mocha 




Henry 




/Prosperity 


7 




\Two Friends 




Perseverance 


... 


/VVatville 
\ Woerden 




Tyd-en-Vlyt 


. . . 


Utrecht 








Anna Maria 


8 


Haags Bosch 








Lamaha Canal 






84 


West Bank, Demerara River — 




We&t Bank, Dem. Riv er—Contd 




Police Station Vreed-en Hoop 





Vive la Force 




Vreed-en-Hoop 




Potosi 


12 


Pouderoy en 




Milmount 




Malgvg Tout 


1 


Free and Easy 


13 


Versailles 








Lust tot Lust 




West Coast, Demerara — 




Goed Fortuin 


2 


Police Station, Vreed-en-Hoop 





Schoon Ord 




Best on right 1 


1 


Meerzorg 




Vreed-en-Hoop on left / 


La Grange 


/3 

14 


Best on right \ 
Nouvelle Flanders on left / "" 


2 


Canal No. 1 




Union 


3 


Bagotville 




Rotterdam 




Nismes 


5 


Haarlem 




DeToevlugt 




Mary 




La Retraite 


6 


Waller's Delight 


4 


Canal No. 2 




Ruirazight 


5 


Belle Vue 


7 


Windsor Forest 




Goed Fortuin 




La Jalousie 


6 


DeGususters / Sisters 




LeBienfait 




Good Intent (.Village 


8 


Blankenburg 


7 


Wales 


9 


DenAmstel 




Potentia 




Fellowship 




Vriesland 


10 


Hague 


8 


DeLamentia 


1 


1 


Cornelia Ida 





586 



Demeeara— Road District No, 2.— (Contd.) 



Name of Plantation, &c. 




West Coast, Demerara- 
Anna Catharina 
Edinburg 
Groen veldt 
Leouora 
Stewavtville 
Uitvlugt 
Zeeburg 
DeWillem 
Met-en-Meerzorg 
DeKiiideren 
Boerasirie Creek 
Zeelugfc 

Tuschen deVrienden 
Het Vergenoegen 
Philadelphia 
St, Christopher 
Greenwich Park 
Good Hope 
Ruby 
Farm 



-Contd. 



10 
11 
12 



13 



14 
15 
16 



17 

18 



West Coast, Demcrara — Cont. 

Le Desfcin 

Orangestein 

Bushy Park 

Hydronie 

Parika 

Hyde Park 

Creek Grove 

Look Out 

Naamryck 

Salem 

Mora 

Sparta 

Bartenstein 

Roeden Rust 

Blake 

Johanna Cornelia 

Unity 

Hubu 



ri9 

\20 



21 
22 



23 



24 



.1 25 
.' 26 



EssEQUEBO.— Road District No. 1. 



North — 

Suddie Stelling approach 

Maria's Lodge 

Johanna Cecilia 

Zorg 

Golden Fleece 

Perseverance 

Cullen 

Abram'siZuil 

An nan dale 

Zorg-en-Vlyt 

Hoff van-Aurich 

L'L'nion 

Queens town 

Capoey (reek 

TaymoQth Manor 

Affiance 

Columbia 

Aberdeen 

Three Friends 

Land of Plenty 

Mainstay 

Reliance 

Bush Lot 

Anna Regina 





Henrietta 


13 





Richmond 






La Belle Alliance 


14 


1 


Lima 


15 


2 


Coffee Grove 
Daniel's Town 




3 


Sparta 




4 


Windsor Castle 


16 




Hampton Court 


17 




Devonshire Castle 




5 


Walton Hall 


18 


6 


Paradise 


19 




Perth and Dunkeld 


20 


i 


Dartmouth 
Bounty Hall 


21 


8 


Better Success (road ends) ... 


22 


9 


Andrews 
Better Hope 




10 


South — 






Suddie Stelling approach 







Onderneeming 


1 


11 


Adventure 


2 




Riverstown 


3 


12 


Ituribisi Creek 





53^ 



EssEQUEBO Road District No. 1— (Contd.) 




South— {Gontd.) 
Pomona 
Huis t'Dieren 
Middlesex 
Vilvoorden 
Fairfield 
Hibernia 



Warousi Creek 
Dryshope 
Aurora 
Good Intent 
Spring Garden 
Good Hope 
Supenaam Creek 



9 
10 



Leguan Island. 



Southern Road — 
Approach to Stelling (Enter 
prise) 

North eastward — 
Enterpi'ise 
Blenheim 
Endeavour 
Canefield 
Amsterdam 
Retrieve 
Elizabeth 
Pleasing Hope 

South we8tv}ard— 
La Bagatelle 
Belfield 
Marvville 



Waterloo 

Success 

New Osterbeck 

Wiagelvalligheid 

Phoenix (Louisiana) 

Henrietta 

Gross Road— North-westward— \ 

Left. Right. j 

La Bagatelle Enterprise ; 

Vertrovven Doornhaag ; 

Northern Road — j 

North Eastward from end oj\ 

Gross Road — i 

Doornhaag • • • j 

Richmond Hill •••j 

i Uniform 



Wakenaam Island. 



Northern Road — 

Stelling, Good Success 

North Eastward — 
Sans Souci 
Belle Plain© 
Sarah 
Friendship 
Bankhall 
Maria's Pleasure 
Meerzorg 
Glenarval 
Zeelandia 

Regent Gross Road- 
South Eastivard from North 

em Road — 
Stelling (Good Success) 
Left. Right. 

Belle Blaine Sans Soxici 
Arthurville Noitgedacht 



Victoria Gross Road — I 

South eastward from North- 
ern Road— 

(near 4 mile atone) 
Stelling (Good Success) 

Left Right 

Meerzorg Meerzorg 
Meerzorg Maria's Pleasure... 

Southern Road-North eastward 
from jimction with Regent 
Road— 

Stelling (Good Success) 
Arthurville 
Triangle 
Fredericksburg 
Domburg 
Mariouville 
N. Bendorff 
Amersfort 
Maria's Pleasure 



538 

^\^AKBNAAM ISLAND— Contd. 



Names of Plantations, &c. 


SW Names of Plantations. &c. ^^^^^ 


Meerzorg 

Caledonia 

Moorfarm 

Southern Road — South we&tward 
from junction with Regent 
Road — 

Stelling (Cxood Success) 


6 

7 




Noitgedacht 

Maria Joham a 

Rushbrook 

Bremen 

Palmyra 

Ridge 

Concordia 


3 
4 

5 

6 



Berbice.— Road District No. 3. 



o ; Name of Plantation, &c. 


Mile 

Stone 


o 


Name of Plantation, &c. 


Mile 

Stone 


1 

Corentyne Coast Road — 






Corentyne Coast Road — Cont. 




Colony House, New Am- 




8 


Williamsburg 


14 


sterdam 





9 


Rosehall 




1 Sheet Anchor 


1 


10 


Port Monrant 




2 Cumberland 


2 




Ankerville 


15 


4 Palmyra 


3 


11 


Has well 




5 Prospect 




12 


Resource 




7 No. 7 


4 


13 


Tain 


16 


9 Lewis Manor 






Clifton 




11 Trieurniet 




14 


Johns 




13, Hermitage 


5 




Bloomfield 


17 


15! Susannah 




15 


Letter Ken»iy 




17 


Bohemia 


6 




Auchlyne 




19 


Kendalls 




16 


Whim 




21 


Warren 




17 


Lancaster 


18 


23 


Dunrobin ... 


7 


18 


Liverpool 




25 


Industry 




19 


Manchester 




27 


Hammersmith 




20 


Ulverstone 


19 


29 Merville 


8 


21 


AlneS'i 




31 Chiswick 




22 


Do. 




33 East Lothian 






Salton 




35 Borlam 




23 


Hogstye 


20 


37 


Marjburg 


9 




Adventure 




39 


Gibraltar 




24 


Limlair 






No. 


10 


25 


Friendship 




1 








Nurney 




2 


Courtland 


11 


26 


Kildonan 


21 


3 


Fyrish 




27 


Bush Lot 






Kilcoy 




28 


Do. 


22 


4 


Cheswey 




29 


Maida 




5 


Albion 


12 


30 


Kilmarnock 




6 


Nigg 




31 


Phillipi 


23 




Belvidere 


■ 


32 


Cromarty 




7 


Hampshire 


i 13 


33 


Wellington Park 


24 



539 



Berbice.— Road District No, 3— (C'ontd.) 






Name of Plantation, &c. 



ICorentyne Coast Road- 
341 Tarlogie 
No. 35 
Neville 
Brighton 
Kiltearn 
Havershara 
Epsom 
Dingwall 
Java 
Bengal 
Joppa 
Good Hope 
Golspie 



-Con. 



Mile 
Stone 



Name of Plantations, &c. 



Mile 
Stone 



35 
361 

37 
38 
39j 

40 
41 
42 



43 
44 
45 
46 

47 

48i 

49 

50 

51 

52 
53 
54 
551 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
74 
75 
76 
77 
78 
79 



No. 46 
Rising Sun 
Silver Fleece 
Floyd Ward 
Ward Village 
Mary's Hope 
Leeds 
Lowther 
Police Station 



Union 



Dead Tree Farm 



Retreab 
Sanatorium 

Benab 
J- New Market 
Biidge, 66 Creek 

Carnarvon 

Friendship 

Big Massiali 

Little Massiah 

Hong Kong 

Le Prinieraps 

Stockholm or Balaam 

Spring Garden 

Harriett 

Eliza &Mary(Springhintls) 

Do. Village 
Skeldon , , . 



25 
26 

27 



28 
29 

30 

31 

32 

33 
34 

35 

37 

38 
39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

'44 

45 
46 
47 



Canje, North Sank — 
ColoDy House, New Am- 
sterdam 

2 Sheet Anchor 

3 Cumberland 

4 Canefield 

5 Do. 

6 Rosehall 

7 Reliance 

8 Adelphi 

9 Goed Bananen Land 

10 Little Blvendaal 

11 Goldstone Hall 

12 Do. 

13 Do. 

14 Enterprise 

15 Speculation 

16 Goedland 

17 Volkert's Lust 

18 Bachelor's Adventure 

19 Zorg 

20 New Forest 
21" DeVoedster 

22 Vried-en-Vriemlschap 

i Harmon}' 



Canje, South Bank — 
Colony House, New Am 
sterdam 
: Philadelphia St. E. of Highj 
i Street . • • ; 

I Caracas .■: 

ij Vryheid .•; 

2! Lochaber 

New Ri-iug Sun 
Sandvoort 

4 BlyendaHl 

5 Anna Clementia 

6 Philadelphia 

7 Prince William V 

8 Best Coffee Land 

9 Land of Canaan 

10 Graath tes Sl>'t 

11 AVyburg 



West Coast, Berhice— 
Public Buildings, G'getowu 
Abary Crtek 
Profit 
Foi^lia • • . 




1 
2 

3 

4 

5 
6 

7 
8 
9 

10 




44 
46 
46 



540 



Berbice.—Road District No. 3--(Contd.) 



-• 

o Name of Plantation, &c. 


Mile 
Stone 


O 


Name of Plantation, &c. 


Mile 
Stone 




! 
West Coast, Berhice—ContdJ 






West Coast, Berhice—Contd. 




50 


El Dorado 




3 


Hon Choisi 




49 


Belladrum 




2 


ZeeZigt 


65 


48 


Paradise 


47 


1 


Cotton Tree 




47 


Golden Fleece 






Cotton Tree River Lot 


66 


46 


Weldaad 


48 


1 


D'Edward 




45 


Hope 




2 


... 




44 


Washington 




3 


Rosignol ...! 


67 


43 


Rising Sun 


49 








42 


Seafield 


-j 




West Banlx, Berhice— 




41 


•••! 


i 




Public Buildings, George- 




40 


1 


: 




town ..., 


e 


39 


Belle Vue 


50 




Rosignol Stelling Road ... 




38 


Lichfield ...| 






Rosignol ...\ 






Cottage ...i 


51 




Tnairmnnt 


/68 


37 


Jacoba Wilhelmina 






Ul.nii. Mxx^'XLV ' * * 


t69 


36 


Phosnix 






Blairmont Stelling appro'ch 




35 


Brahn and Kingelly 


52 


8 


Balthayoch 


70 


34 


Ross 




9 


Do. 




33 


Chester and Yeovil 




1 


Zorgen Hoop 




32 


Britannia 


53 


2 


Ithaca 




31 


Temp6 and Nursel ry 




3 


Gelderland 




30 


Union 




4 


Schumackev's Lust 


71 


29 


Trafalgar 


54 


5 


La Fraternitt? 


72 


28 






6 


Augsbxxrg 




27 


Onverwagt 




7 


Cruysburg 




26 


Lovely Lass 


55 


8 


Standvastigheid 




25 


Golden Grove 










24 


Bush Lot 


56 




East Bank, Berhice — 




23 


Armadale 






Colony House, New Am- 




22 


Bel Air 






sterdam 





21 


Hopetovpn 


57 




High Street, Stanley town. 




20 


Onderneeraing 






New Amsterdam 


1 


19 


Catharine's Lust \ 




1 


Overwinning 


2 


Fort Wellington J 




2 


Providence 




18 


Naarstigheid 


58 


3 


Glasgow 


3 


17 


Bath 




4 


Edinburgh 


4 


16 


Experiment 


59 


5 


Everton 




15 


Hope 




6 


Belle Vue 


5 


14 


Waterloo 






Rotterdam 




13 


Waterloo Jib 


60 


8 


Lonsdale 




12 






9 


Brothers 


6 


11 


Wood ley Park 


61 


10 


Sisters 




1 A 


f Woodlands 




11 


Friends 


7 


^■\ Friend's Retreat 




12 


Enfield 




9 Expectation 




:13 


Kortberaad 


8 


8 Inverness 


62 


14 


Deutichem 




7 Williamstadt 




15 


De Kinderen 




6 Bel Sir 


63 


16 


Busie's Lust 


9 


5 Zeelust 




17 


Highburv 


10 


4 Edderton 

1 


64 

J 


J 


Do. ' 


11 



Plate 8. 




POTARO-KONAWARUK ROAD, POTARO DISTRICT. 

Photo by II. I. Perkins 



541 
Roads in Mining Districts. 



Names of Districts. 


Mile 1 ^- e r^- ■ L 
Stonel Names ot Disrict^. 

i 


Mile 
Stone 


Potaro-Konawaruk Road — 


Kartahu-Puruni Road — Cont. 




Potato Landing 


\ Puriaii Creek 


50 


Path to Kangaruma 


2 ; Puruni Bridge 


67^ 


,, to Handrail and Mahdi- 








ana Placers 


^h 






Road Officer's Quarters and 




Barinia-Barama Road — 




Office 


fj 


Arakaka (Barima) 





Inflexible Syndicate 


10 


Bariraa Mine — Branch Path... 


3i 


Government Compound 


lU 


Manikiira Creek 


^fh 


Turtle Creek 


12^ 


Enchanting Creek 


p" 


Divide 


Ibl 


Takutu 


x4 


North Fork Konawaruk 


20i 


Haima 


17 


Bank of Konawaruk 


2.3 


Mazawinni Creek 


19 






Towakaima (Barama) 


29 


Tumatumari Konawaruk Path- 






Portage at Tumatumari 








Cataract 





Camaria Road — 




Branch path to join Potaro- 




Landing below Camaria 




Konawaruk Road 


7 


Rapids 





Willis' Landing, bank of 




Upper Landing 


'^% 


Konawaruk 


11 






St. Mary's 


14i 


Kokerite Trail— 




Kartahu-Puruni Itoad — 




Landing Barama River 





Kartabu Point, Mazaruni 





Imoti Creek, Waini River ... 


15 


Tupuru Creek 


18 






Takatu Creek 


33 


Eclipse Road — 




Lion Mountain 


45 


Landing below Falls, Bariraa 








River 





Bariika-Kalmri Road — 




Landing above Falls, Barima 


• 


Kaburi Creek (about) 


55 


River 


If 



LIST OF SUGAK PLANTATIONS 
THEIK PKOPIUETOKS. 

COUXTY OF BeKBICE. 



AND 



Name of EstaU 
Plu. Skeldon 
,, iSpringlaucls 
,, Port Mourant 
,, Albion 
,, Hose Hull 
,, Locliaber 
,, Pro\ddence 



Nayne of ProprUtor. 
.. The Trustees, Joliu McConiiel], deed. 

S. Davsoii & Coy., Ltd. 
.. Pin. Poj't Mourant, Ltd. 
.. The New Colonial Coy., Ltd. 
.. The Rose Hall Estate, Ltd. 
. . Bryce Geminell. 
.. S. Davson and Coy., Ltd. 



542 



Name of Estate. 

Pin. Eveiton 
„ Friends 
,, Mara 
„ Blairmont 
Bath 



Name of Proprietor. 

I. E. A. Patoir 

Tlie New Colonial Coy., Ltd. 

Do. " Do, 

The Blairmont Sugar Pin. Coy., 
S. Davson and Co., Ltd. 



Ltd, 



County of Demerara. 



Pin. Cane Grove 

„ Melville 

,, La Bonne Mere 

,, Hope 

,, Cove and John 

,, Enmore 

,, Non Pareil 

,, Lusignan 

,, Mon Repos 

La Bonne Intention, 

,. Success 

„ Vrvheid's Lust 

., Ogle 

,, Iluimveld 

,, Houston 



Diamond 
Wales 
Nismes 
Schoon Ord 

Versailles 
Windsor Forest 
Cornelia Ida 

Leonora 

Uitvlugt 

Tuschen deA'rienden 

De Kinderen 



The Trustees, John McConnell, deed. 
Booker Bros. McConnell &l Coy., Ltd. 
Pin, La Bonne Mere, Ltd, 
The Pin. Hope Sugar Estate Co., Ltd. 
Estate of C. L. Bascom, deed. 
The Trustees, Henry Porter, deed. 
The Non Pareil Pin. Coy., Ltd. 
The Lusignan Pin. Coy., Ltd. 
xiithur Braud 

Pin. La Bonne Intention. Ltd, 
. The Success and Le Kessouvenir 
Co., Ltd. 
Pin. Vryheid s Lust, Limited. 
, The Ogle Pin. Coy., Ltd. 
. The Ruimveld Coy., Ltd. 
. The Pin. Houston Sugar Estates 

Co,, Ltd. 
. The Demerara Coy., Ltd, 

Do Do, 

. Messrs. Wieting and Richter, 
. The New Schoon Ord Sugar Pin. 

Co., Ltd, 
. The Versailles Pin. Co., Ltd, 
. The New Colonial Co., Ltd. 
. The Cornelia Ida Estate Syndicate, 

Ltd. 
. . The Demerara Coy., Ltd. 
., The J'ru.stees, John McConnell, deed. 
The Trustees, John McConnell, deed. 
Arthur J. McConnell. 



54S 



County of Essequebo. 
NiMne of Estate. Name of Proprietor. 

... R. 0. Curtis. 
... The Marionville Pin., Ltd, 
... The Golden Fleece Pin. Coy., Ltd. 
., Thos. Daniels k Co. Ltd., in liqui- 
dation. 
., Tiie New Anna Regina Coy.^ Ltd. 
.. The Hampton Court Estate Co., Ltd, 



P]n. Good Success 
,, Marionville 
„ Golden Fleece 
,, Taymouth Manor 



Anna Regina 
Hampton Court 



EXCHANGES, MONEYS, WEIGHTS & MEASURES. 

Course of Exchange, 

With Xeiv York. — -Governed largely V>y quotation in New- 
York for 60 d/s Bills on London and varies from | per cent, 
discount to 1^ per cent, premium : Difference between buying 
and selling rates about 1 per cent. 

With London. — Arranged by tiie Bauks in concert — Sigiit 
selling rate is governed by Bank rate of interest in London, 
The following may be considered the nominal rates charged :- — 



90 days 
60 ,, 
30 „ 
demand 

With Calcutta. 



Selling. 
.$ 4.81 

4.82^ to 4.83^ 



4.84 
4.85 



to 4.85 
to 4,88 



Buying. 
$ 4.77 

4.78 
4.79 
4.80 



Fixed by the Imperial and Indian 



Authorities at Is. 4d. or 32 cents by Colonial reckoning to the 
Rupee. 



Coin. 
Gold Coins. 

1. British'^ 

Sovereigns 

Half do. 
United States'}' 

Double Eagle 

* British and Foreit,'n Gultl is lield by the Banks, but there is veiy little 
iu circulation. 

t Fixed by Proclamation of 12th October, 1853, and 24th May, 1854. 



Le 


gal V^alue. 


£ 


s. 


d. 


1 



10 





4 


2 






544 



Coin. 



UnUed /States. 
Eagle ... 
Half Eagle 
Quarter Eagle 
Silver Coins. 
1. British Silver. 
Crown ... 
Four Shillings ... ...j 

Half-Crowii ... ...i 

Florin ... ... ...i 

Shilling 

Sixpennies, Fourpenuies, and 

Threepennies are also current 

at their nominal values. 
Fourpennies — " British Guiana 

and West Indies" 
Bronze Coins. 

Pennies and Half- pennies are 

current at their nominal! 

values. 



Legal Value. 


£. 


s. 


d. 


2 


1 





1 





6 


... 


10 


3 




5 







4 







2 


6 




2 







1 






Amount of Paper Currency in Circulation, 

On the 31st March, 1909. 

Colonial Bank (in Britisli Guiana),.. $320, 800 £66,833 6s. 6d. 
Britisli Guiana Bank ... ...$279,950 £58,322 18s. 4d. 

A Five Dollar Note amounts to £\ Os. lOd. 

Accounts are kept in Dollars and Cents, at the rate of 
Four Shillings and Two-pence to the Dollar, in which there 
are One Hundred Cents. 

Weights. — The Imperial Standard. 

The average weight of Sugar contained in the various 
packages shipped from the colony, is as follows ; — 

Barrels ... ... 2 cwt. qrs. 6 lb. 



Bags 







25 



Measures. — The Imperial Standard. 



I 



545 



TABLES OF EXCHANGE. 

DOLLARS INTO STERLING, ONE DOLLAR = 4s. 2D. 



$ 




Stg 


• 


$ 


1 
Stg. 


$ 


Stg. 




1 


Sfcg. 


•01 








0| 


19 


3 19 2 


64 


13 6 


8 


1,000 


208 6 8 


02 








] 


20 


4 3 4 


65 


13 10 10 ! 


1,100 


229 3 4 


•03 








n 


21 


4 7 6 


66 


13 15 





1200 


250 


•04 








2 


22 


4 11 8 


67 


13 19 


2 


1.300 


270 16 8 


•05 








2h. 


23 


4 5 10 


QS 


14 3 


4 


1,400 


291 13 4 


•06 








3 


24 


5 


69 


14 7 


6 


1,500 


312 ir 


•07 








3i 


25 


5 4 2 


70 


14 11 


8 


1.600 


333 6 8 


•OS 








4 


26 


5 8 4 


71 


14 15 10 1 


1,700 


354 3 4 


•09 








4i 


27 


5 12 6 


72 


15 





1,800 


375 


•10 








5 


28 


5 16 8 


73 


15 4 


2 


1,900 


395 16 8 


•15 








74 


29 


6 10 


74 


15 8 


4 


2,000 


416 13 4 


•20 





10' 


3(» 


6 5 


75 


15 12 


6 


2,100 


337 10 


•25 





1 


Oh 


31 


6 9 2 


76 


15 16 


8 


2.200 


458 6 8 


•30 





1 


3 


32 


6 13 4 


77 


16 10 1 


2,300 


479 3 4 


•35 





1 


bk 


33 


6 17 6 


78 


16 5 





2,400 


500 


•40 





1 


8 


34 


7 18 


79 


16 9 


2 


2,500 


520 16 8 


•45 





1 loi 


35 


7 5 10 


80 


16 13 


4 


2,600 


541 !3 4 


•50 





2 


1 


36 


7 10 


81 


16 17 


6 


2J00 


562 10 


•55 





2 


3i 


37 


7 14 2 


82 


17 1 


8 


2,800 


583 6 8 


•60 





2 


6 


38 


7 18 4 


83 


17 5 10 1 


2.900 


604 3 4 


•65 





2 


Sh 


39 


8 2 (> 


84 


17 10 





3,000 


6J-) 


•70 





2 


11^ 


40 


8 6 8 


85 


17 14 


2 


3,100 


645 K) 8 


•75 





3 


14 


41 


8 10 10 


86 


17 18 


4 


3,200 


661) 13 4 


•80 





3 


4 


42 


8 15 


87 


18 2 


6 


3,300 


687 10 


•85 





3 


6-^ 


43 


8 19 2 


88 


18 6 


8 


3,400 


7ii8 6 8 


•90 





3 


9 


44 


9 3 4 


89 


18 10 10 


3,500 


729 3 4 


•95 





3 


114 


45 


9 7 6 


90 


18 15 





3,600 


750 


1 





4 


2 


46 


9 11 8 


91 


18 19 


2 


3,700 


770 16 8 


2 





8 


4 


47 


9 15 ""O 


92 


19 3 


4 


3,800 


791 13 4 


3 





12 


6 


48 


10 


93 


19 7 


6 


3,900 


812 10 


4 


10 


8 


49 


10 4 2 


94 


19 11 


8 


4,000 


833 6 8 


5 







10 


50 


10 8 4 


95 


19 15 


10 


5,000 


1,041 13 4 


6 




5 





51 


10 12 6 


96 


20 





6,000 


1,250 


7 




9 


2 


52 


10 16 8 


97 


20 4 


2 


7,000 


1,458 6 


8 




13 


4 


53 


11 10 


98 


^0 8 


4 


8,000 


1,666 13 4 


9 




17 


6 


54 


11 5 


99 


20 12 


6 


9,000 


1,875 


10 


2 


1 


8 


55 


11 9 2 


10) 


20 16 


8 


10,000 


2,883 6 8 


11 


2 


5 


10 


56 


11 13 4 


200 


41 13 


4 


15,000 


3,125 


12 


2 


10 





57 


11 17 6 


300 


62 10 





20,000 


4,166 13 4 


13 


2 


14 


2 


58 


12 1 8 


400 


83 6 


8 


25,000 


5,208 6 8 


14 


2 


18 


4 


59 


12 5 10 


500 


104 3 


4 


.30,0')0 


6,250 


15 


3 


2 


6 


60 


12 10 


600 


125 





35,000 


7,291 13 4 


16 


3 


6 


8 


61 


12 14 2 


700 


145 16 


8 


40,000 


8,33:5 6 8 


17 


3 10 10 


62 


12 18 4 


800 


166 13 


4 


45,000 


9,375 U 


18 


3 


15 





63 


13 2 6 


900 


187 10 





50,000 


10,416 13 4 



546 

TABLES OF EXCHANGE. 

STERLING INTO DOLLARS, 4s. 2ll,=0NK DOLLAR. 



Stg. 


% c. 


Stg. 


$ c. 


Stg. 


$ c. 


Stg. 


$ 


d. 1 


02 


16 


76 80 


61 


292 80 


200 


960 


2 


04 


17 


81 60 


62 


297 60 


300 


1,440 


3 


06 


18 


86 40 


63 


302 40 


400 


1.920 


4 


^6 


19 


91 20 


64 


307 20 


500 


2,400 


5 


10 


20 


96 ... 


65 


312 ... 


600 


2,880 


6 


12 


21 


100 80 


66 


31(j 80 


700 


3,360 


7 


14 


22 


105 60 


67 


321 60 


800 


3,840 


8 


16 


23 


110 40 


68 


326 40 


900 


4,320 


9 


18 


24 


115 20 


69 


331 20 


1,000 


4,800 


10 


20 


25 


120 ... 


70 


336 ... 


1.100 


5,280 


11 


22 


26 


124 80 


71 


340 80 


1,200 


5,760 


" s. 1 


24 


27 


129 60 


72 


:^45 60 


1,300 


6,240 


2 


48 


28 


134 40 


73 


350 40 


1,400 


6,720 


.3 


72 


29 


1.39 20 


74 


355 20 


1,500 


7,200 


4 


96 


30 


144 ... 


75 


360 ... 


1,600 


7,680 


, 5 


1 20 


31 


148 80 


76 


364 80 


1,700 


8,160 


6 


1 44 


32 


153 60 


7" 


369 60 


1,800 


8,640 


7 


1 68 


33 


158 40 


78 


374 40 


1,900 


9,120 


8 


1 92 


34 


163 20 


79 


379 20 


2,000 


9,600 


9 


2 16 


35 


168 ... 


SO 


384 ... 


2,100 


10,080 


10 


2 40 


36 


172 80 


81 


388 80 


2.200 


10,560 


11 


2 64 


37 


177 60 


82 


393 60 


2,300 


11,040 


12 


2 88 


38 


182 40 


83 


398 40 


2,400 


11,520 


13 


3 12 


39 


187 20 


84 


403 20 


2.500 


12,000 


14 


3 36 


40 


192 ... 


85 


408 ... 


2,6U0 


12,480 


15 


3 60 


41 


196 80 


86 


412 80 


2,700 


12,960 


16 


3 84 


42 


201 60 


87 


417 60 


2,800 


13,440 


17 


4 08 


43 


206 40 


88 


422 40 


2.900 


13,920 


18 


4 32 


44 


211 20 


89 


427 20 


3,000 


14,400 


19 


4 56 


45 


216 ... 


90 


432 ... 


3,100 


14,880 


£ 1 


4 80 


46 


220 80 


91 


436 80 


3,200 


15,360 


2 


9 60 


47 


225 60 


92 


441 60 


3,300 


15,840 


3 


14 40 


48 


230 40 


93 


446 40 


3,400 


16,320 


4 


19 20 


49 


235 20 


94 


451 20 


3,. 500 


16,800 


5 


24 ... 


50 


240 .. 


95 


456 ... 


3.600 


17,280 


6 


28 80 


51 


244 80 


96 


460 80 


3,700 


17,760 


7 


:^3 60 


52 


249 60 


97 


465 60 


3,800 


18,240 


8 


38 40 


53 


254 40 


98 


470 40 


3,900 


18,720 


9 


43 20 


54 


259 20 


99 


475 20 


4,000 


19,200 


10 


48 ... 


55 


264 ... 


100 


480 ... 


5,000 


24,000 


11 


52 80 


56 


268 80 


101 


484 80 


6,000 


28,800 


12 


57 60 


57 


273 60 


102 


489 60 


7,000 


33,600 


13 


62 40 


58 


278 40 


103 


494 40 


8,000 


38,400 


14 


67 20 


59 


283 20 


104 


499 20 


9,000 


43,200 


15 


72 ... 


60 


288 ... 


105 


504 ... 


10,000 


48,000 



547 
LAND MEASURE. 



Comparison of English Measure with Local Measure, 
rh inland measure. 



Lineal. 
12 inches = 1 foot 

12 feet = 1 rood 

60 feet or 5 roods = 1 chain 



Square. 
144 square inches = 1 square 

foot. 
144 square feet = 1 square 

rood 
*300 square roods = 1 acre. 



Comparison of Rhynland and English Measures. 



Lineal. 
1 Rhynland inch = 1-029 Eng- 
lish inches 
1 Rhynland foot = 12-35 Eng- 
lish inches 
1 Rhynland rood = 12-35 Eng- 
lish feet 
427-3238 Rhyn- 
land roods = 1 statute 
mile 



Square. 
1 Rhynland square ft. = 152*67 

English sq. ins. 
1 Rhynland sq. rood = 152*67 

English sq. feet. 
1 Rhynland Acre = 1-051446 

English Acre 
608*685 Rhynland 

acres = 1 

square mile 



1 Berbice Rhynland acre = 1*060208 English acres. 



Comparison of English and Rhynland Measures. 

1 English foot =0-971190 
Rhynland feet 



1 English foot = 0-080932 
Rhynland roods. 



1 Gunter's chain (66 feet) = 
5*341547 Rhynland 
roods 
1 English acre =0*951071 
Rhynland acres. 



* Note: In the County of Berbice 1 ketting or chain = 66 rhynland feet 
and 10 square kettings or 302-5 square roods = 1 acre. All original grants in 
that County have to be laid out by this measure, but tracts of Crown Land 
licensed or granted in the rear of first depths, or otherwise, are surveyed to 
300 square roods to the acre. 



548 



Tables. 



Rhvnlaud 
1 


feet 


to 


Ell 


glish feet.l 
1-029664 1 


Engl'sb feet 
1 


io 


llhvnland feet. 
0-971190 


2 




_- 




2-059328 


2 


:= 


1-942380 


3 




_ 




3-088992 


3 


= 


2-913571 


4 




_ 




4-118657 


4 


=: 


3 884761 


5 




__ 




5-148321 


5 


=: 


4-855952 


6 




= 




6-177985 


6 


= 


5-827142 


7 




— 




7-207649 


7 


= 


6-798333 


8 




_: 




8-237313 


8 


= 


7-769523 


9 









9-266977 


9 


=: 


8-740714 


10 




™ 




10-296642 


10 


= 


9-711904 


Kbviiland 


roodb 


to 


E 


n glish feet. 


Engli-li feet 


to 


UliviilaMrl roods. 


1 




— 




12-355970 


1 


:^ 


0-fHO)32 


2 




— 




24-711940 


•) 


= 


0-161865 


3 




.— 




37-067910 


',\ 


=z 


0-242797 


4 




— 




49-423S80 


4 


=: 


0-323730 


5 




— 




61-779850 


5 


■=. 


0-404662 


G 




— 




74-135820 


(i 


=z 


0-485595 


7 




— 




86-491790 


( 


=1 


0-566527 


8 




— 




98 847760 


S 


=z 


647460 


y 




— 




111-203730 


'J 


:= 


0-728392 


10 




= 




123-559700 


10 


= 


0-8093-25 


Rhynland 


acres 


to 


Ei 


glish acre?, 


English acrorf 


to 


Rlivuland acres 


1 




— 




1 -051446 


1 


= 


0-951071 


2 




— 




2-102892 


2 


=: 


1-902142 


3 




— 




3-154339 


3 


= 


2.853213 


4 




zx: 




4-205785 


4 


= 


3-804284 


5 




— 




5-257231 


5 


=z 


4-755:-i55 







— 




6-308678 


(> 


=: 


5-706427 


1 




=z 




7-360124 


7 


=: 


6657498 


8 




z= 




8-411570 


8 


;= 


7-608569 


9 




zz: 




9-463017 


• \) 


= 


8-559640 


10 




^zz 




10-514463 


Itt 


^^ 


9-510711 



BANKING. 

CoLOJsiAL Bank, London. 

l7icorporated by Royal Charter, 1836. 

Subscribed capital, £2,000,000 ; Paid up Ccipital, £600,000. 
London Office — No. 13, Bishopsgate Street, (withiu.) 

BRITISH GUIANA DISTEICT : DEMERAEA BRANCH. 

Bank^ Lots 61, 62, 91 and 92, High Stieet, Georgetown. 

Manager — G. W. M. 'Fevch. •/Accountant — H. B. Melville ; 
Cashier— F. A. R Braithwaite ; Clerks — B. S. Haughtoii, 
M. J. Lej^pingwell, S. Laurence, L. P. Downer, H. JVJcN. 
Brassington. 

BERBICE BRANCH. 

Siih-Manager — W. P. Breen ; Sub-Accountant — E. G. L. 
Mason. 



I 



l-AMiJHf.mi lyii.ii. ULiKwn 



549 

British Guiana Bank. 
Established 1836. 

Capital, .$1,400,000 ; $926,520 paid up. 

Bank, Lots 38, 39 and 40, Robb Street, Georgetown. 

Agents : London — Union of London and Smith's Bank, 
Ltd. 

Amsterdam — Becker and Field ; JVeiv York — Maitland, 
Coppell & Co. ; Canada — Bank of Nova Scotia ; and agencies 
in all the British West India Islands. 

Directors — John B. Laing, Chairman ; Jos. Monkhouse, 
and G. R. Qarnett. 

Managing Director — J. B. Laing ; Manager — F. A. Conyers. 

Accountant — L. Colvin. 

Clerks — A. D. Ferguson, C, Farrar, T. H. Dalgliesh, W. 
P. Weber, W. S. Jones, A. H. Brebner, N. G. Hohenkerk, R. 
Gill, A. F. Evelyn and J. H. Dare. 

Counsel — Vacant. Solicitor — Jos. A. King. 

Directors meet on Mondays at 2 p.m. 

BERBICE branch. 

Sub-Manager — C. H. Bagot, acting C. Farrar ; Acting 
Accountant — J. A. Rogers ; Clerk — J. Glover. 

Government Savings Bank. 
Ordinance 6 o/ 1889. 
The Government Savings Bank was established by Ordi- 
ance in 1836 for the benefit of the labouring classes and others. 

Branches : 
Georgetown — at the Receiver General's Office, Public 
Building. 

New Amsterdam — at the Colony House. 
Banks closed to the public at 12 o'clock on Saturdays. Open 
to the public for making and withdrawing deposits daily through- 
out the year except on Sundays and Public Holidays, between 
the hours of ten in the morning and three in the afternoon ; 
and also for about a fortnight in January when interest earned 
by deposits is being calculated. 

Interest at the rate of 3 per cent, is allowed on all sums 
from $4 to $500 and 2| per cent, on sums from $501 to 
$1,500. 

Minimum of deposits and withdrawals... ...24c. 

Maximum of deposits received ... $1,500. 



550 



Depositors can withdraw the whole or any portion of 
their deposits on demand. 

At 31st December, 1908, there were 10,975 depositors in 
the Georgetown Branch with |81 1,060.80 at their credit, com- 
pared .vith 10,942 depositors with $820,971.28 at their credit 
at the close of the previous year. In the New Amsterdam 
Branch (established in 1843) the depositors numbered 3,730 on 
the 31st December, 1908, and the amount at their credit was 
$209,899.23 compared with 3,690 depositors with $210,786.04 
at their credit at the end of December, 1907. 

The following statement shows the number of depositors 
according to their nationality and the amounts deposited to 
their credit on 31st December, 1908 : — 





Number. 


Deposits. 


Creoles and Others 
East Indians 
Portuguese 
Chinese ... 


8,406 

4,992 

1,142 

165 


$390,936.52 

402,877.71 

188,245.70 

38,900.10 


Total 

Total 1907 


14,705 
... 14,632 


$1,020,960.03 
$1,031,757.32 


Increase 


73 Deci 


•ease $10,797.29 



The interest credited to depositors in 1908 was $26,713,55, 
and the interest received on investments was $25,907.17. 

The surplus accruing at the end of each year is carried to 
credit of a joint account to which are charged all expenses 
incurred in working the Government Savings Bank and the 
Post Office Savings Bank. 

The investments at the 31sb December, 1908, amounted 
to $1,011,392.42, and the uninvested funds to $23,682.55. 

Post Office Savings Banks. 
Ordinance 6 o/ 1889. 
^ Deposits of not less than 24 cents (1/-) are received at 
the following Post Offices : — 



551 

Oeorgetoivn—Genevnl Post Office, Albuoystown, Bourda, 
Carmicliael Street, Cornhill ; North West District — Arakaka, 
Morawhanna ; Ussequebo — Anna Regina, Aurora, Bartica, 
Danielstovj n, Lpguan, Potaro, Suddie, Taymouth Manor, 
Wakenaam ; Demerara — Bagotville, Ann's Grove, Belfield, 
Beterverwagting, Buxton, Enmore, Fellowship, Grove, Leonora, 
Malmica, Mahaicony, Met-en-Meezorg, Plaisance, Tuschen, 
Vreed-en-Hoop, Wales, Wismar ; Berhice — Blairmont, Fort 
Wellington, Nigg, Reliance, Sisters, Skeldon, Weldaad, Whim. 

Interest at the rate of 3% on deposits up to £104.3.8, 
and of 2.40% on deposits above that sum and up to £312.10 is 
given. The total deposits of any one depositor may not 
exceed £312.10, Savings Bank business is transacted daily ; 
(except Sundays and Holidays) at District Offices from 8 a.m. 
to 4 p.m. ; at the G.P.O. from 10 a.m. to 3 p m,, on Saturday 
from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. Money deposited maybe withdrawn at 
any bank which is most convenient to the depositor, without 
changing the pass book. An acknowledgment for every sum 
deposited is forwarded to the depositor from the General Post 
Office, Georgetown. Husband and wife and every member of a 
family may have a separate savings bank account. Secrecy is 
observed with respect to the names of depositors and the 
amount of their deposits. 

Money may be deposited by or on behalf of a married 
woman, by or on behalf of a minor of the age of 14 years and 
upwards, or on behalf and in the name of a minor, or an 
infant under the age of 14 years, or in the joint names of 
two or more persons entitled to make a deposit, or in trust 
accounts, also by friendly and charitable societies. 

The amount at credit of depositors on 31st December, 
1908, was $405,743.88 or $14,321.76 more than on the corres- 
ponding date of the previous year. 

The deposits during the year 1908 amounted to $347,815.06, 
and the withdrawals to $342,871.13, being $4,776.71 less, and 
$8,726.89 more, respectively, than in year before. 

The accounts numbered 13,606, being 1,185 more than in 
the year 1907, the greater number ranging from under $5 to $50. 

The investments held by the Bank on 31st December, 
1908, amounted to $390,074.80, as compared with $360,074.80 
on the corresponding date of the previous year. 



552 

PUBLIC MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS. 
The colony maintains a Lunatic and a Leper Asylum 
and five hospitals. There are also three dispensaries in the city 
of Georgetown, two dispensary hospitals and six dispensaries in 
the more populous of the outlying districts. The fees charged are 
very reasonable and those unable to pay are treated free. 

Public Hospitals. 
On the 1st of April 1908, there were 664 patients in 
the hospitals, and 17,5'Jl were admitted during the year. 

The daily average in hospital during the financial 
year ended 31st March, 1909, was 697 and the deaths num- 
bered 1,815. 

In addition to the patients admitted to the hospitals, 
110,771 persons received outdoor treatment, including 35,938 
treated at the dispensaries in Georgetown. The principal 
causes of death were malarial fevers, diarrhoeal diseases, 
bronchitis and pneumonia, phthisis and other forms of tubercu- 
losis, and kidney diseases. 

Lunatic Asylum. 
The daily average number of inmates in tlie Lunatic 
Asylum during the year 1908-1909 was 743, of whom 472 were 
males, and 271 were females. These figures are lower than those 
forthe previous year. The admissions numbered 110 as against 
144 in the previous year ; 73 were discharged as recovered ; 
while 54 died in the institution. 

A large proportion of the work of the institution, such 
as the raising of farm produce, the care of pigs, baking, &c., is 
done by the inmates who are in every way encouraged to work. 

Leper Asylum. 
On the Isb April, 1908, there were 403 inmates : — 285 
males, and 118 females. There were admitted during the year 
137 — males 110, females 27. 

At the close of the year 1908-1909, there remained in 
the institution 431 souls as against 403 on the 31st March, 1908. 

Poor House. 
The one Alms House of the colony is situate in 
Georgetown ; on the 31st March, 1909, there were 792 inmates. 
The daily average was 782 as against 761 in the previous year. 
The expenditure of the institution for the year was 
£8,035. In addition to this a sum of £5,602 was disbursed 
in outdoor relief. 



« 



553 
MINING CONCESSIONS. 



The foUowinc; nre the provision.s of the Minin2; Ordinance 
(No. 1 of 1903) rehiting to the granting of mining con- 
cessions : — 

-^ :^ V 

Part II — Concessions, 
General Coiicessio7f. 
13. The Governor may, with the approval of the Secre- 
tary of State, grant a general concession to any person, 
entitling such person to the soil and to the gold, silver and / 

valuable minerals, and precious stones, found therein. (3 of // 
1901, s. 9). 

Pennissio7i to exijlore. 
14. — (l)In any case to which owing to the amount of 
capital to be invested or the works to be undertaken by any 
person who desires to obtain a concession, it appear:^ expedient 
to the Governor-in-Council to do so, the Governor-in-Council 
may with the approval of the Secretary of State permit such 
person to temporarily occupy and explore, for the purpose of 
testing the value of, unoccupied Crown hinds without a con- 
cession in respect thereof being first granted, subject never- 
theless to such terms and conditions as to the Governer-in- 
Council may seem meet. 

Exclusive right to explore. 
(2) The Governor-in-Council may, in special cases and 
with the approval of the Secretary of State, give any person 
the exclusive right to occupy and explore as provided in sub- 
section (1) hereof, within a given area. (3 of 1901, s. 4). 
Governor-in-Council may grant Mining Concessions. 
15. The Governor-in-Council may grant, on such terms 
and conditions as he shall deem meet, a concession authorizing 
any person therein named to occupy any portion of the Crow^n 
lands of the colony and, subject to the provisions of this 
Ordinance, and any regulations made thereunder, therein to 
mine for when found to tEike and appropriate 

i. gold, silver and valuable minerals ; or 
ii. precious stones ; or 

iii. gold, silver and valuable minerals, and also 
precious stones (3 of 1901, s. 3 amended). 

# t ^ ik # 



554 

Dredging Concession. 

17. The Governor-in-Council may grant on such terms and 
conditions as he shall deem meet, a concession to any person 
to occupy any river or creek or portion thereof and there to 
dredge for and, when found, to take and appropriate all gold, 
silver and valuable minerals and precious stones. 

Provided that every concession shall be subject to such 
Regulations as may, from time to time, be made by the 
Governor and Court of Policy. (3 of 1901, s. 8). 

Grants of Crown lands to tvhich concessions relate. 

18. In any case in which a concession is granted in 
respect of unoccupied Crown lands, the Governor may make 
an absolute grant therewith of the Crown lands in respect of 
which such concession was granted without requiring the pro- 
visions of the Crown Lands Ordinance, and the Crown Lands 
Regulations for the time being in force, to be complied with. 
Provided that no grant of the nature set forth in this section 
shall be made either under this section or in any other w^ay 
without the approval of the Secretary of State. (3 of 1887, 
s.3(l).) 

Terms and Conditions on which Permissions to explore and 

TEST THE VALUE OF CrOWN LaNDS FOR MINERALS, ARE GRANTED. 

The following are the terms and conditions fixed by the 
Governor-in-Council, under which permissions shall ordinarily 
be granted to test the value of unoccupied Crown lands under 
the provisions of section 14 (2j of the Mining Ordinance, 1903 : — 
1. {a.) The right shall not be granted for a longer period than 
three years. 
(b.) The area shall in no case be less than 500 acres : to be 
defined by natural features or as prescribed by regula- 
tions 29 and 30 of the Mining Regulations, 1905. 
(c.) There shall be payable in advance for every such 
right, a fee of seven and a half cents for every acre for 
every financial year or part of a year for which it is in 
force, and the right shall remain in force only so long 
as the fee is not in arrears. 
(d.) All Mining claims previously located withinj|_the 
boundaries of such area shall be excluded from the 
right and from the surface for which fee is payable. 



555 

(e.) The grantee of the exclusive right shall be free from 
time to time to abandon any part or pares of the area 
granted to him, and, when he has properly demarcated 
the area so abandoned and shown it to the satisfaction 
of the Warden no exploration fee for subsequent finan- 
cial years shall be payable by him thereon. 

(f.) During the continuance of this exclusive right of 
occupation and exploration the grantee shall be at 
liberty to mark off such rectangular areas as he may 
desire to have the exclusive right of working, and a 
grant of the exclusive right of working the same may be 
given him on his application by the Governor under 
Section 15 of the Mining Ordinance, 1903 ; provided 
that no such area shall be less than 1,500 feet by 800 
feet. 

2. So much of every area granted for occupation and 
exploration, as shall be abandoned by the grantee or not 
allocated to him as a grant for exclusive working before or at 
the expiration of his exclusive privilege of exploration, will 
become open for application and location to all persons. 

3. Every application for permission to explore shall be 
advertised in the Official Gazette at the cost of the applicant 
for three consecutive Saturdays in order to allow of any opposi- 
tion to the granting of the same being made. 

4. In the rectangular areas described in conditions 1 (/), 
the area shall be demarcated as prescribed by regulations 29 
and 30 of the Mining Regulations, 1905. 

Terms ox which Mining Concessions are granted. 

The following are the terms and conditions fixed by the 
Governor-in-Council under which concessions shall ordinarily be 
granted under Section 15 of the Mining Ordinance 1903 to 
occupy any portion of the Crown Lands of the colony and 
therein to mine for (1) gold silver and valuable minerals; or 
(ii) precious stones : — 

1. The holder of the concession shall pay in advance to 
the Receiver General on the 1st April in each year a rental 
of 20 cents per acre or part of an acre per annum. 

2. The holder of the concession shall except when pre- 
vented by inevitable accident or during the execution of 
repairs or except he has obtained the permission in writing 



556 

of the Commissioner of Lands and Mines or the Warden of the 
district to cease work thereon, diligently explore and search 
for (i) gold, silver and valuable minerals : or (ii) precious stones, 
on the land specified in the concession, in a skilful and work- 
manlike manner to the satisfaction of the Commissioner of 
Lands and Mines and shall not use the said land for any other pur- 
pose than the purpose for whi^h the concession is granted with- 
out the express sanction in writing of the Commissioner of 
Lands and Mines first obtained. 

3. The holder of the concession shall as often as required 
in writing so to do by the Commissioner of Lands and Mines 
or other officer in that behalf appointed by him, furnish such 
true and proper returns and statistics or other particulars of the 
operations to be carried on upon the said land and the results 
thereof as the Commissioner of Lands and Mines or other officer 
in that behalf appointed by him may require, verifying the same 
if and when required so to do by a statutory declaration 
of the truth and correctness thereof. 

4. The holder of the concession shall be bound to keep the 
boundary lines of the concession clearly marked by lines dis- 
tinctly defined from corner to corner by a path not less than 
four feet wide and by a tree or corner post or beacon at each 
corner of the concession standing not less than five feet out of 
the ground on which shall be securely fastened a board or other 
object on which shall be jDlainly and permanently marked 
otherwise than by the affixing of paper or other material which 
may be liable to be washed off, the name of the holder of the 
concession and the number, date and area of the concession. 

5. The concession shall be subject to the right of aborigi- 
nal Indians — without disturbing the holder — to camp, hunt 
and traverse the land without molestation. 

6. The holder of the concession shall not plead acceptance 
of the rent or royalty payable thereunder as a waiver of the 
right of the Commissioner of Lands and Mines or other officer 
on his behalf to enforce the observance of the conditions of 
the concession or of the right of the Governor-in-Council to 
cancel the concession for any breach thereof respectively. 

7. The Governor may grant to any person or persons a 
concession to construct a railway across or through any portion 
of the land comprised in the concession without the holder 
thereof, having any right to compensation in respect of such 



55/ 

parts of the said land as may be required for the purposes of 
the railway, or to any abatement of tlie rental payable under 
his concession in respect of such parts of the said land. 

8. If at any time during the term for which the con- 
cession is granted any part or parts of the land comprised 
therein shall be required for the purpose of any township, 
village, road, canal, railway, railway stations, and approaches 
thereto, ortraraways, or for any other public purpose whatsoever, 
it shall be lawful for the Commissioner of Lands and Mines on 
giving three months previous notice in writing to cause to be 
set out the part or parts of the said land which are so requii-ed, 
and as soon as the same shall be so set out, such part or parts 
of the said land shall cease to be included in the concession 
and the holder thereof shall not oe entitled to any abatement 
of rent or any compensation whatsoever in respect thereof. 

9. The holder shall make such provision for the disposal 
of detritus earth, waste refuse or workings, resulting from any 
mining or other authorised operations to be carried on by him 
so that the same shall not be or become a nuisance, incon- 
venience or obstructian to any road, tramway, railway, tele- 
graph line, race drain or creek or private or Crown Lands or in 
any manner occasion private or public damage or inconvenience. 

10. The holder shall from time to time upon being re- 
quired in writing so to do by the Commissioner of Lands and 
Mines or other officer in that behalf appointed by him. 
well and sufficiently bale and pump, draw away and remove all 
water from the workings in the land comprised in the concession 
which, in the opinion of the Commissioner of Lands and Mines 
or other officer as aforesaid, is or may be inijurous to the 
owner or occupier of an}^ adjoining land, and continue to keep 
the said workings free of water so long as it may be so required 
as aforesaid. 

11. The holder shall not close up or obstruct any adit or 
adit tunnels or airways to or from any contiguous mine or 
mines whereby fresh air is admitted or ventilation promoted. 

12. The holder shall at all times during the continuance 
of the term of the concession diligently observe and comply 
with Part X of the Mining Regulations, 1905, relating to the 
regulation of mines and with all such other provisions of the 
said Mining Regulations as may mutatis mutandis be applicable. 

13. All transfers and avssignments of the concession shall 



558 

be made in accordance with the requirements of Part V of the 
Mining Regulations, 1905. 

14. The Governor -in-Council may under the provisions of 
section 25 of the Mining Ordinance, 1903, for a breach of 
anv of the conditions herein specified, cancel the concession 
and all the rights, title and interest of the holder of the con- 
cession, and of all persons claiming under or through him shall 
therefrom cease and determine and the production of a copy of 
the aforesaid Gazette containing a notice purporting to be 
signed by the Commissioner of Lands and Mines notifying the 
cancellation of the said concession shall be deemed to be con- 
clusive evidence in all Courts in the colony that the concession 
has been duly cancelled and thereupon it shall be lawful for 
the Commissioner of Lands and Mines, his agents or officers 
or other persons duly authorized thereto to enter forthwith 
into and upon the said land and premises and the same to 
repossess and enjoy in behalf of His Majesty as fully and 
effectually to all intents and purposes as if the land included 
in the concession had not been granted. 

15. The holder shall at the end of the term for which the 
concession is granted or sooner if the concession is cancelled 
or otherwise determined before the expiration of the said term 
deliver peaceable possession of the land to the Commissioner 
of Lands and Mines or other officer authorized by him to 
receive possession thereof and shall thereafter remove all tools, 
appliances and mining plant from off such land within such 
time as the Commissioner of Lands and Mines may specify. 

16. Before any concession is granted the land applied for 
shall be surveyed at the cost of the applicant by a Surveyor of 
the Department of Lands and Mines, or with the approval of 
the Commissioner of Lands and Mines, by some other duly 
qualified Surveyor. 



THE PERMANENT EXHIBITIONS COMMITTEE, 

Personnel. 
Chairman — His Excellency the Governor, Sir F. M. 
Hodgson, K.C.M.G. 

Deputy Chairman — The Director of Science and Agricul- 
ture, Professor J. B. Harrison, C.M.G.. M.A., F.LC, F.G.S., 
F.C.S., F.G.S.A. 



559 

Memhers— The Colonial Civil Engineer, the Commissioner 
of Lands and Mines, the President of the Royal Agricultural 
and Commercial Society, the Chairman of the Committee of 
Correspondence of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial 
Society, James Andrew, Esq., a« representing the Institute of 
Mines and Forests, the Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce, 
the Chairman of the Planters' Association, J. Rodway, Esquire, 
G. Wyatt, Esquire, C. W. Anderson, Esquire. 

Honorary Secretary — The Assistant Director of Science 
and Agriculture. 

The members of the Committee are appointed by the 
Governor, The objects and duties of the Committee are to 
consider and advise in regard to all questions relating to the 
representation of the colony at foreign and other Exhibitions ; 
to re-establish the British Guiana Court at the Imperial Insti- 
tute, and to be thereafter responsible for the maintenance of 
the Court in a state of efficiency ; and to deal with all 
references to the Imperial Institute in connection with the 
utilization of the Technical Laboratories of the Institute. 

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 

The Board of Agriculture of British Guiana has control of 
all experimental agricultural work, and especially interests itself 
with regard to the improvement of the breed of live-stock in 
the colony. Horses, cattle, sheep, swine and fowls have been 
imported with this view. The Exhibition Committee of the 
Board controls agricultural exhibitions, district shows of agri- 
horticultural produce, and competitions in practical agriculture 
for farmers, small settlers and market gardeners, which are held 
in the colony. Agricultural shows are assisted by grants from 
funds at the disposal of the Board, but a condition precedent to 
assistance is that the grants-in-aid shall be expended only on 
awards in respectto '^articles exhibited in fair quantity and which 
are either of actual or potential commercial value." Trained 
Agricultural Instructors working under the direction of the 
Board of Agriculture give practical field demonstrations to the 
farmers and settlers in the various districts. In addition to the 
experimental fields at the Botanic Gardens, there are experi- 
mental farms and plantations at Onderneemiug School, at 
Tssorura. Aruka River, in the North West District, and at 
Christianburg, on the Demerara River ; a reserve for the 



560 

growth and study of the indigenous rubber tree, Sapiiwi Jen- 
mani, at the mouth of the Bonasika Creek in the estuary of 
the Essequebo River ; whilst it is in contemplation to establish 
an Agricultural Station on the Pomeroon River. 

EXCISE BOARD. 

(^Ordinance 8 of 1868.) 

The Excise Board consists of such persons as may be ap- 
pointed members thereof by the Governor. The functions of 
the Board are : — (1) To determine as to the granting of liquor 
?tore, and hotel or tavern licences and as to the granting and 
classification or rating or assessment of retail spirit shop 
licences ; to regulate and control the issue of such licences and 
supervise the holders of such licences and all Commissaries of 
Taxation and other persons engaged in carrying out the pro- 
visions of the Ordinance. (2) To determine the division of the 
proceeds of fines and seizures amongst prosecutors and inform- 
ers in revenue cases, etc. 

There is an appeal to the Governor-in-Council from the 
decision of the Board in respect of the classification of licences. 

Members — R. C. Graunum, Receiver General, Chairinan ; 
Colonel G. C. De Rinzy, Inspector General of Police ; A. W. 
Swain, Postmaster General ; and the Comptroller of Customs ; 
H. A. Cameron, Secretary, 

BOARD OF POOR LAW COMMISSIONERS. 

{Ordinance 12 of 1903.) 

The Board consists of not more than five Commissioners 
appointed by the Governor who conduct the relief of the poor 
and the administration of all public moneys granted by the 
Combined Court for that purpose. The Board has also the 
charge, control and superintendence of the Alms House of 
Georgetown and the Orphan Asylum. The entire executive 
power and responsibility is vested in the Chairman. The Com- 
missioners are the local guardians for the parishes of St. George 
and St. Andrew in Demerara. 

Chairman — Hon. Dr. J. E. Godfrey ; Members — Rev. E. 
D. Jones, C. O, Rainer, C. G. H. Davis and Dean Caswell. 



I 



56i 

Secretary and hisjiector of Poor — W. H. Cook. Surgeon — • 
Dr. E. S. Massiali. Clerk and Sub- Inspector of Poor — E.Ed- 
wards. Assistant Sub-Inspector — Joseph Greeiiidge. Clerical 
Assistant — Mrs. C. Lynch. 

BOARD OF EXAMINERS. 

Chemists and Dkuggists. 

(Ordinance 3 of 1889 and 17 oj 1904.) 

Chairman — Dr. J. E. Godfrey, Surfjeon General ; Deputy 

Chairman — Professor J. B. Harrison, C.M.G. ; Members — Dr. 

J. E. London, C. O. Rainer, and E. G. Fonseca. Registrar — J. 

Farnum. 



CORPOKATE BODIES. 

TOWN COUNCIL,— GEORGETOWN, 

{Ordinance 28 o/ 1898.) 

Mayor — Hon. Francis Dias ; Councillors, — Ward No. 1, 
M. F. Juister ; 2, North Cumingsburg, W^est Ward, S. A. H. 
Culpeper; 3, North Cumingsburg, East Ward, Hon. G. Garuett ; 
4, South Cumingsburg, West Ward, Benjamin Thompson ; 5, 
South Cumingsburg, East Ward, Hon. F. Dias ; 6, Robbs Town, 
Hon. P. N. Browne ; 7, Columbia and Lacytovvn, A. A. Thorne, 
F.R. ; 8, Newtown, C. O. Rainer ; 9, Stabroek, E. G. Fonseca ; 
10, Werk-en-Rust, E. A. V. Abraham; 11, Old and New 
Charlestown, F. 0. Franker ; 12, Bourda, J. Wood Davis, F.R. 
13, Albert Town, E. G. Woolford ; 14, Queenstowa, G. W. 
Forshaw. 

Town Clerk — P. P. Fairbairn. 

Superintendent — Luke M. Hill, M. Inst. C.E. 

Assistant Superintendent — W. F. Laurie Thomas. 

Health Officer of the Gity—Dv. W. deW. Wishart. 

Clerh of Markets — A. Fernandes. 

Engineer, Water Works — James W. Gemmel. 

Superintendent, Fire Brigade — Louis L. Kerr, Deputy In- 
spector General of Police. 

Inspector of Hackney Carriages and of Meat and Dairies — 
A. Seton Milne, V.S. 

Leg(d Adviser — Hon. D, M. Hutson, K,C, 



562 

TOWN COUNCIL OF NEW AMSTERDAM. 

(Ordinance 8 o/189L) 

jllayor — Major J. V. Mittleliolzer. 

Councillors— J. A. Abbensetts, E. A. Luckhoo, J. McLean, 
J. L). DoNV, F. G. Ferreira, R. L. Downer. 

Toivn Clerk— Q^. Hicken. 

Totvn Superintendent — H. D. Scudamore. 

Engineer of Water Works and Electrical Poiver Station — 
H. D. Scudamore. 



THE WEST INDIA COMMITTEE. 

J'resident — Sir Nevile Lubbock, K.CM.G. 

Chairman — William Middletou Campbell, Esq. 

Deputy-Ckairman — R. Rutherford, Esq. 

Treasurers— f^^encev H. Curtis, Esq., 23, Rood Lane, 
Cyril Guerney, Esq., 7 Mincing Lane, R. Rutherford, Esq., 34 
Great Tower Street. 

Bankers — The Union of London and Smith's Bank, Ltd. 

Secretary — Algernon E. Aspinall, Esq., B.A , 15 Seething 
Lane, E.C. 

Honorary Cor7'espondents for British Guiana — The Brit- 
ish Guiana Planters, A;;sociation, and the Institute of Mines 
and Forests. 

The Committee is an incorporated association of planters, 
merchants and others interested in the British West Indies, 
British Guiana and British Honduras. 

The object of the Committee is by united action to 
promote the interest of the industries and trade, and thus 
increase the general welfare of the British West Indies, 
British Guiana and British Honduras. 

The general administration of the affairs of the Committee 
is vested in an Executive Committee consisting of not less than 
20 and not more than 36 elected members who are elected by 
the AVest India Committee from duly qualified members of 
their own body at the annual general meeting. 

A fortnightly journal called the West India Committee 
Circular is issued to members giving a review of events 
of importance, sucli official correspondence of the Committee 
as is suitable for publication, statistics as to sugar, cocoa and 



563 

rum sales, weather reports, and other interesting information 
connected with the West Indies. 

The Committee will be glad to give information regarding 
the Colony to tourists and others. 

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. 

[Incorporated hy Ordinance No. 3 of 1890.) 

Council — Hon. A. P. P. Mackey, President ; J. B. Laing, 
Esq., G, R. Garnett, Esq., Vice-Presidents; F. J. Bankart, Esq., 
Treasurer ; Jules Pairaudeau, Esq., Secretary ; Henry G. 
Williams, Esq., Assistant Secretary ; George Garnett, Esq., 
G. W. M. Perch, Esq., Jorge Camacho, Esq., Paul Cressall, 
Esq., A. K. F. Duncan, Esq., C. Wieting, Esq., A. Summer- 
son, Esq. Members of the Council; Bankers, The Britith 
Guiana Bank. 

BRITISH GUIANA PLANTERS^ ASSOCIATION. 

{Established 1871.) . 
Ch.airman- — Hon. R. G. Duncan ; Members of Council — 
Hon. B. Howell Jones, Hon. A P. P. Mackey and A. Summer- 
son, Esq ; Secretary — J. C. McCowan, 

INSTITUTE OF MINES AND FORESTS. 
Established 20th May, 1890. 
{Incorporated under Ordinance 9 oj 1890.) 
The objects for which the Institute is incorporated are — 
{a) The protection and development of the mining and 

forest industries of the colony. 
{b) The collection and recording of information and the 
forwarding of the same to the Government together 
with such suggestions as to legislation as may seem 
most advantageous to the interests of these industries, 
(c) The undertaking when moved thereto by the parties 
concerned, but not. otherwise, tlie settlement by 
arbitration of disputes arising out of dealings or rela- 
tions in connection with the said industries. 
The Institute registers labourers to be employed in the 
gold and timber industries and executes a contract with the 
labourers so registered to serve their employers for the 
stipulated time at a stated wage. In return for the fee for 






564 

i-egibtration (24 cents) and the fee for the contract (48 cents) 
tlie Institute undertakes the prosecution of all labourers who 
abscond or from other causes fail to carry out their contracts, 
and in behalf of the labourer prosecutes the employer who 
fails to pay wages owing. The fee for registration and con- 
tract is in the first instance paid by the employer but is after- 
wards deducted from tlie labourer's wages. 

Head Office — Georgetown. 

Branch Offices — At Bartika, Arakak^i, Baramanni, Massa- 
runi, Potaro, Omai, Puruni (Peters' Mine). 

President — E. G. Braddon. 

Vice-President — A. P. Bugle. 

Hon. Treasurer — James Andrew. 

Members of the Council— ¥. V. McConnell, F. W. Hutson, 
M. McTurk, Es^an Wong, J. M. Ho-a-Hing, M. P. 
Comacho, P. R. Bradley, R. B. Howell and Hon. Geo. 
Garnett. 

'S e C'l -e t ai -y — J a m e s Wi n t e r. 

Aiiditcr — H. A. Wishart. 

Registering Officers under the Mining Regulations — 

Georgetown — J ames Winter. 

Bartika — S. W. Savory. 

Arakaka — E. A. Allicock. 

Baramanni and Massaivini — E. Farnum. 

PuruQii — E. N. Eraser. 

Potaro— F, W. Hutson. 

07nai — T. E. Hooper. 



LAMAHA COMMITTEE. 

(Ordinance 2 o/ 1890.) 
Consists of three persons elected annually from among the 
proprietors or representatives of the Plantations interested 
in the Lamaha fresh water canal, and three members of the 
Town Council, Georgetown, for the regulation and control of 
the Canal, The Stipendiary Magistrate for Georgetown is con- 
stituted by the Ordinance President of the Committee. 

EAST DEMERARA AVATER SUPPLY COMMISSIONERS. 

{Ordinance 12 o/ 1884.) 
Five Commissioners appointed by the proprietors of the 



565 

plantations in the districts served by the Lamaha Canal. The 
Commissioners are responsible for the conservation and distri- 
bution of the waters of the creeks in the district lying between 
the Demerara River and the Mahaica Creek. 

SHANKS' CANAL COMMISSIONERS. 

{Ordinance No. 8 of 1906.) 
Three Commissioners appointed by the Governor from 
time to time, who are responsible for the regulation, control and 
maintenance of the Shanks' Canal. 

MAHAICA CANAL COMMISSIONERS. 

{Ordinance 1 o/ 1888.) 
Two Commissioners appointed from time to time by the 
Governor for the control and maintenance of the Mahaica 
Canal, which extends from Plantation Dochfour on the East 
Coast of Demerara to the Sea Coast at the mouth of the 
Mahaica Creek. 

BOERASIRIE WATER SUPPLY COMMISSIONERS. 

{Ordinance 7 o/1889.) 
Two Commissioners appointed bi-annually by the pro- 
prietors of the plantations included in the scheme. The duties 
of the Commissioners are to regulate and control the conserva- 
tion and distribution of the waters of the Boerasirie Creek. 



PRINCIPAL CLUBS, SOCIETIES, Etc. 

CLUBS. 

Teie Georgetown Club, Limited. 

Assembly Rooms, Main Street. 

Founded in 1858. 

Entrance Fee — $50. Annual Su'bscri;ption — Town, $36 ; 

County of Demerary, $24 ; Counties of Essequebo and Berbice, 

$10. 

The New Club. 

High Street. 

Inaugurated in April, 1902. 

Entrance Fee, $10. Annual Subscription : Town, $24. 

County of Demerara, $12 3 Counties of Essequebo and Berbice, 



566 

Merchants' Club. 

Strand, New Amsterdam. 
EstahUshed 1908. 

D'Urbax Race Club. 

Inaugurated by Sir Benjamin D'Urban, the then Governor 
of the Colony, on September 28th, 1829. A grant of the course 
was issued in favour of the Secretary of the Club and his 
successors by His Excellency Henry Light, Esq., Governor of 
the Colony in 1834. The " Grand Stand" was erected by the 
members of the Club in 1830. Members of the " Grand Stand" 
are elected by ballot, the subscription for life membership 
being $30. Membership of the D'Urban Race Club is open to 
all colonists, its conditions requiring a subscription of $5 pre- 
vious to each race meeting. 

As a general rule the race-meetings are held in each year 
in April and September, respectively. 

Georgetown Cricket Club. 
EstahUshed 1852. 
Club Ground, Bourda. 
Colours, Red, Black, White and Blue. 
Match Days — -Saturdays and Public Holidays. 
Tennis Days — Mondays (Members and Lady visitors), 
Tuesdays (Members), Thursdays (Members), Fridays (Members 
and Lady visitors.) 

Croquet — Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays. 
Entrance Fee — $10 on election. Annual Subscription — Town 
Members, $10 : Country Members — County of Demerara, $7.50 ; 
Counties of Essequebo and Berbice, $5. 

A Lawn Tennis Tournament, open to the public, is usually 
held annually under the auspices of the Club. 

Berbice County Cricket Club. 

Entrance Fee — $3. Annual Suhscrvption — Town Members, 
$5 ; Country Members, $3. 

Ground, Queenstown, Kew Amsterdam. Practice days, 
Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. 

British Guiana Cricket Club, 

Club Ground, Thomas Lands, 

Colours, Magenta, Yellow and Black, 



mi 



567 

Entrance Fee— Ten Shillings. 

.Suhscrqjtions—Monthly Members, 60 cts. Country Mem- 
Ijers, $5 per annum. Annual Suhscribers $5 per annum. 

B. G. C. U. Cricket Club. 

Established 1895. 
Club Ground, Thomas Lands. 
Colours, Dark and Light Blue. 
Match 2)^2/5— Saturdays and Public Holidays. 
Entrance i<^ee— Ordinary Members $1 ; Subscriptions, 50 
cts. per month ; Life Members, $25 ; Annual Subscribers, $6. 

Artillery Sports Club. 
Established 1902. 
Colours, Navy Blue and Red. 
Chcb Boom— Fort William Frederick, open on Tuesday 
and Friday evenings. 

Football and Cricket Grounds— Eve Leary. 

The Georgetown Football Club. 
Instituted 1902. 
• Colours, Blue Jersey, white knickers. 
Practice Days -Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. 
Entrance Fee— ^-2. Subscription— %l per quarter payable 

in advance. 

Demerara Rowing Club. 
Boat House, La Penitence. 
Colours : Maroon and White. 
Entrance Fee — $5. Annual Subscrqition—l^own Mem- 
bers, $8. CoiLntry Members — $3. 

British Guiana Chess Club. 
Established October, 1888. 
Subscriptions— E^ivsincQ^ee, $1.20; Monthly Subscription 

— 48 cents. a - j 

Meetings in the room in Main Street every Saturday 

afternoon, and Tuesday and Thursday evenings. 

Chess Tournaments are held continuously throughout the 

year, and a match once a year to determine the " Champion" 

of the Club. 

Officers of H. M. Army and Navy visiting the colony are 

allowed free entrance to the Club. 



568 



SOCIETIES. 
Royal Agricultural and Co^i3Iercial Society, 
A Society instituted in March, 1844, and later incorpor- 
ated by Ordinance 21 of 1853 which empowered the Society to 
acquire immovable property. This Ordinance was re-enacted 
with certain amendments by Ordinance 19 of 1866. The 
objects of the Society according to the articles of incorpora- 
tion are to promote as far as possible the improvement and 
encouragement of the agriculture of the colony and of every 
branch of industry whereby the resources of the colony are 
likely to be developed and increased, and also the collecting 
and disseminating, of useful information on such subjects ; the 
funds of the Society to be devoted to the establishment of suita- 
))le public rooms in the City of Georgetown for the use of mem- 
bers, viz : — An exchange room, a reading room, a Museum and 
model room and a Library, and to the awarding of premiums 
and grants of money for purposes connected with the advance- 
ment of agriculture, manufacture or trade. The Society takes 
the leading journals, newspapers and periodicals and its 
Library comprises 30,000 volumes collected since April, 1864, 
at which time tlie previous collection was destroyed by fire. 

The annual subscription of members is $10 and associates 
are admitted at an annual subscription of $5 which entitles 
them to nearly the same privileges as members, with the 
exception of not being eligible as office bearers and admitting 
visitors. Ladies are also admitted at $10 and $5 and children 
at 50 cents a quarter. 

The Society's Museum contains most of the natural products 
of the colony, including a good collection of animals, a very 
fine series of Indian ourios and stone implements, mineralogical 
specimens, photos and views. There is also a small collection 
of foreign animals and an economic section containing products 
from all parts of the world. 

Fatron : 
His Majesty the King. 

Vice-Patron : 
His Excellency the Governor, 



569 

Ofice-Biarers Jor 1909. 
President : 
Hon. B. HowellJones. 

Vice-President— J^nke M. Hill, B.E., M.I.C.E. 
Hon. Secretary — S. A. H, Culpeper. 
Hon. Treasurer — C. Wieting. 

Managing Directors : 
G. F. Franks, M.A., F.G.S. 
J. B. Laing. 
A. SummersoD. 
Hon. Curator of the Museum, Assistant Secretary 

and Librarian, J. Rodway, F.L.S. 
Clerk, Harold Moore. 

Resident Director in London — Arthur Nevile Lubbock. 

Tlie rooms are opened on week-days from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. 

and on Sundays from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. The Museum is open 

from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on week days and from 3 p.m. 5 p.m 

on Sundays. 

Berbice Reading Society. 
Established June, 1843. 
The Library contains upwards of 4,000 volumes. En- 
trance Fee — .$5. Annual Subscription — (1) For a member 
residing in New Amsterdam $15 ; (2) For a member residing 
in the County of Berbice. .^12 ; For a member residing else- 
where in the colony, .^6 ; xAssociates, who have only the use of 
the Reading Rooms and Books, an annual subscripbion of $5. 

Society for the PR0TECTI0^' op Children. 
Patron — His Excellency Sir Frederic Mitchell Hodgson, 
K. C.M.G. Membership — Honorary. 

B.G. Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to 

Animals. 

Contributions — Life membership not less than $10 ; 
Annual membership not less than $1. Annual associate nofc 
less than 48 cents. 

B.G. Philatelic Society. 
Established May, 1903. 
Entrance Fee — 50 cents. Subscription — $1 per annum. 
Total Membership — 57. 



570 

MA80NTC LODGES. 

The District Grand Lodge of British Guiana. 
The meetings are held three times in every year, viz : — 
On the last Thursday in the months of February, June and 
October, at the Union Masonic Hall, Church Street, 

Union Lodge. 
No. 247 E.R. 
Church Street, Georgetown. 
Meetings are held on the Third Tuesday of each month 
at 8 p.m. 

Mount Olive Lodge. 
No. 385 E.R. 
Meetings on first Thursday of each month at 7.30 p.m. 
at Masonic Hell, 68, Carmichael Street, Georgetown, 

Unity Lodge. 
No. 797 S.R. 

Wellington Street, Georgetown. 
Night of meetings — First Wednesday of each month. 

St. Andrew Royal Arch Chapter, 
No. 140, S.R. 
Convocations held on second Monday in every month. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

THE LAWS. 

The law in force in the colony in civil cases is the Roman- 
Dutch law modified by Orders in Council and local enactments, 
styled Ordinances, passed by the Legislature. The criminal 
law is based on that of Great Britain aud is administered in 
the same manner except that iti place of a grand jury, trials 
take place on the information of the Attorney General" 

QUARANTINE. 

Prior to 1905 each of the British West Indian Islands and 
British Guiana had its own quarantine laws. As these differed 



57 i 

from one another in many important points and were not in 
accordance with modern ideas of quarantine, it was decided to 
hold a conference on matters in connection with quarantine. 

Tlie conference was held in 1904 in Barbados at which 
representatives of the different colonies attended. The delegates 
were assisted in their labours by Dr. Theodore Thompson, of the 
Local Government Board of England, specially sent out by the 
Secretary of State for the Colonies. 

The result of the conference was the drafting of a con- 
vention and quarantine regulations. These have been adopted 
by the several Governments of the British West Indian colonies 
and British Guiana. 

The convention is for five years from March, 1905, and 
during that period no alteration or modification of the conven- 
tion can be made without the consent of all the colonies 
adhering or acceding thereto. It will be renewed quinquennially 
without formal extension, unless one of the adhering or 
acceding colonies within six months before the expiration of 
the five years signifies its intention of being no longer bound 
by it or the desire that it should be altered or modified. 

Every West Indian colony has now a uniform set of regu- 
lations based on modern ideas, which must be in the interest 
of all concerned, as it must have been very perplexing and 
annoying, for ships especially, to go from island to island and 
find the quarantine regulations and restrictions differing in 
material points from one another. 

Whilst in most of the colonies the regulations are admin- 
istered by a quarantine board, in this colony they are adminis- 
tered by a quarantine Authority, and the Surgeon General for 
the time being is the Authority. 

There exists a large quarantine station at the " Best" at 
which persons under observation may be detained. This 
station has accommodation for first and second class passengers 
and deckers. There is also hospital accommodation for males 
and females with mosquito-proof rooms, and a large steam 
disinfect or. 

A large Clayton sulphur disinfector on a punt for the pur- 
pose of fumigating ships, and a small portable Clayton 
disinfector for fumigating houses, clothing, ifec, have also been 
provided. 



572 

PUBLIC OFFICERS' PENSIONS FUND. 

{Ordinance :i of 1875 and 11 oj 1903.) 

Under Ordinance 3 of 1875 every public officer holding an 
office provided for on the Civil List or under fixed establishment, 
to \vhich is attached a salary at the rate of ,$144 a yfar or up- 
wards, was made entitled to a pension calculated at the rate of 
one-fiftieth of the average annual salary received for the three 
years preceding date of retirement, for each year of service not 
exceeding 35 years. 

This Ordinance was repealed by Ordinance 11 of 1903 
which changed the pension system as regards all officers first 
appointed to the service after the 1st April, 1897, but pre- 
served the rights of officers under the repealed Ordinance. 
Officers under the Ordinance of 1875 will continue to qualify 
for pension on the scale and on the conditions laid down in 
that Ordinance, unless they shall receive promotion after the 
passing of the new Ordinance which will increase their salaries 
by '20 per cent, or by £100 whichever amount may be the 
lower, when the new scale at the reduced rate provided under 
the new Ordinance will apply to them in respect of the period 
of their service subsequent to the date of such promotion : 
provided (a) that the period of such officer's service to be 
counted for pension shall extend to 35 years, and (h) that the 
leave of absence granted such officer prior to such appointment, 
and leave of absence granted after the date of such promotion 
but to which he had become entitled before such promotion, 
shall be counted as service for pension. Such officers on being 
so promoted shall in all other respects be subject to the 
provisions of the new Ordinance. 

Under the Ordinance of 1903 the pension of an officCT 
first appointed to the service after the 1st April, 1897, is cal- 
culated at the rate of one-sixtieth of the average annual 
amount of his salary for the five years immediately preceding 
his retirement for each year of service not exceeding 30 years. 

The following provisions apply to all officers : — 

The service in respect of which pension or retiring allow- 
ance shall be calculated shall be continuous except in such 
cases in which it is specially otherwise provided. 

No public officer is entitled to retire on pension unless 
he has been 10 years in the service, and no public 



1 



57a 

officer shall be entitled to retire under age 55 unless «erti- 
fied to be incapable from infirmity of mind or body to dis- 
charge his duties. The Governor-in-Council may grant to any 
public officer who before completing the period entitling him 
to a pension is certified to be incajDable from infirmity of mind 
or body to discharge his duties, by way of retiring allowance, 
a sum not exceeding a half month's salary for each complete 
six months of service. 

An officer deprived of his office by reason of abolition 
thereof and who is not again employed, shall be entitled to such 
pension or gratuity in respect of his period of service, as the 
Governor-in-Council may determine. No officer who resigns or 
is dismissed for misconduct shall be entitled to the benefit of 
the provisions of the Pensions Ordinances. An officer who has 
been 10 years in the public service and who lias attained the 
age of 60 years may be compulsorily retired. 

An officer who is transferred to employment under the 
Crown elsewhere shall on final retirement be entitled to pension 
in respect of his period of service in the colony calculated : — 
(a) In the case of an officer who comes under the old Ordinance 
of 1875, — at the rate of one-fiftieth of his salary at date of 
transfer ; (6) in the case of an officer who comes under the 1903 
Ordinance, — at the rate of one-sixtieth of the annual average 
salary during the last 5 years of his service in the colony. 

The following provisions apply to officers who come under 
the Ordinance of 1903 : — 

No service while under the age of 20 years shall count for 
pension or i-eliring allowance. The Governor-in-Council has 
power to reduce the pension to be granted to an officer who 
has been guilty of negligence, irregularity or misconduct, or has 
been guilty of any indiscretioTi or impropriety in liis mode of 
life which in the opinion of the Governor-in-Council has 
affected the length or efficiency of his service. 

Pensions shall not be assignable or liable to be attached, 
sequestrated or levied upon. Pensions cease on conviction, or 
on imprisonment exceeding twelve months, and on bankruptcy. 
Provision is made for allowing a climate bonus in the case of 
an officer who has served in an office elsewhere under the 
Crown in respect of which such an allowance is made. 

An officer transferred from a non-pensionable office in the 



574 

colony to a pensionable oflSce therein may count two-thirds of 
his non-pensionable service for pension. 

An oriicer who while in receipt of a j^ension accepts em- 
ployment under the Crown elsewhere, shall not continue to 
receive pension if the salary from such employment is equal to 
or greater than the salary drawn at date of retirement ; but 
where the salary from such employment is less, then, so much 
of his pension shall be paid to him as shall make up the salary 
from such employment to the amount of salary drawn at date 
of retirement from the service of the colony. 

An officer who while in receipt of j)ension is again em- 
ployed in the public service of the colony shall cease to be paid 
pension while so employed. Where the salary of such em- 
ployment is not less than the salary previously received at 
date of retirement, such officer shall be entitled on final 
retirement to pension calculated on the total length 
of his service including the first term of service as if 
all of his service had been continuous. Where the salary 
of such employment is less than the salary previously 
received at date of retirement, the pension to which 
such officer shall be entitled on final retirement shall be the 
amount of the first pension granted him together with pension, 
calculated separately, for the second period of service. 

Periods of leave other than vacation leave shall not be 
counted for pension. 

Where an officer who is eligible for pension from the 
colony is also eligible for pension from Imperial Funds or from 
some other Colonial Government, the maximum pension which 
maybe granted such officer from the colony shall in ordinary 
cases be such as when added to such other pension does not 
exceed two-thirds of the highest salary drawn by such officer 
at any time in the coui'se of his service. 

The Pensions Ordinances of 1875 and 1903 do not apjjly to 
members of the police force other than the Inspector General, 
Inspectors, and Clerks, Such members are entitled to pensions 
in accordance with the provisions of Ordinance 15 of the vear 
1900. 

Under Ordinance 3 of 1875 every Judge of the Supreme 
Court is entitled after ten years' service to a pension of fifteen- 
fiftieths of his salary, and for each succeeding year of service 
to an addition of one-fiftieth of his salary up to thirty years' ser- 



^ 



575 

vice ; but no addition shall be made in respect of anj service 
beyond thirty years, nor shall the pension of any such Judge, in 
respect of the whole of his service in any capacity in the colony, 
exceed thirty-five-fiftietlis of his salary. 

WIDOWS AND ORPHANS' PENSIONS FUND. 

A fund created in 1873 for providing pensions for the 
widows and children of public oiEcers of the colony. 

A deduction of 4 per cent, and 5 per cent, is made from 
the salaries of public officers who joined the service prior to 
21st December, 1900. 

The fund was closed to new-comers on the 22nd Sep- 
tember, 1900, the colony taking over the balance at credit and 
securing the pensions then in possession or reversion and the 
existing rights of contributors and beneficiaries. Contributions 
must continue for 35 years or until the age of 65 if the public 
officer remains in the service so long. Provision is made for 
the granting of pensions to widows and orphans of contributors 
who retire on pension ; or, who retire on account of ill-health 
or abolition of office before attaining pensionable age ; or who 
are promoted to other employment under the Crown. 

A contributor who retires on his own accord, or is de- 
prived of his situation by abolition of office or who is promoted 
or transferred to another colony, may elect to claim repay- 
ment of a portion of his contributions. 

A widow who remarries forfeits her claim to a pension but 
in the event of her again becoming a Avidow her right to a 
pension revives and continues. 

Pensions are computed according to scales approved by the 
Governor and Court of Policy and by the Governor-in- Council. 

The administration of the fund is entrusted to three 
directors appointed annually by the Governor-in-Council. 

Receipts 1908-1909. 

Abatement from salaries and retiring allow- 
ances ... ... ... .1526,903.80 

Expenditure 1908-1909. 

Pensions paid to widows and orphans ... $73,291.52 

Cost of management ... ... ... 512.66 

Reserve value, etc., refunded ... ... 8.17 

... $73,812.35 



576 

There were 184 widows aud children pensioners on the 
fund on 31st December, 1908. 

The number of officers contributing was 337 of Avhom 287 
were married. 

PUBLIC OFFICERS' INSURANCE ORDINANCE. 

{Ordinance 41 o/1902.) 

To take the place of the widows and orphans' pensions 
fund which, as mentioned above, was closed to new-comers at 
the end of the year 1900, Ordinance 41 of 1902, was passed 
making provision for the widows and orphans of public officers 
by requiring such officers to insure their own lives. 

Under this Ordinance every public officer not a contribu- 
tor to the widows and orphans' fund, first appointed 
after the 21st December, 1900, to an office of a per- 
manent character having attached to it a salary at the 
rate of not less than $480 (£100) a year, is compelled to in- 
sure and keep insured his life in such manner as may be 
approved by the Governor- in-Council and for such sum as a 
premium of 4 per cent, of his salary will secure. As often as 
an officer is promoted to an office with a higher salary he must 
effect a corresponding additional insurance. The policy must 
be assigned to the Receiver General, who is authorized to 
deduct the amount of the premium payable in monthly instal- 
ments from the salary of the officer and to pay such premium. 
A policy cannot be attached and at the death of the officer the 
money is payable for the benefit of his widow and children in 
such manner as the Governor-in-Couucil may determine. 

Piovision is made whereby a i^ublic officer retiring on 
pension is given the option of continuing to pay the premiums 
or of having a fully paid-up policy. An officer promoted to 
another colony is given the option of having his policy assigned 
to him or having a fully paid-up policy. 

Where a public officer is unable to insure his life as 
required by the Ordinance owing to his being unable at the 
time of his appointment or promotion, ss the case may be, to 
pass the necessary medical examination, the monthly deductions 
from his salary at the rate of 4 per cent, shall be deposited in 
the Savings Bank and the amount of such deposits and the 



577 

accumulations thereon at compound interest shall be dealt with 
as if they were sums assured by an Insurance Policy effected 
under the Ordinance. 

PUBLIC OFFICERS' GUxlRANTEE FUND. 

[Ordinance No. 6 of 1894.) 

Established by resolution of the Combined Court dated 
17th June, 1880, The Governor may require any officer to give 
security for the faithful performance of his duties and deter- 
mine the amount of such security. Officers are required to pay 
into the fund a contribution equal to one per cent, per annum of 
the amount for which security is required. Entrance fee, |5. 

TROTMAN FUND. 

{Ordinance No. b o/ 1887.) 

Samuel Brandford Trotman, then proprietor of Planta- 
tion de Kinderen on the West Coast of Demerara, who died on 
7th September, 1882, by his will dated 26th April, 1873, 
directed that one-half of the sum realized by the sale of his 
property should be invested to form the nucleus of an institu- 
tion for destitute planters and destitute widows and orphans of 
planters, expressing the belief that such an institution was 
greatly needed and earnestly hoping that other persons in the 
colony who died possessed of ample means might be induced to 
follow his example and make bequests to the institution which 
he proposed to found. The testator directed that until suffi- 
cient funds were available for the erection of an Asylum, two- 
thirds of the interest should be applied to the relief of destitute 
and decayed planters, excepting confirmed drunkards, the 
remaining one-third to be applied to the reUef of destitute 
widows and orphans of planters. 

The fund is by Ordinance 5 of 1887 vested in a Com- 
mittee of the Court of Policy consisting of an official mem- 
ber and the two senior elective members. The income 
of the fund is administered by the Official Receiver, 
the Chairman of the Poor Law Commissioners and a 
leading merchant appointed by the Governor-in-Council, 



578 

BRIEF BIBLIOaRAPHY OF BRITISH GUIANA. 

History of British Guiana, by Jas. Rodway, F.L.S. ; 1891. 
Pub. Jas. Thomson, Georgetown, Demerara. 

The British Guiana Directory and Almanac^ pub. '' The 
Daily Chronicle " Office, Georgetown, Demerara. Price, 8s. 4cl. 

The Aryosy Handbook, 1909. Pub. " The Argosy " Coy., 
Ltd., Georgetown, Demerara. Price 5s. 

The Geology of the Gold Fields of British Guiana, with 
33 illustrations and 10 photo-micrographs, and including 
the full text of the Mining Laws of the Colony and other 
information useful to miners, by Prof. J. B. Harrison, C.M.G., 
Director of Science and Agriculture, 1908. Pub. Dulau & Co., 
Soho., London. Price 5s. Copies are also obtainable in 
London at the Imperial Institute, South Kensington, and in 
the United States of America from the publishers of " Econo- 
mic Geology," Illinois University. 

Notes on British Guiana and its Gold Industry, by H. I. 
Perkins, 1896, Sampson Low Marston k Coy., London. Price 
Is. 6d. 

The Gold and Diamond Industries of British Guiana, 
issued by the Institute of Mines and Forests, Georgetown, 1902. 

British Guiana and its Resources, by Prof. J. B. Harrison, 
C.M.G., Director of Science and Agriculture. Pub. West India 
Committee, 15, Seething Lane, London. Price 6d. 

Tlie Journal of the Board of Agriculture, British Guiana, 
issued quart ely (locally). Price Id. 

Pocket Guide to the West Indies, by E. A. Aspinal], 1907. 
Pub. E. Stanford, London. Price 6s. 

Tlie Annual Blue Book of British Guiana,, and copies of 
the laws relating to the acquisition of Crown Lands, Mining, 
Customs duties, Taxes and other local statutes and publications 
can be obtained from Messrs. Wyman & Son, Fetter Lane, 
London. 

MAPS. 

Geological Map of the Northern portion of the Colony, 
to accompany the •' Geology of the Gold Fields of British 
GuianaJ^ Price 5s. Copies are obtainable in London from 
Messrs. Dulau k Co., Soho ; and at the Imperial Institute, 
South Kensington. 

Copies of large scale Geological Maps of the different gold 



o 
m 
O 

73 

o 
m 
H 
o 



> 

73 

m 

H 



CD 

C 
73 
73 

o 

c 
z 

D 

Z 
D 
0) 




579 

districts can be obtained from Messrs. Dulaii & Co., Soiio, 
London, Stanford's Geological Establishment, Chariug Cross, 
and from Messrs. Wyman & Son, Fetter Lane. 

PRINCIPAL NEWSPAPERS AND PUBLICATIONS. 

The Official Gazette — ^Published by authority on "Wednes- 
days and Saturdays and on special occasions — Price 4 cents. 

The Daily Chronicle — A daily paper — -Price 4 cents. 
,, Mail Edition — Published fortnightly — Price 8 cents. 

The Daily Argosy — A daily paper — Price 4 cents. 

The Argosy — A weekly paper — Price 8 cents. 

T'he Sports7na7i's Argosy — Published on Monday after- 
noons — Price 2 cents. 

The People — Published twice a week in Berbice — Price 2 
cents. 

The New Echo — A weekly paper — Price 4 cents. 

The Demerara Fortnightly Market Report — Published 
fortnightly by the Chamber of Commerce. 

The Journal of the Board of Agriculture — Published quar- 
terly — Price 2 cents. 

All of the above except the " People " are published in 
Georgetown. 

COST OF LIVING— PRICES— WAGES. 

The cost of living in British Guiana does not compare 
unfavourably with the cost in some other countries. House rent 
varies from £50 to £100 a year and occasionally a private fur- 
nished residence can be rented at the rate of between £75 and 
£100 a year while the occupants are on a holiday visit to the 
Mother Country. The charges for board and lodging at the 
principal hotels and boarding houses range from 8s. 4d. to 
10s. a day for casual visitors and from 4s. 2d. to 8s. 4d, for 
permanent boarders. 

Carriages can be hired for driving in and about the town 
at a charge of 5s. an hour (^driver included), while cabs can be 
engaged at cheaper rates by arrangement. 

Drives around the city by electric trolley car are cheap. 
A single fare is five cents but tickets can be obtained on the 
cars in strips of three for 6d. Tickets for children can be ob- 
tained at the Company's office in strips of 9 tickets for 24 cents. 



580 

The following is a list of the average prioes of various 
articles of food and drink : — 



Beef — fresh 


. per. lb. 




5d. 


to 


8d. 


,, salt ... 






5d. 


to 


8d. 


Mutton ... 




Is 


2d. 


to 


1 4 


Pork — fresh 






6d. 


to 


7 


„ salt ... 










6 


Veal 










10 


Fowls — by weiglit onlj^. . 






6d. 


to 


8d. 


Turkeys — by weiglit only ,, 




Is. 


to 


1 2 


Ducks ... ,, 


55 




6d. 






Guinea Birds — per jDair 




8s. 


4d. 






Fish— fresh — per lb. 






3d. 


to 


4d. 


Fish — salt „ 




« 


^d. 


to 


6d. 


Milk (cow's) per pint .. 






H 


to 


3d. 


Eggs 




5 for 4d. to 


12 


for 


Is. 


Butter — fresh 


per lb. 


Is 


6d. 


to 


2s. 


Butter — .^alt 


55 


Is 


2d. 


to 


2s. 


Flour — wheaten 


55 




2d. 






Bread — wheaten 


per loaf of 1 lb. 


2d. 






Cheese 


per lb. 


Is. 


2d. 






Potatoes — English and 


Irish — 3 


ind 4 lbs. for 


4d. 






Potatoes — Sweet (nativ 


«) 


5 lbs. for 


4d. 






Yams 




3 lbs. for 


4d. 






Rice 


per pint 


Ud. to 


2id. 






Plantains ... 




3 or 4 for 


Id. 






Coffee 


per lb. 


6d. to 8d. 






Cocoa 


5) 


7d. to 8d. 






Tea 


55 


Is. 8d. to 4s. 


2d. 






Sugar — White 


55 


3d. 








Do. Yellow 


55 ^ 


d. to 2^d. 








Do. Molasses 


55 


J|d. 








Salt 


21bs. foi 


Hd. 








Ice 


per lb. 


id. 




£ 


s. d. 


Brandy 


per doz. 


quarts 




2. 


1 8 


Whiskey ... 


per sing 


e bottle 






4 2 


Beer 


. per doz. 


pints 






4 2 


Wine 


per sing 


le bottle 






4 2 


Tobacco, man. 


. per lb. 








7 



581 

Domestic Servants,— Good servants can, generally speaking, 
be obtained more readily than in England and are cheaper. 

Cooks can be obtained for from $5 to $7 a month 
according to size of the family. 

House-maids are paid from $3 to $5 a month according to 
size of household. Where food is not provided the wages 
average about $1 a month more. 

Butlers — Wages, men, $8 to $10 : good butler ma,ids can 
be obtained at from $3 to $5 a month and food. 

Orooms — Receive from $8 to $12 a month. 

NAUTICAL DIRECTIONS 

FOR DeIVIERARA AND BeRBICE. 

Sailing vessels bound to Demerara should make the land 
about 25 miles to the eastward of the port, and get into 5 
fathoms water ; by paying attention to the lead and keeping 
these soundings, running parallel with the coast, they will sight 
the Light vessel, on board of which a large square Blue flag is 
kept flying by day, till a vessel heaves in sight, when the Flag 
S. of the Commercial Code is hoisted as a signal to the Light- 
house denoting a vessel in sight. 

Latitude of Demerara Lightship 6° 56' 30'' N. Longitude, 
58° 5' W. 

The Lightship is painted red, and exhibits a bright light 
from sunset to sunrise, visible in clear weather 12 or 15 miles. 

When the Lightship is in for repairs, a schooner is put in 
her place, of which due notice is given. 

Pilots for Demerara and Essequebo are to be had on board 
the Light vessel, but should there be none on board, the Light- 
ship will signal the shore to supply one. 

The Lighthouse, which is painted with vertical red and 
Tvhite stripes, is 103 feet high above high water mark, and ex- 
hibits a dioptric revolving light, showing a bright flash every 
sixty seconds — reported to have been seen 28 miles distant ; it 
bears from the Lightship S. 37° W. 8| miles. 

Une black and white buoy is placed on the outer edge of 
the bar to mark the fair way in 12 feet low water springs in 
entering the river ; this buoy which bears from the Light- 
house N. 36 E. 5|- miles, is to be kept on the port hand. 

The inner edge of the bar is marked by a black buoy to 



582 

the westward of the channel, moored in 9 feet low water, springs, 
bearing from the Lighthouse N. 9^ E. ; and by a white buoy 
to the eastward moored in 12 feet low water, springs, bearing 
from the Lighthouse N. 30| E. 

A red light is exhibited from the body of the Lighthouse 
to mark the extent of the breakwater at the N, W. angle of the 
Fort, and when visible indicates that vessels entering the river 
are to the westward and clear of the end of the breakwater, 
this light is visible with the Light-house bearing from S. by E. 
to S. E,, distant 3 to 4 miles. 

It is high water at the Lightship at 4h. 28m. full and 
change of the moon. High water at the bar : Spring tides, 
about 19 feet; Neap tides, about 16 feet. Spring tides rise and 
fall 9 feet. Neap ditto, 4 feet. The bottom is of soft alluvial 
mud. A handy pocket Tide Table, showing time and height of 
tides at the Bar, is published annually by the Harbour Master. 

Steamers for towing vessels can be had. 

There is a dry dock which can receive vessels of small draft. 

A red buoy now marks the position where the Berbice 
Light vessel at the entrance to the port of New Amsterdam 
was formerly moored in Latitude 6° 20' 30" N. Longitude 57° 29' 
W. and a bright electric light has been established on the Town 
Hall tower, 100 feet high, visible 18 miles, and also a bright 
light on Rosignol stelling on the opposite bank of the Berbice 
river. 



DRY DOCl' 



L\. 



The graving dock, built of granite, and with iron gates, is 
230 feet long, 45 feet broad, and admits vessels with a draught 
of water of 10 feet 6 inches to 11 feet. For the purpose of 
cleaning only, it is capable of accommodating vessels 250 feet 
long. The dock is owned by Messrs. Sprostons, Ltd. 

WILD BIRDS. 

By the " Wild Birds " Ordinance it is made illegal to kill 
or wound certain specified wild birds, and anyone knowingly 
killing or wounding any of such birds, or selling or exporting 
parts of them, is liable to a penalty of $24 for each bird, 

The following birds are protected only during the close 
season (from 1st April to 1st September) : The bittern, curlew, 



583 

douraquara, dove (not being ground dove) ; ibis, hannaqua, 
maroudi, maam, negro cop, plover, parrot, powis, pigeon, quail, 
spurwing, and trumpet bird : the curri-curri, from 1st January 
to 1st July. Any one killing or wounding any of these birds 
during the close season, or exposing for sale, or purchasing 
such birds, recently killed during the close season, is liable to 
a penalty of $24 for each bird. Wild birds may at any time 
be killed for food, if at a spot distant more than 10 miles from 
a sugar plantation. 

The Governor can authorize persons to kill wild birds and 
to export skins, subject to such conditions as he thinks fit. 

PUBLIC HOLIDAYS, 1909. 

{Under Ordinance 1 o/1875.) 
The first day of January, Easter Monday (12th April). 
Monday in Whitsun week (31st May.) 
First Monday in August (2nd August.) 
The King's Birthday. 
The 26th December (Boxing day.) 

PASSPORTS. 

An application for a Passport must be accompanied by a 
Certificate of identity, forms of which can be obtained free of 
cost at the Government Secretary's Office. The Certificate 
must be signed by a Minister of Religion, Justice of the Peace, 
or other responsible person, who must certify that the applicant 
is of good repute. The application must be accompanied by a 
shilling stamp and must state whether the applicant is a British 
subject or a naturalized British subject, and the country to 
which the applicant is proceeding must be stated. 



584 

STATISTICS. 



REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. 

TABLR SHOWING REVENUE AND EXPiiNDITURE FROM 1SS2 fco 190809. 




* The Financial Year was changed at this period so as to include the twelve 
months from 1st April to 31st March. 



585 



PRINCIPAL >SOURCES OF REVENUE. 

The following table gives the net annual receipts of the Colony from the 

three principal sources of revenue, from 1882 to 1908-1909. 



Year. 


Import 
[ Duties. 


Wines and 
Spirits. 


Rum. 


Retail 

Spirit 
Licences. 


Gold. 


1882 


£ 
211,599 


£ 

42,832 


£ 
43,128 


£ 

82,207 


£ 


1883 


219,621 


42,962 


44,648 


83,719 




1884 


200,586 


42,752 


45,860 


86,244 




1885 


200,993 


30,968 


38,291 


85,422 




1886 


198,574 


i 31,840 


44,195 


81,033 




1S87 


218,222 


34,101 


46,793 


78,767 


2,058 


1888 


208,916 


32,819 


50,418 


80,087 


3,790 


1889-90 


2^8,^3l 


36,120 


58,560 


81,160 


6,062 


1890-91 


254,847 


44,630 


62,201 


81,294 


12,536 


1891-92 


249,309 


42,551 


61,465 


81,397 


20,729 


1892-93 


238,752 


44,040 


63,197 


77,816 


25,824 


1893-91 


251,159 


45,847 


67,296 


80,152 


28,774 


1891-95 


240,515 


49,267 


64,266 


83,699 


26,879 


1895-96 


254,104 


27,359 


54,266 


84,515 


25,583 


1896-97 


252,283 


31,120 


49,779 


80,231 


23,902 


1897-98 


243,342 


34,116 


41,349 


54,231 


23,225 


1898-99 


265,420 


29,220 


34,292 


57,717 


22,149 


1899-1900 


291,229 

1 


28,917 


19,986 


77,513 


18,745 


1900-1901 


277,225 


29,080 


18,992 


59,977 


17,957 


1901-1902 


298,995 


28,370 


17,755 


60,433 


18,052 


1902-1903 


311,035 


31,192 


16,753 


55,011 


18,662 


*1903-1904 


314,423 


28,920 


15,934 


52,074 


16,168 


1904-1905 


280,017 


28,630 


11,745 


50,932 


17,629 


1905-1906 


282, 98C 


28,899 


7,374 


60,672 


13,760 


1906-1907 


282,280 


30,318 


7,595 


62,028 


12,466 


1907-1908 


291,313 

1 


32,578 


8,151 


64,149 


9,802 


1908-1909 


274,531 [ 


34,780 


16,371 


64,028 


10.742 


* From 190: 
15% to cover c 


?-04 inclusive 
stimated cos 


tlie figures 
t of freight ii 


for imports 
isurance and 


include an 
packages. 


addition of 



586 
CUSTOMS STATISTICS. 



IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 

TOTAL VALUES OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS PROM 1882 TO 1908-^09, 

With the Tonnage Inwards and Outwards. 









Tonnagf. 




Imports. 


Exports. 

! 








luward". 


Outward". 




£ 


1 
1 

£ ! 






1882 


2,099,632 


3,208,631 


330,010 


318,643 


1883 


2,224,716 


3,172,011 


317,426 


324,457 


1884 


1,999,448 


2,322,032 


343,8.(5 


.351,348 


1885 


1,467,382 


1,800,822 


^14,380 


319,823 


1886 


1,436,297 


1.842,585 


317.914 


309,931 


1887 


1,603,175 


2,190,592 ' 


327,992 


333,198 


1888 


1,586,005 


2,024,733 


276,704 


281,570 


1889 


1,803,776 


2,471,199 


324,302 


319,105 


1890 


1,887,718 


2,161,791 ' 


234,159 


352,462 


1891 


1,707,769 


2,532,554 


318,324 


328,042 


1892-93 


1,780,319 


2,433,213 


324,557 


328,127 


1893-94 


1,920,710 


2,358,918 


324,819 


323,709 


1894-95 


1,668,750 


2,039,901 


327,573 


342,593 


1895-90 


1,443,553 


1,769,500 


285,305 


25.3,850 


1896-97 


1,341,709 


1,899,457 


295,255 


399,974 


1897-98 


1,282,975 


1,783,764 


304,428 


316 770 


1898-99 


1,371,412 


1,775,691 


323,775 


324,933 


1899-1900 


1,318,701 


1,927,960 


332,502 


320,973 


1900-1901 


1,393,529 


2,068,406 


355,139 


354,789 


1901-1902 


1,414.769 


1,833,624 


365,147 


360,720 


1902-1903 


1,444,084 


1,829,749 


365,146 


364.385 


* 1903-1904 


1.656,023 


1,810,038 


396,160 


397,372 


1904-1905 


1,537,591 


1,991,048 


432,663 


433,941 


1905-1900 


1,662,205 


1,831,479 


398,335 


396,105 


1906-1907 


1,690,804 


1,759,280 


367,407 


368,087 


1907-1908 


1,765,358 


1,545,303 


394,206 


392,674 


1908-1909 


1,628,402 


2,014,176 


482'332 


479,052 



* From 1903-04 (inclusive) the figures for imports include an addition of 
15 % to cover cost of freight, insur.ince and packages. 



587 





§ 

rH 




c-i 10 00 M c<J ao — 3<i at to -f< Oi *>o 10 N rH 10 i^ CO rH CO 

y -o ^ 05 «o CM £» io io 10 ys rH CO '-D ^ CO c^ CO CO 10 cc. 

c^ t- 10 '"M rH -^^ :d ^ CO Tt< CO r- ■* ^^os^c^^iO CO ai_a; jo 

':t<"cOTtH''cO" irfrH CO t-TcO rH tH t-rL-rL-TcO^ar^'co" CO'rH^' 
(M ffq M< rH CO (M 




d 


T+i ,— lOco^tHcococo oco -^OTtHascoioo cocO'CO'^rf* 

IS- 30CO(MrH(MOCO IMCO (MatCOCDCOCO'JS t-iOO5COC0 
,-H t^COCOCOtMOlCji rHt>^ _ CO_^T-H -*|^CO 1— ( l^ _ O^O^O M L-^ 

CO COOTt-^'o coco -*'X~ • rHCO" Tin" CO cm" «o"rH" ; ar05"o i-H Oi" 
^ b-t-CO 00 r-i-JH •GO'COCO<MCOCOr-i (MOl^COOl 
(M lO G-) ■r-\'^ Cq rH (M CO -O (M rH^r^ O^Ol 
rH rH' rn" CO 




1907-1908. 




CO t-t^OCOt^-^OS OC0C0CO30t^iOaDC0C0(M(MCOC0C0C0 

^ ^CDCOOiOrHCO L^rHTt<OL-COrtHOQO(M<MC05<lC-^L-0 

C^Jt^ iOlO'^^rHT-.rHOO rHTHOSr^ 0_1>. CO as C<> O C^__ CO '"i^^t-^C^iM^ 

l-(^fcOCO rHCOS^ CO'x't-TrH r«'t-^CO CO -1^" r-T -Ih' OrH 10 rHCO' 
rH(M TfirHOS -l^C^rH 




■+3 

'-+3 


-* l^-*GOCOlOCOO (Mas (MTt<COlOrt<COCO t^Ost^OCO 
GOCCOtMt^OO <:ji Cj (r^-^t^rHOitO^D lOTtHC^COlO 
t^ lOt^rHCOC^-^OO OCO _CO__T}^^t^-CO__^__rH _ O^CO tJ^_CO O^ 

co' lo'-^'rH ofco (m'oT ctTo \ iO to t-^ ci o^ t-^ q-^ : CO coco io CO 

T- Oiai^COOlO COrii GOOiTft^CDTfirH G<1(MO'^CO 
CM Tf CI (ML-- IM T-iQ^ CO t-;^CO rH rH CO (M 

r-T rH irf (M" 


o 
o 1 

m ^ 
O "^ 


as 

CD 
O 


r. 't^JC--OCC^^COCD --tHOO-*^<M'-'':OCOCOlOOr-i?OOC<l 

rj i(^t^ T-ia5(Mi7q rrio TtHO^iO'tifNasiOTHOoO'^ccas "s^iM 

l> rH 4 


0^ 


CO CO CO t- -f (M l-O CO X M rtH .— CO ^ iM r-i CO CO tT CO CO iC 
CO rriL^fMCOCOlO-^ CtOO t>.-*COr-iC^iaitO L^rH(M(Mir: 
rH OJ'^atCO'^COrH (MO OCOOO Ol^CO CO "^ O^ rH_^0_t-. 

ai" CO arco'"o3'fco'"co <i^■io . rtH't^aTT-rco afo-f . (M'^M^afo >*' 

tH 'CO CO ai r-i )0 -t< : CO t- (7^ rH 00 I- rH : CO (M ti CO t^ 
(MO'M rHO r-^ rH CM COTh(M rHrH CO^ rH 
rH rH co" cf 


ART 

on iiitc 


CO 
O 
O 
I— 1 

lO 

o 

tH 


0." 

> 


rfH cococoirst^asas TtHmco-*oot~Tj<>a:cOrHiot— rHOSrHT^ 

01 SlMt^a'rHCOCO r-'OOOOOOOMt-CO^-COrt^T^cOrH 
•Cn^t- COOIMO OOCC OaSrHO-^CO-MOL^COS^lrHiOiO i-^o_ 

arco'o-co" cOrH o"cc''i-rr-rt-rco''i-^co'"c'Oai~'*~L-r (M^Tt^-CO" 

rH (M iO rH CO CO (M O C4 


COMPARATIVE RETURN OF 

Imjjorted for Con&umpti 


"5 


05 rH I- Cr^ l-^ at GO OS l^ 'Ot O t^ <M "O CO O CO lO CO CO "* 
10 lO rH -M Tf CO -M Oi (75 Tin ,-^ CO rH rH CO t^ CO r-j Ot l^ 
CO rH-^CMCDCOOtCO !MrH lOrHOXOCOO O lO CQ^CM^ OC^^ 

iC L-TrHo'co" 10 go" r-Tco" . co'~(m'~iO rh'aTo"-*" . (jTaTco'-j i-^ 

^^ CO rt^ 55 Or- -^ rf : t- L- -M t- CO CO rH : GO L- CO GO -o 

CO -H (M C7^ to (M r- 05 CO -t^_ (M (M ^"^ 
^ rH CO C<f 


o 

0:1 

t 

Oi 




'ti OCOXrHrrCOOl COL-Oc^rnOiMCOCOOiOCqCOatCOr-i 
00 r-it^OOOCOy^CO COl— OO'^rHiOt-OCOCOOtOCOiMGO 

Ofjco ^I^iOcoatcoo rt< t-at_co co^co^rf^iM iM__co^co^oo__co co^rH go 
rH Tf^'-^'co (7f i?f GO^c-o CO »c"»o x'co'co'o rh" co" r-T co' ■ 

rHrH Tr<rH(M COIJ^at 


-+= 


Tti OCOCO.MiMOO Tt<0 Ot^r^COCOOSGO lOCOCMCO^ 
Tt< lOGOOSlOCOt-t- (MCO t-0(7q(MOrHCO COrHOtCOac 

S Tti r- io CO at co^ CO cri^t- -*^iO co_l- co^M o_ co^ococo_^(M 

lC -nTiJ-f ?0 00 t-^O rHO" . r-TcO O'CO x'rH (m' . cm" •S'^rH CO ^ 
^ Xt-rH rtl-X) CO-* -COCOC^tXXlMrH :rHCOX?0t~ 
'^i •<* CM m CO CO r- rH CI lO 01 O CC' rH 

rn" T-^ cS CO 
CI 




CO 

as 

r-l 


!> 


CO OrHTt^rHXCOO XOOrHr-^r-icaCOCOOCOXMOiOCO 

X t— TfCOCOClOCO CMOlOOOtCMt^asXr-HTti^Xl-COCO 

C^JCO XTfiOCMClrHCO COXL--L^iCX(M (M^r^ Ot CO^-^^CO rt^^ <M ^ 

cocoo'co co(7f cootco" cM'"co'"co'"Tt<~co arco^co co' M 

rH(M rfirHX r^K^jcO 






05 C0C0rHt-O-*X COCO rH lO to r-' -* CO ■* X X t- X CO 
01 CMOIXCOCOCOX cot- CO(M'*iCO'COrHCO l-irt-Ot--^^ 
CO COrHCOrnXlOX C0»0 l-^CM CO ^rH rH O lO Tf^rH^Tt^^-*^ 

i-T t>roo"t-^x'"i>rGO CO x"o" . aTc" co" GO --ox" i-o" • — "c<f (m"coco 

r-\ t-Ot(M coco coo :Tfi^rH05rHgirH :XL'-t--COCO 
CO -f (M (M t- )0 IM CM (M ^ M iO iO 
rH r-^ CO co" 






p 

"1 


Bacon lb. 
Beef, pickled, 

brl. 
Bread lb. 
Butter lb. 
C'heese lb. 
-Cocoa lb. 
Coffee lb. 
Oorn lb. 
Cornmeal and 

Oatmeal lb. 
Fish, dried cwt. 
Fish, other sorts 
Fish, smoked lb. 
Flour brls. 
Hams lb. 
Lard lb. 
Onions lb. 
Pepper, etc. lb. 
Porii brls. 
Potatoes lb. 
Rice lb. 
Sago lb. 
Salt lb. 
Sugar lb. 
Tea lb- 



t o 

■:r o 



r— I rHrl -H 0^ 
O 



588 



EXPORTS OF COLONIAL PRODUCE FROM 1882 TO 1908-09. 



Year. 



Sugar. 



Rvxm. i Mols. 









0) 
















-1-3 -tJ 




p— ( 


-*-• 


-ta 




ae 


:=! 


d cs 


i^ 


o 


d 


i'^'^ 


0) 


o 


eS 


4= 


f-l 


O 


" 17J o 




ee 


o 


'on® 



Rice. 



Hhds. 

1882 137,891 

1883 129,595 

1884 139,246 

1885 |106,731 

1886 ;124,283 

1887 149,860 

1888 '120,135 

1889 128,430 

1890 117,204 

1891 129,965 

1892-93 

1893-94 

1894-95 

1895-96 

1896-97 

1897-98 

1898-99 

1899-1900 1 84,783 

1900 1901 1 94,745 

1901-1902 '105,694 

1902-1803 1 120, 127 

1903-1904 125,949 

1904-1905 106,716 

1905-1906 1116,550 

1906-1907 114,951 

1907-1908 '100,737 

1908-1909 |115,213 



Pun?. 

29,209; 



Tons. 
112,880 
107,771 
102,502 
101,059 
107,073 
100,839 

96,648 



26,4701 

1 

33,400; 

28,353; 

24,773: 

24,829: 

14,073 

18,093 

20,495 

22,101 
I Galls. 
|2,579, 050 1,017,600 
ll,994,55o|l 202,700| 
|l,892,538 1,137,960: 
'2,261,750 737,850 
13,291,190 913,150| 
1^,104,4481 471,400 
2,723,987 574,458 



Casl<s. 
17,120 

20,214 

12,854 

10,362' 

20,001; 

19,066 

26,604 

22,782: 

23,115 

13,989 

Galls. 



Cub. ft. 
536,425 



Brls. No. 
42,882529,474 

46,0131515,896 

51,893517,929 



49,190 
65,781 
59,998 
67,835 
57,449 
60,505 



13,334,361 
14,023,828 



385,764 
230,063 



206,833 
208,983 
387,889 
222,968 
222,217 
197,531 
296,151 
332,098 
312,801J52J54 

Cub. ft. I Bags. 

325,863|o4,927 
234,870l57,246 
238,993|54,849 
175,520J54,644 
404,234156,873 
283,634 62,790 
250,46356,182 
170,632 57,818 



198,832 
283,775 
382,82.^ 



Tons. 



;4,122,546; 124,320 
'4,278,638 331,383' 



;3,949,886 
12,671,581 



291,507| 
423,154; 



13,536,784; 276,661 

3,342,896; 344,127 

;2,640,988! 114,722j 

[3,501,185; 146,8851 



287.640 
313,571 
340,260 
273,542 
293,315 
276,765 
170,985 
232,669 
191,409 



65,593 

67,186 
77,822 



203,88 
144,392 
196,113 
184,650 

No. 

62,600 
77,037 

1,200 

nil. 

500 

450 

19,689 

1,079 
87,042 
21,976 
17,258 



75,694 4G,829 
79,913561,334 



64,211 



71,129 



65,<>19 49,990 
83,241031,705 
80,014237,669 



lb 



2,780 ! 

8,967 
11,405 
12,961 

9, ^"'76 

9,277^ 



18,740 

61,255 

29,728 

3,474.512 

6,977,877 

8,-300,677 



589 



•sqi 
'.laqqn^ 



1— I •^ CO Ci i-< 
»0 tH ?0 t-lO 

; ^ th )j::> cc t^ 



o (M cc CO ■* Ci GO to t- i-r p -; CO ^ 

cooTHC\ioa5(M»-ii>.:Dt-^i;oco tp 

T-H O CO l^ Ci l--^"* O Oi t-- 00 O G<l 



O ' CO 



00 



o 

O 



o 
o| 

J. 

P5 

<ll 

o 
o 

JZ2 

H 
P5 
O 

eu 
XI 



1o t^ L~ O rr O ?£> T—i ■* i-H Oi to Oi L^ CO CO ffj O 

i"coffqTH^:DTHC»cr5TticoiOC5;3;cgt::^^':5 
: (^(y5"co'o5 o^to o o to o »o co^-rfi iri t>. -ef '^i in 






ocoo-Mio^coT-icocococ^osp^ciooav 

^COr^OtOCOQOOC<JlOr-jlOiDl;^COCOCOT-H 
C5550CO rHTt<tOL-'^r-(COGilOCO tjh ff-T 



O-Q 

'.laquiu'^ 
•HO 

'spuoui 






■^H CO yj o <X) I- o CO »o t- 1-- o^iM o '-^^ '^ tM 



tM^ 



(M CO t- (M i£5 ^v3 <^ 



-jd : t^ ■* 



(>a Ci 'M i.i"' l^ CO' X L^ C/D a; L~ (M L~r 5? nj 21 ^c 

S^ S o o CO CO' ^ h to io to -* ^' Oi ;:*^ o g 
^iOTftOOTfcO'Xicoco :o_^o^o^o:__co_^co to 

•J^^H^^^oS^^COCOCOC^^CMIM'^tOl-'S 



to t- Oi to OC CO CO CO : w 
CtiOTTiCOt-OT-i^CO 

• - ■ : : : : : : : : : Si S Oi i- ■* <m «-' <» § 

tHtHt-H ^ 

" O t- i-HCOlOlMCOt-OTfHlO 
Cil^lOtOCOr- IC^GOOir-oCO 
(M'^i-<T—l(?^-*-fC0»O ^_^<P 

• CO L-To'i^co co"Gr.-r(;4"co"c<r :::;::::::: 
■ 5-1 <M (M 5<) <r^ tH ,H 



= S 



O 



o Tt< CO o ^c o CO c^^ o Tfi CO CO t- "O '^^ CO' t-. CO to :^5 L--. to CO CO CO ^-j to 

CiO^-^S-^OOC^l^COt-T-^t-THQOOqi^THTHb-COtO.^ 
r--(t^t>.01-*d5r4c3ooOT"ir'<tO_-'t>.COiO CQ^r-i^CO lO iO CO C^CO O 
CO' to"'to"rH o"tO Tt^'of to"o"lrf~ !?^C0 C^is^f i-H ■^^~'*~to'"o"to'~0' CO"iM"t-^ rH 
Tt< O lO CO ■<*< CO T—i — ' •" 



HH be""* 



O '^. 
"-0 

o;±i 
O 



(M T— I (Mco(MtoiOi— itoi— itMio-T— iincr;'to(Nt>. co ^ '* i^ 

:SS : :oMSS^OT^T-Hio^^co(>i^(>i^co_^c:fi_c<i^io^rH'^^ 
■ 3i't--r ^•'^irs'Ti'"'*"^!^ t-To'cT t^-Tr^'o'o's'f lo" to t-TtrT to >* 



03 -O 

Is'"' 
CQ 



'OOi— i-itiOt-CO-^OOlOC^tOiOOr-iCOCOS^— 'L— b-COiS*-"* 

tOC5rHlOCO-*tM!M-*OtOtOt-OCiiOijCO — OtCOOr-; 

Cn>"0 to iM ^ (75 »0 CO i—l CO Gt' 1— I O 00 iO cr^ o_co^o^o^T-^^to 

: : : ■ r-TcO rf o"o"r^COt^fs<fL■-^TH'0':t^"to"r4"cOCO toi^p'o^ 

• ■ ■ 1-i (M lO T-H O 'fi O iri (M rH tM CI !M Oi '^ l^' O O 

1— I tH T— ' r-i T— I ■■— I '"' 

^ c^o^'r^^^x'ssf "■^^"o^'T-^iO oT5^"iOco~Ci TtTf^^riO'^' c?r^. !r' ^ S' S 

to L^ Ol (>1 C^l rf CO CO O CO O 05 C^ en O 3^ -^ J3 t- L;; O Cr. O C5 ;* JO O 
<M CO (M iri 'CZ) O^ "** '^ CO CO ■* tH C-' ir: Ci T^i >-0 C/D C0_^0 CO C0^lO^tO^0-T_i?T_'* 

'^'C0l--r'io"t--ro"c»"co't0 to"t-^lO O Ci'o'o'co't-Tirfl-^p^TH •— 03; CO' o 
Ob-"*OtOCOTt<iO(r'^r-HCOOOiO(MC5tOCO(MGO-TflCOO)OCOt~a5 
i-l (MC0(MTHtM(N(MT-lC0'*iTn(M'*'C0iCOi0Ot0a5O 



'So o 
CO 



00000000000000 

10000 000ir50lOlO>00 
10 3i 10 OJ to Tt< lO O t~ -.-H CO^CO^i-H^O 

Tt^" to" irT t--^ cT CO w ^' (m" of to" c<r "*" o 

OtOC^t^COL— CXkO— i-^CvlCiTtiCO 
OOiOCOOCOlOO(M^rT>iHt-GO 



oooioooO'O 00000 
ooot-iooomopppio 
irj CO CO 'Ci T— ( 10 O' o L~ lO '^'^'^^ 
'cf T^^T-Tod co"rii"co' t-f r:f'p'icrt£cif 

iO CO to t^ to t— '^ CO O l^ t-- CO o 
(MCOCi<M!Xi^!MCOt^^OiOCO 



■^3 . 



irfTjTTjH^CO rMCO^CO''* 1-H O'cf rH <^f r^'rHrH rH CO"cq r-TrH^'-^'c^ tH C^ (M (N 

~0 00500tOO(MOCOtOCitOt^t'~l-'*CO<MO;cOI>-t^3;'Ot-TH 

^ ^C0i-HOtt00"ClrtH5sl-tiOOC3t0CgC3O^Or^;J;S2pO 

:(?qOitoSlO(MtOi7qr-(tOOOT-iCO'*iCOlO t- CO C-T^tO^O^r-^^l-^O^ 

iSr-^'^CCS^yA CO L-' TjTci to ^"Csfc^f CO r4"(n' O^^f lO tO IlO ;* 
THr-itMtOOCOCOCOfMCTfMi-i^pOOClOlOlCOtOt^ 



O 1— I (M CO -^ iO to 
0000000 

CO-^lOtOL^XOiOiCSCJGSOSOOS 
aJOSCiOTOi-wlCii-Ji— JT'-'i-HrHTHrH 

C>1COTt<10tOt^OOC^OrHiriCO'4il.6t6l>.c6c5ipT-i^1C05<iO 

cocococ/jooajcooooiOicricrvCicr^S^S^SS'S'SSSS 

OOCO^ajXX'COCOCOCOCOCCCOC/DQOOOCOGOCVOiaiOiCnwS 

I : . I I ^- 1 i ; i I ^_i ^_i -.^ .^ _J _ ..^ «^ i.>^ «— J VW.4 *«4 f-H 



t-co cri 
000 

OiCS'Ci 
rH T-H tH 

to r>.Qb 

000 

OS 05 Cl 
1— i rH r-i 



^ >^ 



595 



Values of principal articles of export from 1882 to 

1908-09. 



Sugar. 



Rum. 



i ses. 



Gold. 



c6 


cS 


C 


•+=> 


o 


iS 






ci 


tS 


JS 


M 


U 





o -g 

Oi j3 oc 
-t^ o 



1882 
1883 
1881 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 

1891 

1892-93 

1893-94 

1894-95 

1895- 9G 

1896-97 

1897-£8 



2,605,385 

2,606,429 

1,822.969 

1,384,844 

1,457,740 

1,798,637 

1,616,690 

1,914,143 

1,437,217 

1,662,741 

1,569,972 

1,568,520 

1,246,894 

l,046,16o' 

1,098,398| 

1,023,523 



£ 
298,323 



1898-99 'l,040,982| 
1899-1900 1,101,754 
1900-1901 1,127,457 
1901-19021,038,163 



1902-1903 
1903-1904 
1904-1905 
1905-1906 
1906-1907 
1907-1908 
1908-1909 



1,042,023 
1,121,142 
1,280,596 
1,208,155 
1,059,503 
1,004,026 
1,257,827 



265,152 

I 
250, 500! 

206, 743 j 

153,596 

139,664 

93,118 

165,854 

220,835 

266,965 

202,294 

121,584 

97,781 

121,145 

136,927 

132,585 

144,711 

' 208,398 

! 299,392 

i 160,846 

' 135,670 

101,920 

62,713 

121,729 

108,464 

96,860 

185,852 



£ ' £ ! 

79,442, — 

104,239 — I 

48,202! 1,019 



34,540 
55,763 
44,209 
7.3,604 
66,020 
78,783 



3,249 

23,342 

44 227 

64,403 

109,234 

234,324 



44,2691375,289 
30,64o!492,937 
36,625:511,362 
20,6491500,446 
15,986'444,990 
20,926 466,143 
9,820 453,722 



11,967 
20,092 
12,371 

4,403 
10,496 

9,109 
14.986 

8,932 
11,829 

4,103 



414,447 
414,627 
393,084 
371,494 

372,830 
327,527] 
352,124 
352,030 
319,222 
239,229 



6,849,271,300 



£ . I 
33,526j 

13,696i 
13,4041 
26.059 
14,205 
11,198 
13,597 
18,978 
23,771 
20,068 
21,831 
15,488 
16,985 
13,310 
30,960 

19,411; 

16,884 

11,234' 

18,203j 

18,685, 

23,2841 

19,574 

24,434 

24,938 

15,556 

20,272 

16,433 



£ 
5,360 

5,780 
6,485 
6,153 
6,806 
7,449 
8,369 
7,185 
8,418 
7,658 
9,247 
9,246 
8,344 
7,213 
7,805 
8,176 
6,933 
6,666 



£ i 
5,814j 

4,156| 

3,752j 

2,112 

2,979 

3,498 

14,063 

15,693 

18,244 

15,806 

20,605 

8,355 

10,214 

11,483 

20,545 

30,812 

28,153 

12.281 



7,336 19,585 
7,185123,653 



8,428 
7,925 
8,360 
6,758 
7,106 
8,716 
8,164 



40,637 
45,156 
38,043 
40,311 
50,106 
76,778 
98,128 



Ricp. 



12,584 
36,710 
41,864 
39,833 
21,547 
23,193 



93 

356 

148 

18,558 

39,880 

50,064 



59i 



POSTAL STATISTICS. 
Comparative Stathmbnt of Articles Postep, 1907-1908 and 1908-1909 









Letters. 


Post Cards. 


ei 

Ph 


1— s 

1— 1 


Year. 


.s 
o 


6 
o 

*> 

r-t 

m 
O 


Registered. 






District 
Office. 


G. P. 0. 


Total 

Letters. 




1907-1908.. 
1908-1909.. 


2,071,576 

2,140,758 


277,055 
283,048 


45,084 
43,888 


19,163 
19,916 


2,412,878 
2,486,610 

73,732 


123,351267,280 
93,964 348,036 

.,. 1 80,756 

29,387 ... 


2,803,509 
2,928,610 


Increase .. 
Decrease,. 


69,182 


4 993 


i,'l96 


753 


125,101 



TELEGRAPH STATISTICS, 



Year. 


No. of 

Paid 

Messages. 


No. of 

Service 

Messages. 


Total. 


Sums col- 
lected on 
Ordinary 
Messages. 


Revenue 
from 
Tele- 
phones. 


Total 

Gross 

Revenue, 










$ c. 


$ c. 


$ c. 


1884 


68 240 


3,045 


71,285 


13, .342 92 


2,339 88 


15,682 80 


1885 


57,101 


4,274 


61,575 


10,697 05 


3,157 36 


12,854 41 


1886 


53,490 


5,236 


58,726 


9,755 59 


2,873 35 


12,628 85 


1887 


54,116 


6,059 


60,175 


9,997 34 


2,034 75 


12,032 09 


1888 


54,598 


4,570 


59,168 


10,125 93 


2,078 00 


12,203 93 


1889 


61,064 


6,107 


67,171 


10,886 94 


966 56 


11,853 50 


1890 


67,903 


8,639 


76,542 


11,890 97 


4,028 20 


15,919 17 


1891 


66,090 


9,311 


75,401 


11,296 88 


4,534 73 


15,831 ()1 


1892-93 


85,123 


11,914 


97,010 


14,638 01 


6,694 48 


21,332 49 


1893-94 


92,795 


12,459 


105,254 


16,161 27 


8,832 63 


24,993 90 


1894-95 


77.783 


10,442 


88,225 


13,011 90 


9,683 61 


22,695 51 


1895-96 


75,502 


11,717 


87,219 


12,305 52 


10,396 80 


22,702 32 


1896-97 


74,254 


12,275 


86,529 


11,78') 56 


9.701 87 


21,487 43 


1897-98 


61,949 


13,245 


78,194 


10,227 07 


10,108 12 


20,335 19 


1898-99 


64,924 


12,304 


77,228 


10,477 37 


10,316 81 


20,794 18 


1899-1900 


60,815 


12,120 


72,935 


7,395 CO 


10,298 00 
10,201 00 


17,693 00 


1900-1901 


48,508 


13,211 


61,719 


8,594 00 


18,795 00 


1901-1902 


47,531 


12,678 


60,209 


8,109 76 


8,817 58 
7,825 96 


16,927 34 


1902-1903 


41,593 


7,530 


49,123 


7,190 16 


15,016 12 


1903-1904 


4?, 478 


7,067 


49,545 


7,533 27 


8,454 93 


15,988 20 


1904-1905 


46,300 


7,013 


53,313 


7,336 00 


8,055 00 


15,391 00 


1905-1906 


49,506 


8,377 


57,883 


7,385 00 


10,527 00 


17,912 00 


1906-190T 


57.645 


8,340 


65,985 


8,830 40 


10,782 00 


19,612 40 


1907-1908 


60,535 


8,223 


68,758 


9,176 00 


11,574 76 


20,750 76 


1908-1909 


61,140 


7,628 


68,768 


9,345 85 


12,689 17 


22,035 02 



592 



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593 



PARCELS POST STATISTICS. 

Hetukn of the Number of Parcels Forwarded to and Fi,eceived from 
Places Outside the Colony. 



Year. 



United 
King- 
dom. 







zo \ 








a 




(11 ' 


ei 




o ' 


Oi 


^ 




o 


4^ 


C^ 


f- 


13 




S 


O 


o 


WO 


t^ 












■*s 1 



West 
Indies. 



United 
States of 
America. 





thro, 
ra to 
Liiana. 


Canada. 


Transit 

Demera 

Dutch G 



Dutch 
Guiana. 



1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890-91 

1891-92 

1892-93 

1893-94 

1894-95 

1895-9(3 

1896-97 

1897-98 

1898-99 

1899-00 

1900-01 

1901-02 

1902-03 

1903-04 

1904-05 

1905-06 

1906-07 

1907-08 

1908-09 



To 



To 



To 



From 



To I 2 



To 



798 
833 
970 
1,187 
1,503 
945 
1,174 
1,241 
1,251 
1,478 
1,365 
1,439 
1,773 
1,392 
1,235 
1,402 
J, 316 
1,610 
1,539 
1,709 



2,062 
2,867 
3,777 
4,403 
5,805 
5,132 
5,2,36 
5,668 
5,906 
5,793 
5,667' 
5,073' 
4,941 
5,605 
5,879 
6,332 
6.348 
8,504 
8,079 
9,020 



1,46018,415 
1,321|8,159 
1,33518,762 



94 
112 
125 
93 
69 
165 
104 
105 
197 
224 
145 
149 
101 



85 
213 
289 
324 

483 
389 
418 
481 
511 
526 
.518 
542 
570 
539 
538 
522 
477 
570 
477 
498 
466 
513 
315 



48 
165 
216 
291 
404 
406 
481 
436 
477 
406 
389 
423 
433 
404 
364 
414 
400 
486 
461 
518 
442 
613 
583 



36 
48 
40 
69 
45 
81 
74 
114 



39 
104 
197 
180 
139 
232 
248 
400 ! 



1181 357 
200 684 
1431 993 
1461,061 
196i 1,267 
22711,634 
270 2,024 
2621,753 
2771,643 



9 
12 
10 
17 
11 
12 
13 
30 
26 
35 
21 
35 
41 
53 
31 



To ; To 



4 
10 
20 
19 
20 
16 
19 
15 
43 
44 
35 

m 

72 
136 
127 



55 118 
64 123 



48 
150 
151 
228 
292 
303 
314 
332 
440 



a) 
>'T3 be 

r a § « 



Increase 
Decrease 



409 9,767 



280 



377 



549 



511 



4,826 



100 



373 



1,104 



13 
87 
139 
113 
142 
162 
149 
282 
154 
165 
234 
209 
110 



24 



9 



12 

51 

60 

76 

72 

76 

75 

93 

162 

169 

198 

192 

107 



436 



Parcels Post arrangements with the United Kingdom came into operation 
on the 1st January, 1886, 
Ditto with the United States of America, 1st April, 1892. 

,, )) )j Dominion of Canada, 1st February, 1893, 

,, ,, Dutch Guiana, 1st January, J 897. 



594 
MINING STATISTICS. 



STATEMENT OF GOLD MINING LABOUREES REGISTERED DURING THE BELOW 

MENTIONED YEARS. 



Years. 



No. of Men. 



1888-1889 .. 


4,675 


1889-1890 .. 


7,224 


1890-1891 .. 


15,622 


1891-1892 .. 


22,298 


1892-1893 .. 


22,957 


1893-1894 .. 


19,471 


1894-1895 .. 


17,451 


1895-1896 ... 


17,638 


1896-1897 ... 


10,726 


1897-1898 .. 


27,147 


1898-1899 ... 


21,154 


1899-1900 ... 


19,550 


1900-1901 ... 


16,588 


1901-1902 ... 


14,041 


1902-1903 ... 


11,385 


1903-1904 ... 


12,003 


1904-1905 ... 


U,214 


1905-1906 .. 


11,088 


1906 1907 ... 


8,234 


1907-1908 ... 


7,069 


19081909 ... 


5,282 



COMPARATIVE STATEMENT SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PROSPECTING LICENCES 
AND CLAIM LICENCES ISSUED DURING THE BELOW MENTIONED YEARS, 
WITH NUMBER OP CLAIM LICENCES WHICH HAVE BEEN DETRRMINED. 





Prospecting 
Licences. t 


Claim Licences. 


Year. 






No. 




No. Issued. 


No. issued. 


which have 
determined. 


1896-1897 ... 


4,600 


18 




1897-1898 ... 


2,747 


499 


5 


1898-1899 ... 


2,879 


497 


32 


1899-1900 ... 


6,796 


1,436 


341 


1900-1901 ... 


2,799 


1,169 


999 


1901-1902 ... 


2.565 


2,586 


684 


1902-1903 ... 


2,317 


1,502 


1,117 


1903-1904 ... 


2,590 


824 


1,076 


1904 1905 ... 


2.798 


819 


935 


1905-1906 ... 


2,134 


1,202 


806 


*1906-1907 ... 


481 


584 


4 


1907-1908 ... 


442 


367 


2 


1908-1909 ... 


353 


291 


2 



* Prospecting Licences are in force for one year from date of issue. 

t In this year the price of a Prospecting Licence was raised from Is. to 20s, lOd. 



595 



COMPARATIVE STATEMENT SHEWING THE AMOUNT OF GOLD OBTAINED IN THE 
COLONY DDEING THE BELOW-MENTIONED YEARS. 





Gold- 


Years. 




Ozs. 


1884 ... 


250 


1885 ... 


939 


1886 ... 


6,518 


1887 ... 


10,987 


1888-1889 


20,216 


1889-1890 


32,333 


1890-1891 


66,864 


1891-1892 


110,556 


18921893 


134,124 


1893-1894 


138,528 


] 894-1 895 


132,995 


1895-1896 


121,285 


1896-1897 


127,479 


1897-1898 


121,491 


1898-1899 


113,114 


1899-1900 


112,790 


1900-1901 


114,102 


1901-1902 


. 101,332 


1902-1903 


104,527 


19031904 


90,336 


1904-1905 


95,864 


1905-1906 


94,363 


1906-1907 


85,505 


1907-1908 


67,210 


1908-1909 


73,656 



/ 



DIAMONDS. 

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT SHEWING THE NUMBER AND WEIGHT OB^ DIAMONDS 
DECLARED AT THE DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND MINES DURING THE 
FOLLOWING YEARS. 











Number. 


Weight (Carats.) 






1901-1902 ... 


91,206 


8,227 






1902-1903 






16.3,680 


10,44615 






1903-1904 






164,315 


10,7423lj 






1904-1905 






175,400 


10,619 






1905 1906 






65,752 


4,097 






1905-1907 






65,903 


4,718i 






1907-1908 






29,007 


2J2lii 






1908-1909 




56,982 


5,1811 





596 

CULTIVATED AND UNCULTIVATED LANDS. 



The estimated acreage of the colony based on the recent settlements of 
the Venezuelan and Brazilian Boundaries is 54,950,535 Khynland Acres. 
( 3= 57,777,520 English acres.) 

On the 31st March, 1909, there were 45 sugar estates, and about 71 cocoa, 
cottee, cocoanut and plantain estates in cultivation. The number of aban- 
doned estates cannot be ascertained. The estates far up the rivers have been 
gradually abandoned since the time of the Dutch. 

The total area under cultivation in the colony on the 31st March, 1909, 
was estimated at 147,851 acres of which 76,295 acres were under cultivation 
on the sugar estates the area under cultivation on lands other than sugar 
plantations being estimated at 71,556 acres. 

Sugar Estates.— The returns to the 31st March, 1909, furnished to the 
Department of Lands and Mines under the acreage Tax Ordinance No. 23 of 
1898 by the representatives of the sugar plantations, showed a total em- 
poldered area on the sugar estates of 154,160 acres as compared with 158,829 
acres in the previous year. The acreage tax paid for the year ending 31st 
March, 1909, amounted' to §108,268.32. The areas in cultivation on the sugar 
estates on 31st March, 1909, as compared with the areas under cultivation on 
thecor;esponding date in the previous year were as follows : — 

1907-1908. 1908-1909. 

Sugar ... ...74,159 acres ...71,311 

Plantains ... ... 893 ,, ... 1,344 

Mixed Cultivation ...2,945 ,, ...3,640 



Total ...77,997 „ ...76,295 



Other Estates. — The estimated areas under cultivation on other planta- 
tions on the 31st March, 1909, as compared with the areas under cultivation on 
the corresponding date of the previous year were as follows: — 





1907-1908. 


1908-1909. 


E.ice ... 


...29,624 acres 


...37,854 


Coconuts 


... 7,002 „ 


... 8,315 


Cocoa... 


... 1,761 „ 


... 2,181 


Coffee 


... 991 ,, 


... 1,431 


Ground Provisions, etc. 


...13,326 „ 


...19,219 


"Rubber 


... — ,, 


... 556 


Canes (by Cane Farmers) 


... 2,500 „ 


... 2,000 


Totals 


...55,224 „ 


...71,556 



* The Metaire system does not exist as such but canes are purchased by 
estates from Village Farmers or from farmers growing canes on Estates' 
lands, either per punt or standard weight, or quantity and polarisation of 
juice. 



597 



CROWN LANDS SOLD AND LICENSED, 



The areas sold and licensed during the Financial year 19084909 com= 
pared with the area sold and licensed ia the previous year were as follows : — 





1907-1908. 


1908-1909. 




No. 


Area. 


No. 


Area. 


Sold— 








Grants 


170 


0501-7 


15S 


4605-5 


Grants, Homestead 


62 


310- 


66 


305- 


Licensed — 










Licences of Occ\ipanc3' 


45 


8307-158 


43 


6153-97 


Licences to cut Wood 


46 


16801-26 


36 


19717-36 


Permissions to cut scattered 










Wood 


197 


... 


160 


... 


*I>alata Licences ... 


537 


... 


51 


... 


Leases ... 






1 


4000 



fThe total area held under grant on 31st March, 1909, was 705,522 as 
compared with 701, .532 in the previous year. 

JThe total number of acres held under licence on 31st March, 1909, was 
164,084 acres as compared with 154,"244 acres on the corre.sijonding date on 
the previous year. 



each. 



* Balata licences comprise an area of approximately 48 square miles 



fThe figures given are only approximate and the correctness of them 
c umot be vouched for. 



JWood cutting licences being only of a temporary nature are not 
included nor are licences to collect balata as they give no right to the soil. 



598 



GRANTS AND LICENCES ISSUED SINCE 1886, 







No. of Grants 




No. of 






and 


Acreage. 


Woodcutting 






Licences. 




Licences. 


In the 


year 1886 


6 


813.8 


25 






„ 1887 


10 


730. 


27 






„ 1888 


7 


624.1 


28 






„ 1889 


7 


758.1 


45 






,, 1890-1891 ... 


8 


609. 


23 






„ 1891-1892 ... 


110 


8,897.3 


31 






„ 1892-1893 ... 


80 


20,958.72 


44 






,, 1893-1894 ... 


51 


4,450.42 


27 






„ 1894-1895 ... 


88 


6,732.96 


34 






„ 1895-1896 ... 


54 


6,656.96 


20 






,, 1896-1897 ... 


65 


5,622.45 


16 






., 1897-1898 ... 


58 


5,437.93 


22 






„ 1898-1899 ... 


161 


*15, 437.8 


32 






„ 1899-1900 ... 


271 


12,914. 


29 






„ 1900-1901 ... 


230 


12,847. 


30 






„ 1901-1902 ... 


184 


t57, 600.1 


21 






,. 1902-1903 ... 


202 


J 7,706.8 


6 






„ 1903-1904 ... 


400 


§35,951.83 


52 






„ 1904-1905 ... 


318 


|19,153.10 


39 






,, 1905-1906 ... 


215 


18,455.88 


48 






,, 1906-1907 ... 


186 


17,117.44 


37 






„ 1907-1908 ... 


277 


15,118.86 


46 






,, 1908-1909 ... 


268 


15,064.47 


36 



* The increase in the Acreage in 1898 and two following years was due to the 
reduction in the price of Crown Lands which was affected by the New Regulations 
passed in the early part of that year. 

t 'J'he large excess in the area for 1901-1902 was occasioned by the Proprietors of 
Estates having hastened to avail themselves of the opportunity to secure the second 
depths of their Plantations before the coming into operation of Ordinance Xo. 30 of 
1900, which abolished the exclusive right hitherto enjoyed bv them to the land in the 
rear of their properties, and to the fact that the opportunity was taken when issuing 
these licences of amalgamating in one title all the lands previously granted 

I The decrease in the area of 1902-1903 was due to the maximum area of 100 acres 
formerly granted to any one individual having been reduced to 25 acres. 

§ This large increase in area for 1903-1904 over that of the previous year, was due to— 

(a) Over 17,000 acres being taken up for woodcutting purposes. 

(b) Several Licences of Occupancy being issued for land in the rear of Estates 

in the County of Demerara. 

(c) 950 acres issued as Free Grants in the North Western District; and 

(d) To the preparation of the Instruments for several Grants which had 
remained on hand from the previous year. 



AREA IN CANE CULTIVATION, 



Comixirative Statement shewing the total area empoldered, and the total area 
in Cane Cultivation on the Siigar Plantations for the years 1881 to 1909. 





Acres 
empoldered. 


Acres Canes. 


1881, 31st December ... 


142,635 


77,379 


1882 


142,874 


78,681 


1883 


145,203 


79,200 


1884 


146,622 


75,787 


1885 


153,299 


75,774 


1886 


156,841 


76,834 


1887 


158,024 


75,380 


1888 


159,343 


77,481 


1889 


160,905 


79,243 


1890 


164,910 


79,283 


1891 


169,920 


78,307 


1892 


167,548 


76,974 


1893 


167,325 


75,422 


1894 


162,880 


70,012 


1895 


158,229 


68,334 


1896 


155,990 


66,909 


1897 


156,220 


66,582 


1899, 31st March 


156,335 


64,127 


1900 


157,468 


64,331 


1901 


157,644 


67,884 


1902 


159,276 


71,966 


1903 


158,625 


73,193 


1904 


158,542 


73,837 


1905 


156,416 


70,880 


1906 


155,213 


72,391 


1907 


159,011 


74,427 


1908 


. 159,078 


70,896 


1909 


154,160 


71,310 



600 
IMMIGRATION STATISTICS. 



Table shewing the number of Immigrants from all parts. 



Year. 



CD ^ 



as 



a 

W 






J3 



o 



1835 

1836 

1837 

1838 

1839 

1840 

1841 

1842 

1843 

1844 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

1851 

1852 

1853 

1854 

1855 ..; 

1856 

1857 

1858 

1859 

1860 

1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1st Jan. to 

30th June, 

1873 

Forward 



15 

1,42 

2,150 

1,266 

192 

2,900 

2,745: 

50G 

180 

225 

722 

428 



69l 
4,297i 

2,482| 
757! 
355! 



559 
980 
631 
591 

2,697 



2,412 



429 



4,297 

432 

45 

140 

668 

5,975 

3,761 

300 

86 

1,040 

1,101 

1,009 

2,539 

1,058 

1,055 

180 

342 

1,484 

684 

135 

35 

29 



118 
134 
304 
219 
240 
454 
260 
367 



26 



406 



816 
4,019 
3,46 
3,545 



517 
2,805 
2,021 
1,56- 
2,342 
1,258 
2,596 
1,404 
3,426 
5,450 
3,737 
5,625 
2,354 
2,709 
3,216 
2,526 
3,909 
2.528 
7,168 
4,943 
2,706 
3,556 



3,656 



28,758 28,946 



84,261 



164 



91 



1,102 

1,829 

325 

523 

1,425 

1,097 

565 

1,697 

111 

1,219 

453 

268 

276 



65 

281 

625 
40 
558 
373 
390 
42 



21! 



208 



647 



699 
1,942 

3,368 

2,590 

396 

509 

1,691 

789 



766 
"53 



164 13,355! 21! 12,631 



819 



o 

H 



586 
1,427 
2,150 
1,703 

400 
2,970 
8,144 
2,767 

550 

918 

3,631 

11,519 

7,787 

5,542 

197 
2,259 
2.256 
4,082 
5.483 
2,620 
3,-397 
2,269 
2,938 
3,222 
4,809 
8,152 
7,180 
8,802 
3,192 
7,905 
7,549 
4,206 
4,568 
3,306 
8,388 
6,028 
3,557 
6,620 



6,094 



208 70l 169,243 



601 



IMMIGRATION STATISTICS— (Continued.) 



Table shewing i 


he number of Immigrants arrived j 


'rom 


all 


parts. 




•S 




02 

05 










6 




■+3 




Season. 




7h 


a 


cc 


. 


13 








xn 






S3 


'S 

08 




9 
o 

IS! 


'4-1 






2 


"3 




o 




^ 


S 


W 


< 


< 


W 


o 


O 


§ 


D 


H 


Forward . . 


28,758 


28,946 


84,261 


164 13,355 


1 

21112,631 


819 


208 


70 


169,243 


1873-1874 ., 


1,692 


208 


8,301 






: 388 






...1 10,589 


1874-1875 .. 


990 


164 


3.887 




..j 






! 


... 




...1 5,041 


1875-1876 .. 


414 


100 


3 834 










... 






...1 4,348 


1876-1877 .. 


606 


90 


8,982 




1 






J 






...i 4,678 


1877-1878 .. 


1,066 


203 


8,118 
















...1 9,387 


1878-1879 .. 


1,269 


293 


6,426 




' ' 1 






515 


... 




... 8,503 


1879-1880 .. 


527 


243 


4,506 










.' ... 






...' 5,276 


1880-1881 .. 


623 


216 


4,355 
















..., 5,194 


1881-1882 .. 


326 


182 


3,166 
















... 3,674 


1882-1883 .. 


875 




3,016 
















... 3,891 


1883-1884 .. 


1,061 




2,731 










.i 






... 3,792 


18S4-18S5 .. 


1,123 




6,209 










. ... 






...\ 7,332 


1885-1886 .. 


509 




4,796 










.' ... 






...t 5,305 


1886-1887 .. 






3,928 










.| ... 






... 3,928 


1887-1888 .. 






2,771 
















... 2,771 


1888-1889 .. 






3,573 




* ' ! 






. 






...1 3,573 


1889-1890 .. 






3,432 










.1 ... 






... 3,432 


1890-1891 .. 


267 




5,229 
















...1 5,496 


1891-1892 .. 


707 




5,072 




' ' ! 












... 5,779 


1892-1893 .. 






4.693 




J 












... 4,693 


1893-1894 .. 








5.932 




. J 












... 5,932 


1894-1895 .. 








7,114 










'i 






... 7,114 


1895-1896 .. 








1,8S2 










.1 ... 






... 1,882 


1896-1897 .. 








2,408 










.1 






... 2,408 


1897-1898 .. 








1,202 










. 






...! 1.202 


1898-1899 .. 








2,399 










.1 ... 






...j 2,399 


1899-1900 .. 








4.961 












... 1 




4,961 


1900-1901 .. 








3,810 












1 




3,810 


1901-1902 .. 








4,245 




1 






... 


...' ... 




4,245 


1902-1903 .. 








1,947 




• * 1 






.' ... 


...j ... 


'.'.'\ 1,947 


1903-1904 .. 








2,967 




1 






. 


... ... 


... 2,967 


1904-1905 .. 








1,314 




J 








...i ... 


...1 1,314 


1905-1906 .. 








2,704 




• • i 










...1 2 704 


1906-1907 .. 








2,257 










. 






2,257 


1907-1908 .. 








1,855 










.j 


1 




1,855 


19084909 .. 








1,799 




••I 






.1 




70 


1,799 


Total 


40,^ 


513 


30,645 


225,082 


1( 


54 13 


355 


2 


1 13,534 


819 


208 


324,711 



Indian Immigrants resident on Estates on the 30th September, 1908 — 
Under Indenture 10,288. Unindentured, including children 55,409. 
Total 65,697. 



602 



JUDICIAL STATISTICS FOR 1908-1909. 



Prisons. 

There were 4,703 persons committed to prison during the year, being 331 
less than in the previous year ; of the total 4,047 were males, and 656 females. 
For purposes of penal imprisonment, 3,756 were received into the prisons as 
against 4,026 in the previous year. The dail}' average in prison was 501.26; 
somewhat less than in the year before when the daily average was 504.30. 

The average gross cost per head for convicts and ordinary prisoners was 
£23 3s. lid. and the net cost £16 Is. Oid. 



CRIMINAL STATISTICS 1908-1909. 

The figures under this head are normal. The number of persons 
apprehended by the police or brought before the Magistrates on summons was 
slightly lower than the year before — 22,898 as against 24,355. 

Prtedial larceny cases have gone down from 153 in 1907-08 to 105 this 
year. In the great majority, if not all, of the rural districts, the house lots 
are situate a considerable distance from the cultivation lots and this tends to 
encourage the prfedial thief in sj)ite of the fact that there is power to flog for 
this offence. 

55 persons were convicted before the Supreme Court, 4 being for murder. 
In the previous year there were no convictions for murder. The total num- 
ber of cases in the higher Court rose from 75 in 1907-1908 to 78 in 1908-1909.. 

Comparative Table shewing the Numhei of Offences, Apprehensions, 
Convictions and Acquittals for the last Five Years. 





1904-05. 


1905-U6. 


1906-07. 


1907-08. 


1908-09. 


The number of Offences reported 












to the Police 


10,136 


8,977 


9,635 


9,848 


8,955 


The number of Persons appre- 












hended by the Police, or sum- 












moned before the JMagistrate ... 


24,578 


24,822 


23,937 


24,355 


22,898 


The number of Summarj^ Convic- 












tions : — 












1. For Offences against the 












Person 


2,239 


2,141 


2,290 


1.963 


2,171 


2. For Pi aidial Larceny 


379 


231 


57 


153 


105 


3. For Offences against Propel t}' 












other than Predial Larceny 


1,354 


1,026 


1,009 


1,265 


968 


4. For other Oft'ences .^ 


9,030 


9,528 


9,338 


9,244 


6,872 


The number of Convictions in the 












Supreme Courts : — 












1. For Offences against the 












Person 


24 


30 


33 


16 


22 


2. For Prfedial Larceny 


■ 




< , , 






3. For Offences against Property 












other than Prtedial Larcen3' 


51 


39 


25 


13 


26 


4. For other Offences 


3 


13 


21 


23 


7 


The number of Persons Acquit- 












ted :— (o) 












1. In the Magistrates' Courts ... 


11,430 


11,761 


11,185 


11,642 


11,003 


2. In the Supeiior Courts 


41 


49 


29 


23 


23 



(a) Includes number discharged for want of prosecution, 



603 



EDUCATION STATISTICS. 

TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF AIDED SCHOOLS, NUMBER OF PUPILS, AVERAGE 

ATTENDANCE, ETC. 



Year. 





, 


, 1 




> 


■+^ 


o 


o 




o 





>A \ 








o 




-+3 


(li 


a> 






^3 


0) 

a 


d 


o 


3 



•n o 
— o 

o -^ 



1884 

1885 

188G 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891-1892 

1892-1893 

1893-1894 

1894-1895 

1895-1896 

1896-1897 

1897-1898 

1898-1899 

1899-1900 

1900-1901 

1901-1902 

19021903 

1903-1904 

1904-1905 

1905-1906 

1906-1907 

1907-1908 

1908-1909 



176 

166 

160 

162 

159 

163 

177 

181 

187 

197 

205 

203 

207 

210 

210 

213 

212 

213 

211 

210 

214 

218 

220 

223 

^23 



17,941 

17,793 

18,919 

21,225 

21,384 

23,654 

26,734 

25,841 

25,734 

26,872 

28,002 

28,339 

28,452 

28,691 

28,689 

28,845 

27,512 

26,684 

28,310 

28,799 

29.093 

29,811 

29,407 

30,888 

33,085 






-IJ 




cS 




-(-= 


^5 


rj 


o 


Oi 


'-S 


9 

& 












o 


1-^ 


^ 





-73 






10,084 

10,628 

11,323 

12,820 

13,191 

14,717 

16,706 

14,387 

13,831 

14,721 

15,445 

16,308 

16,627 

16,155 

15,959 

16,730 

16,397 

16,401 

17,216 

17,323 

17,830 

16,362 

17,871 

18,457 

20,255 



14,175 

14,386 
16,019 
18,097 
17,819 
19,850 
22,643 
20,467 
20,553 
22,142 
23,514 
24,230 
24,419 
24,458 
24,465 
24,498 
23,685 
22,945 
24,249 
24,759 
25,567 

24,"ll0 

25,834 
27,526 



9,190 
9,799 
10,707 
12,355 
12,489 
14,053 
16,622 
16,013 
16,458 
17,756 
19,094 
20,375 
20,647 
20,554 
20,962 
21,660 
20,543 
19,938 
21,872 
22,287 
22,887 
*16,954 
19,415 
21,464 
23,979 



-^ 
< 



O 



m eg 
C ^ 

a; ^" § 

S3 « g 
*1 



76,139 03 

77,075 53 

83,375 53 

99,095 68 

101,398 26 

119,968 94 

122,307 22 

86,958 25 

85,893 02 

90,243 09 

92,677 70 

9.4,311 10 

99,779 49 

103,033 91 

102,958 59 

103,026 14 

103,983 82 

102,224 36 

107,956 93 

111,991 59 

112,740 56 

113,095 20 

111,188 80 

111.283 80 

121,079 30 



28 
86 
78 
02 
11 
8 4L 
7 35 
43 
21 
08 
85 



87 

83 

01 

91 

75 

06 

12 

94 

02i 

92" 

6 67 

5 72 

5 18 

5 05 



* For this vear this column's figures represenTthe number of pupils qualified for 
examinatioitSWhowou^^ have^been examined if the examinations had not been 
suspended. 
TABLE SHOWING DENOMINATIONAL DIST RIBUTION OF SCHOOLS, PUPILS, ETC. 



'OD 



Denomination. 



Church of England 
Church of Scotland 
Roman Catholic 
Wesley an 
Congregational 
Estate 
Moravian 
Canadian Mission 
Lutheran 



On 

Books. 



Average 
Attend- 
ance. 



223 



11,637 

5,160 

5,074 

4,534 

3,717 

2,320 

399 

201 

43 



33,085 



6,953 

3,284 

3,107 

2.752 

2,320 

1,419 

273 

127 

20 

20,255 



Present 

at 
Inspec- 
tion. 



9,554 

4,466, 

4,093 

3,742 

3,182 

1,938 

353 

160 

38 

27,526 



Ex- 
amined. 



8,440 

3,971 

3,514 

3,259 

2,779 

1,580 

265 

136 

35 



Grant 

for Financial 

Year. 



42,634 75 

20, .329 58 

18,799 10 

15,982 32 

13,677 41 

7,190 31 

1,429 41 

803 28 

159 09 



23,979 $121,005 25 



604 





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I 



605 
VITAL STATISTICS. 



The folloivUuj tabic compiled from the Annual Reports of the licgistrar 
General shows the Vital Statistics of the Colony since the last decennial 
Census in 1801. 



Year. 


Estimated Population.* 


1 

Ratio of Males 
to 1000 Females. 


01 


<r* II ml 


Males. 


Females. 


Persons, 




1891 ... 


151,515 


120,878 


278,393 


1,194 


26-6 


37-4 


1892 ... 


151,009 


127,286 


278,295 


1,186 


28- 


39-8 


1893 ... 


150,515 


127,764 


278,279 


1,178 


27-3 


35-5 


1894 ... 


151,949 


128,920 


280,869 


1,178 


24-8 


33-4 


1895 ... 


153,037 


130,241 


283,278 


1,175 


28-9 


29-5 


189G ... 


153,451 


131,864 


285,315 


1,163 


32 '5 


26-3 


1897 ... 


153,406 


133,078 


286,484 


1,153 


33-6 


27-9 


3898 ... 


152,751 


133,471 


286,222 


1,144 


29.7 


33*9 


1899 ... 


152,947 


134,341 


287,288 


1,138 


28-8 


291 


1900 ... 


157,147 


137,796 


294,943 


1,140-. 


36-7 


251 


1901 ... 


160,039 


140,709 


300,748 


1,137 


35-9 


23-6 


1902 ... 


160,123 


142,049 


302,172 


1,127 


33-4 


281 


1903 ... 


159,891 


142,737 


302,628 


1,120 


29. 


28-9 


1904 ... 


158,933 


142,990 


301,923 


1,112 


30-3 


28-8 


1905 .,, 


159,324 


144,066 


303,390 


1,106 


33-6 


27-4 


1906 ... 


160,664 


146,295 


306,959 


1,098 


32-9 • 


28-8 


1907 ... 


158,847 


145,702 


304,549 


1,090 


28-3 


36-9 


1908 ... 


158,156 


145,940 


1 304, 089 


1,084 


27-3 


30-8 



* The estimated population is based on a comparison of the births and 
deaths each year in conjunction with the arrivals and departures of 
indentured immigrants. 



t Sexes in 7 cases not ascertainable. 



606 



MEDICAL STATISTICS. 

Return of tbe Number of Patients Treated at the Public Medical 

Institutions. 



Institutions. 



Georgetown Hospi-j 
tal 1536 

New Amsterdam! 
Hospital ...1150 



Suddie Hospital...! 

Eartica ,, ...' 

MoraAvhanna Hos- 
pital (including: 
Arakaka Ward)... 

Lunatic A.s3'lum ... 

Leper Asylum ...| 

Total 



Discharged. 



a 
o 

C3 



P? 



5 






.p-1 






■ 












OJ 






■V 






-+J 




> 


'5 


O 


<v 








•n 


^ 


o 


< 


o 


p^ 



427ill,596 3,321 



135 

74 
11 



17 
750 
403 



1838:1,817 



3,350 

1,675! 

272 



G08 
112 

137 i 



71 

708 
134 



174 

701 



6,75139311,158 



2,818104 
705 
110 



336 



17,75014,480 



10,720 



cr. 
o 

05 



00 

o 

C5 



> 



a 


iS 





-^ c 


OQ 


.1f 


eg 


^1 


ft . 




^2 


f.< 


^ 


fi'S 


bo 2 


=+::! 00 


ra 4^ 


fl 


-4^ 


a> c 


p 




P4 





a 

fir 

o 



0-H« 

125 



46; 



358 

229 

27 



44 
54 
56 



5861,926 



473- 

130- 
73-3 
7-3 



15-08 
743- 
419- 



9-6 

10-2 
13- 
9-5 



452 44,216 

18419,363 
95, 7,608 
15 761 



7 04 22 2,896 
7-2 
10-3 



76874,844 
I 



Keturn of the Number of Patients Treated at Public DirfPEXsARiES. 





..« »" 


!fj 


m 




. 


6 






-W 






-^ . 


s 


Dispensary. 




Poli( 
Patiei 






H 


CL-. J; 


> 


No. 1, including 














Albuoystown ... 


1,138 




30,412 


31,550 


* 


$ 137 04 


No. 2 


432 




7,714 


8,146 


'1- 


52 32 


No. 3 


97 




11,981 


12,078 


* 


12 72 


Potaro 


1,264 


90 


153 


1,507 


$1,028 26 


412 01 


Demerara River 


260 


39 


532 


831 


364 97 


114 47 


Kerbice River 


462 




403 


865 


453 59 


65 46 


Upper Pomeroon 


215 


23 


830 


1,068 


622 17 


59 62 


Lower Pomeroon 


704 


32 


435 


1,171 


532 26 


175 44 


Morucca ... 


21 




778 


799 


520 81 


5 40 


Total 


4,593 


184 


53.238 


58,015 


$ 3,522 06' S 1,034 48 



* Medicines and Medical Appliances obtained from Public Hospital, 

Georgetown, 
t Medieines and Medical Appliances obtained irom Alma House. 



607 



Return of Diseases and Number of Cases Treated at the Public 
Medical Institutions for the Year 1908-1909. 



Diseases Treated. 


Number of Cases. 

i 


: Number of Deaths. 

i 


Malarial Fever 


. 2,743 


1 02 


S3-pliilis 


285 


21 


Tubercle 


. 73 


34 


Phthisis 


460 


154 


Anchylostomiasis 


244 


22 


Diseases of the Nervous System .. 


433 


53 


Disease of the Heart ... 


• i 319 


8(3 


Gangrene 








Pneumonia ... 




731 


316 


Diari'hoea 




• 1 577 


70 


Dysenter}' 




541 


135 


Disease of Liver 




190 


50 


„ ,, Kidneys 




723 


220 


Peritonitis ... 




37 


30 


Diphtheria ... 




6 


3 


Yellow Fever 






Filariasis 


133 


8 


Plague 






Typhus 






Measles 


10 




Chicken-pox ... 


3 




Smallpox 






Eruptive Fever 






Scarlatina ... 






Enteric (or Typhoid) Fever 


.! 20 




Erysipelas ... 


54 


14 


SepticssOiia ... 


28 


27 


Other Diseases 


10,555 


505 


Total 




18,105 


1,816 



-^v 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



o»|^. 



Cable Address : Bankers : Postal Address : 

STRICKLAND, ^^j, COLONIAL BANK. ^- ^- ^OX 176, 

Demerara. Demeraka. 

J. K STRICKLAND & C9 

MERCHANTS & CONTRACTORS. 

Contractors to the Government of British Guiana 

AND 

Municipal Authorities of Georgetown. 



Large Stocks of the foUou/ing are always on hand:— 

IRON— GALVD. SHEETS, RIDGING and GUTTERING. 

IRON— ROD, BAR, PLATE. 

STEEL— OCT., HEX., ROUND. 

ROPE, CANVAS, TARPAULINS, SPUNYARN. 

PAINTS, OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISH. 

PITCH, TAR, OAKUM, TALLOW. 

PUMPS, FORGES, ANVILS, VICES. 

COTTON WASTE, ASBESTOS, INDIA RUBBER. 

WHEELBARROWS, STEAM PIPES and FITTINGS. 

STEAM VALVES and COCKS, CHECK VALVES. 

PLATFORM AND OTHER SCALES. 

TOOLS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 

ANCHORS, CHAINS, SHIP'S TACKLE. 

PATENT ROOFING— (" Congo "). 

GUNS AND REVOLVERS and AMMUNITION. 

SAFES, STOVES, TRUNKS, BATHS. 



Supplies for the Diamond and Gold Districts of British Guiana are 
specialities of our business. 



QUOTATIONS 5ENT By RETURN P05T. 
FOREIGN AND COLONIAL CORRESPONDENCE INVITED. 



IV 



The East Asiatic Company, Ltd 



■^^du^js- 



THIS new line of monthly Steamers from Europe to British Guiana 
and the West Indies has already become a prime favourite with 
the travelling public, and the Passenger accommodation each voyage 
is taxed to the utmost. 

All the Staterooms are amidships, and they have been specially 
arranged with all fittings for the comfort of Passengers, including 
Electric Light, fixed and movable. Each Steamer carries a fully 
(jualilied Medical Otlicer and a Stewardess. Single Return 

The Fares Demerara to London are £20 £38 

Keturn Tickets are available for 12 months. 

Whenever a Steamer is in Port we shall be ]deased to shoAV 
intending Passengers the accommodation. 

Through Cargo carried to and from all United Kingdom, Conti- 
nental, West Indian and Isthmus ports. 

CARGO IN ALL DIRECTIONS IS EARNESTLY SOLICITED. 

For FREIGHT, PASSAGE, &c., Apply to 

THE EAST ASIATIC CO., Ltd. ... ...Copenhagen, 

CH. CORNELDER & SONS ... ...Rotterdam. 

And other numerous Continental Agents. 

ESCOMBE McGRATH & Co., Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, 

Manchester, Middlesbrough, Grimsbj, Southampton and 3, East 

India Avenue, London, E.G. 

THE EAST ASIATIC CO., Ltd. ... ...St. Thomas. 

MELCHIOR & Co. ... ... ... ...St. Croix. 

McDonalds & Co. ... ... ...Antigua. 

WM. STEDMAN & Co. ... ... ...Dominica. 

HANSCHELL & Co. ... ... ...Barbados. 

GEORGE R. ALSTON & Co. Trinidad. 

TER LAAG & Co. ... ... ... ...Paramaribo. 

MACFARLANE, JUNIOR & Co St. Lucia. 

JOHN H. HAZELL, SONS & Co St. Vincent. 

R. R. KIRKWOOD & Co., Ltd St. Kitts. 

And other Agents in the "West Indies and the Isthmus* 

SANDBACH, PARKER & Co., 

Agents, Demerara. 



V. 



The British Guiana Mutual 
Fire Insurance Company, Limited. 



ESTABLISHED 1880. 



Offices on Lots 27, 28 & 29, Robb and Hinck Streets, 

Georgetown, 



DIRECTORS : 

Hon. GEORGE GARNETT, Chairman. 



J. BOURKE, Esq. 

S. A. HARVEY CULPEPER, Esq. 



JORGE CAMACHO, Esq, 

G. RUSSELT. GARNETT, Esq. 



WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM, Esq. ; P. CRESSALL, Esq., Jnr. 



A. K. F. DUNCAN, Esq. 
F. J. BANKART, Esq. 



J. IVELAW CHAPMAN', EhQ. 
S. WEBB, Esq. 



C. J. MACQUARRIE, Esq. 

Assets at 30th June, 1909. . . $ 740,326.00 
Insurance in force . . . $4,336,290.00 

Premium Income .. . .. $ 68,16600 

A Mutual Company distributing profits triennially 
among its Policyholders. 

Average profit returned for the past four years has been 
59.38% of all Premiums received^ 

JOHN BOLLERS, 

Secretary. 

BERBICE AGENT- 
JAMES E, PEROT & Co., Ltd., Strand, New Amsterdam. 



VI. 



James Smith & Go.^ 

LOT 3, NEWTOWN, GEORGETOWN. 

Plain and Ornamental Painters and Decorators. 

Graining", Lettering- and Heraldrie Painting" executed. 

A larg"e and varied stock of Paints, Oils, Varnisiies, 

Mouldings, &e., &c , always on hand. 

Wall Papers of the latest and most Artistic Desigrns in 

great variety. Pictures Tastefully Framed. 

Estate HO-A-SHOO, Decd., 

Universal Suppliers of all Stuffs in the Barima, Potaro 
and Conawaruk Gold Districts. 



CI TUFFS supplied are of the Best and Cheapest, Large and small Gold 
1^^ Companies would do well to get their Supplies from our Stores, at rate? far 
cheaper than what it would cost you to get it taken iip from Town with the 
attendant r'skof y;etting it spoilt and broached, also with the trouble of hand- 
ling the same. ^\"e are prepared to undertake the rationing of tlxe labourers of 
Companies operating in any of the above Districts at the cheapest rates. 

AYe undertake the Transportation of Mrtchinery, etc., in the Barima, 
where we have the fastest Launches and best River Service. 

Tril)uters are speciallj' catered for at our Shops. 

Well-known remunerative Gold-bearing Lands at all of the above 
Districts are in our hands to sub-let, likewise those of Messrs. Garnett & Co. 
in the Potaro. 

Remember that Punctuality, Quick Despatch and Honest "Weights are 
the Specialities of our Business. 

The Custom of 0ne and all is Solicited. 



LICENSED GOLD TRADERS IN THE ABOVE DISTRICTS, 

ToLun Office at 27, Saffon Street, Charlestown. 
Georgetown. Estate HO-A-SHOO, Decd. 

THE FIDELITY DENTAL C? 

Corner Hincks and Robb Streets, Georgetown, Demerara. 



ALL BRANCHES IN MODERN DENTISTRY PERFORMED. 



Consulting Operator ; J05. N, FOX, Dental Practitioner, 

Matriculated in Hqward University, U.S.A. 



Vll. 



BOOKER BROS., MCQONNELL & Co., Ltd. 

ALSO AT 21, MINCING LANE, LONDON. 
77. THE ALBANY, LIVERPOOL. 



GENERAL MERCHANTS AND ESTATES' AGENTS, 
IMPORTERS AND EXPORT 
AND COLONIAL PRODUCE. 



Agents for —Lloyds- 

„ Royal Insurance Company. 

„ Liverpool Line of Steamers- 

,, Armstrong New York Line- 

„ Nourse Line from Calcutta. 

Proprietors of Corentyne Rice Mill, Berbice- 

,, ,, Aurora Saw Mill and Rice Mill, Essequebo- 



ESTATES AND ALL GENERAL SUPPLIES, 
INCLUDING PROVISIONS, GROCERIES, 
WINES AND SPIRITS, MALT LIQUORS, 
HARDWARE, CHANDLERY, COOPER 
AGE MATERIALS, LUMBER, AND 
MINING REQUISITES, DRY GOODS, 
&c., &c., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 

GEORGETOWN, DEMERARA. 



Vlll. 



WM. SMITH, 

COMMISSION MLRCHANT AND AGENT. 
Sole Agent for Dawson's Whisky in British Guiana, 

ANT) FOR 

MACKAY & Co*, Ltd,, Celebrated Aerated Waters* 



9, LONGDEN STREET, GEORGETOWN. 

iVl. U. rlllMlit and JEWELLER, 

SO. (rjRXHILL STREET, GEORGETOWN. 



Whatever you require in Colonial made JEWELLERY, 
either in GOLD or SILVER, rely upon me bemg^ 
able to supply you. Various patterns of Bangles, 
Brooches, Scarf Pins, Lace Pins, Hat Pins, and 
Pendants in Nug^g^ets kept in stock. Jewellery made 
to order by skilled workmen at shortest notice. 

Sterling Silver Goods, pretty and beautiful in design, 
suitable for Wedding, Birthday and Christening 
Presents. 

Orders by post from any part of the Colony carefully 
attended to. 

Telephone 473. P.O. Box 73. Opposite the Telephone Exchange. 



BIRCH & CO., 

Commission, and General Provision Merchants. 
Ice Manufacturers. 



W. W. RTRCH, Accountant. 



Agent: NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE CO. 



IX. 



Walter Bagot& (g 

AUCTIONEERS, 

Commission Agents, Valuers and Stockbrokers. 

B» G* Mutual Buildings^ Hincks Street* 



Undertake business of all sorts in a 
Broker's line, handling the best and 
safest securities. From their long ex- 
perience, they are enabled to proffer 
advice of the most valuable kind to 
investors. Their integrity has never 
been questioned and they have always 
given the utmost satisfaction to their 
numerous customers. 



WALTEE BAGOT & CO. 

ARE THE OLDEST AUCTIONEERS AND BROKERS IN THE 

COLONY, 



X. 



nstitute of TT7ines and Forests 

OF BRITISH GUIANA. 



Incorporated under Ordinanee JVo. 9 of 1890. 

For the Protection and Development of the Mining 
and Forest Industries of the Colony. 



Council : 

President: E. G. BRADDON, Esq, 
Vice-Peesident : A. P. BUGLE, Esq. 
Treasurer: JAMES ANDREW, Esq. | Secketaky: JAMES WINTER. 
ERNEST FARNCM, Esq., J.P. i F. W. HUTSON, Esq., J.P. 
R. B. HOWELL, Esq. [ J. M. HO-A-HING, Esq. 

EVAN AVONG, Esq. 

Counsel: W. MAYNARD PAYNE, Esq., B.A., LL.B., Cantab., 
Barrister-at-Law. 

Auditoe: H. a. WISHART, Esq. 

1. This Institute provides labour for Mining and other Industries. 

2. Contracts are made by the Institute on behalf of employers and 

Avhere an advance is given it is done at this office. 

3. A description of all labourers is recorded, and a medical examina- 

tion is made when required by the employer. 

4. In the event of a labourer breaking his contract, the Institute 

prosecutes free of cost (except for the stamps on the warrant 
60 cents), and when necessary, provides counsel, and in cases 
where counsel advises, takes the case on to appeal. 

5. The Institiite has othcers or agents at Potaro, Bartica, Puruni, 

Aremu, Baramanni, Tassawinni, Massawinni, and Arakaka. 

6. The charge for contracts is 48 cents per man. Medical examination 

M hen required 12 cents per man. 

7. The Officers of the Institute attend each steamer, deliver their 

tickets to the labourers and see that they leave Georgetown for 
their destination. 

8. In disputes arising out of labour or other matters, the Institute 

is authorised by law to arbitrate. 

9. This Institute undertakes the paying of labourers, charging the 

employer a very small commission. 



Central Offices : 30, Hadfield Street, Georgetown* 

Julv 13, 1909. 



XI. 



THE STANDARD LIFE ASSURANCE 

COMPANY. 

ESTABLISHED, 1825. 



REVENUE 




... £ 


1,500,000 


BONUS DECLARED 




... £ 


7,000,000 


ACCUMULATED FUNDS 




... £ 


12,000,000 


CLAIMS PAID 


•• 


... £ 


25,970,000 


H. 


H. 


LAURENCE, 

Agent, 


7, Commerce Street, 








Georgetown, Demerara, 









S. A. HARVEY CULPEPER, 
Estates and Genera/ Commission Agent^ 

GEORGETOWN, DEMERARA. 



Over 18 years' experience with the late firm of 
Samuel Barber & Co., the largest business 
concern of its day for European, Amei'ican 
and East Indian imports, and dealing with 
exports of Produce. 



OFEICE : 

LOT NO. 27, ROBB STREET, ROBBSTOWN. 



Xll. 



THE MAYOK & TOWN COUNCIL 
OF GEORGETOWN. 



TOWN TAXES 

At the rate of 2% per annum on the appraised 
value of lots and buildings in the City, are 
payable in May and September. 

WATER RATES 

At j\ of 1% on appraised value of properties, 
with a minimum Of $2 per annum and a 
maximum of §15 per annum, are due on 1st 
January and 1st July; all material and 
labour in connection with Water Supply 
furnished by the Council at Tariff rates. 

THE SANITARY SERVICE 

Includes removal by the Pail System, and 
emptying of Cesspits and W. C Tanks by 
the Odorless Excavator. 

All animals dying in the City must be sent 
to the Refuse Destructor where they will 
be destroyed at Tariff Rates. 



P. P. FAIRBAIRN, 

Town Clerk. 



Town Hall, 
Georgetown. 



Xlll. 



RODRIGUES & CAMACHO, 

GENERAL MERCHANTS 
--IMPORTERS. 



MUD LOT A, WATER STREET. 



Strong & Driver. L*-^ 

PIANO DEALERS. 



Stock Pianos built for use in the Colony, 

Harmoniums, American Organs of special designs. 

Stringed Instruments of all sorts — Strings and Fittings, 

Qramaphones and [Records. 

Phonographs and Sundries. 

Cycles and Accessories and [Repairs, 



Stajf of experienced Tuners visits all parts of tiie Colony. 
Pianos and Organs Tuned or Repaired by contract or singly. 

26, MAIN STREET. 

W. M. A. ROBERTS, 

SWORN LAND SURVEYOR, 

CAN BE CONSULTED AT HIS OFFICE. 

LOT 7, BRICKDAM, 



Telephone No. 3I7' 



XIV. 



PICKFORD & BLACK 
STEAMSHIP COMPANY, Ltd. 



AN IDEAL HOLIDAY TRIP FOR HEALTH AHD PLEASURE. 

No less than Nine Islands are visited by the PICKFORD & BLACK 
Steamers on their way from Demerara through the "West India Islands 
to Canada. It is a voyage full of interest, and the longest spell between 
Ports is only three to four days. 

The round trip to Halifax, N.S., or St. John, N.B., and bac\ to Demerara, 
occupies jusfc forty -five days, and the cost of a Ticket from Demerara avail- 
able for six months is ' First Second 

To Halifax or St. John and return $130.00 $8000 

To Montreal (including rail) 142.50 iii.oo 

"\Ve can also issue through Tickets for Passengers to all parts of Canada, 
and to England. 

AN OPPORTUNITY should not be missed to travel by this route to 
the Homeland. A voyage full of interest and enjoj able beyond description. 
The Steameis of the PiCKtfOKD & Black Line afford this opportunitj^ — tran- 
shipping at Halifax during the Winter and Montreal or Rimouski during the 
Summer, by Steamers of the O.P.R. and Allan Line.-^. The former are well- 
known to the travelling public in Demerara, the latter are all large new Boats, 

Empress of Ireland, Empress of Britain, Victorian, Virginian, 

Grampian, Ionian, Hesperian, Corsican and Tunisian, 

with very superior passenger accommodation equal to any crossing the Atlantic. 

The Lake Chainplain, of the C.P.R.. Line, is a "one class" boat with 
accommodation equal to first-class on most of the steamers leaving this port. 
The rates charged are only equal to second-class fares on the Empresses. 

P. & B. Boats leave Demerara every 12 to 13 days and those of the C.P. R. 
and Allan Lines leave St. John, N.B , every Friday, and Halifax every 
Saturday during the Winter Season, and land their passengers in Liverpool 
on the following Friday, noon, or early Saturday morning at latest. 

Full information on application to PICKFORD & BLACK, 
Managers, Halifax, N.S., or to 

E. M. MELVILLE, Toronto; THE EOBT. EEFORD Co., Ltd., 
Montreal ; WM. THOMSON & Co., St. John, N.B. ; W. T. JAMES & 
Co., Bermuda; W. S. JONES, Tiu-k's Island ; E. A. H. HAGGAET, 
Jamaica; S. L. HOESEOED & Co., St. Kitts; G. W. BENNETT 
BEYSON & Co., Ltd., Antigua; W. HAEEIS, Montserrat; J. COX 
EILLAN, Dominica: MACEAELANE, JUNIOE & Co., St. Lucia; 
C. J. SIMMONS, St. Vincent ; DaCOSTA & Co., Barbados ; GOEDON 
GEANT & Co., Trinidad. 

SANDBACH, PARKER & Co. 

Agents^ Demerara, 



xy. 



THE DEMERARA LIFE. 

PREMIUM RATES: From ^^i to $15 cheaper per 
$1,000 than any other Company's, according to age, 
class and term of Assm^ance. 

DAYS OF GRACE: One calendar month allowed 
without any charge for the payment of all premiums 
after they become due- 

PROTECTION OF POLICIES : Policies automatic- 
ally protect themselves as long as any portion of 
the Cash Value remains at credit. 

LOANS ON POLICIES: Loans granted after the 
payment of two annual premiums (free of expense). 

ASSIGNMENT OF POLICIES: Policies assigned 
and assignments recorded, without expense, in the 
books of the Society on notice being given to that 
effect. No affidavit necessary, no fees to Notary 
Public involved. 

BONUSES : Strict investigations into the Society's 
affairs are made quinquennially and the surplus at 
such periods is allotted to the various policies in 
force. No shareholders participate in any portion 
of this surplus as the Policyholders are the sole 
proprietors of the local Company. 

SETTLEMENTS : Payments are made immediately 
Policies mature or become Claims. 

PROPOSAL FORMS and all other information sup- 
plied on application to 

E. CONYERS, 

Hand-in- Hand Buildings, Secretary^ 

Georgetown, 

13th July, 1909, 



XV] . 



THOM & CAMERON, Ltd. 

GEORGETOWN, DEMERARA. 



Head Office: 93, Cheapside St., Glasgow. 

GENERAL IMPORTERS : 

J:iTOOK ALWAYS OX HAND OK 

All Provisions, Fish, 

Wines, Spirits 6: Malt Liquors, 

Galvanised Iron, &c., 6cc. 



EXPORTERS OF ALL KINDS OF COLONIAL PRODUCE. 

AGENTS FOR o^-*^ 

QUEBEC STEAMSHIP COMPANY, LTD. 

REGULAR FORTNIGHTLY SAILINGS 

Between NEW YORK, WEST INDIA ISLANDS and DEMERARA. 

BY THE FIi;«T CLAHS STEAMERS 

"Gin AN A'' 3,656 Tons. 

"PARIMA" 8,000 „ 

"KORONA" 2,874 „ 

EXCELLENT PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION. 
SURGEON AND STEWARDESS ON EACH STEAMER, 



Demerara Fares: 

Lst Class, $55 to $75 ; Sterage $30. 
United States Alien Tax $4 additional. 



New York Agents : 
A. E. OUTERBRiDGE & Co., 29, Broadway, 



XVll. 



o^ Sandbach, Parker & Co. i 

o "• ft 

^ Established 1790. 3 ^ » 



« 



^^ S 



DEMERARA, BRITISH GUIANA. ?- 5 S. 



® *- I CONSULATE FOR DENMARK, » § § 

||3 IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS. "? I f. 

I SHIPPING & GENERAL COMMISSION " q " 
.^ MERCHANTS. J' ° 

AGENTS FOR 

SUGAR, COCOA, AND COFFEE ESTATES. 
RICE MILLERS. 



stores, Sheds and Dock at Lots 8 to M, Water Street, 

Georgetown. Every facility for prompt despatch of 

Steamers. River frontage 340 feet. 



We issue special Produce, Market and Rice Reoorts and Circulars, referring 
to ail Demerara Imports and Exports. Please et us know the Articles 
that interest you and we will keep you regularly posted with market 
prospects and prices. 

All consignments receive careful attention, and proceeds are remitted by 
first mail. If required, financial facilities will be given for regular and 
substantial consignments. 

Importers of all supplies required by Estates, Farms, Gold, Balata and all 
other industries. Agricultural implements, Building Materials, Hard- 
ware of ail descriptions. Dry Goods, Mechanical Tillage Goods, Mining 
Requisites, Ship Chandlery, Provisions, Breadstuffs, &c., &c., Wholesale 
and Retail. 

Orders for Sugars, Molasses, Rum, Molascuit, Greenheart Timber and other 
Woods, Guiana Gold and Diamonds, Wallaba Shingles, Charcoal, Cocoa' 
nuts. Cocoa, Kola Nuts, Balata, Rubber, Rice, Rice Husk Meal, Copra, 
Cocoanut Oil and Fibre, Scrap iron, &c., receive special and prompt 
attention. 

AGENTS FOR 

PLANTATION LEONORA, Ltd, THE DEMEEARA CO., Ltd. 

PICKFORD & BLACK STEAMSHIP CO., Ltd., Halifax, 

ELDER DEMPSTER & CO., Liverpool. 

EAST ASIATIC CO., Ltd. (West India Line). 

BRITISH INDIA STEAM NAVIGATION CO., Ltd. 

WM. McEWAN & CO., Ltd., Edinburgh. 

JOS. CROSSFIELD & SONS, Ltd., Warrington. 

JEFFREY MANUFACTURING CO., Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. 

ENGELBURG HULLER CO., Syracuse, N.Y., U.S.A. 

GEO. L. SQUIER MANUFACTURING CO. 

DANIEL CRAWFORD & CO., Ltd.. Glasgow. 

FOREIGN AND COLONIAL LIGHTING CO., Ltd., London. 



CABLE ADDRESS— "Sandbach," Demerara. Codes used— Scott's Editions, 1880, 
1885, 1896 and 1906. A.B.C. Ith and 5tli Editions. Watkin's 1884 and Appendix. 
Lieljer s Standard. Western Union, and Riverside. 



XVlll. 



S. SAYWACK, 

Largest Tobacco Dealer in Berbice, Wholesale & Retail. 

Supplies Merchants, Shopkeepers and small Purchasers in the 
up-country and river Districts. 

Black Leaf (Black Bull) Tobacco, best imported in the colony, in half- 
hogsheads, and Capstan Tobacco in cases and various sized tins. 

EAST INDIAN AND GENERAL MERCHANT, 

THE STRAND, NEW AMSTERDAM, BERBICE. 

SGHULER & SONS^ 

Practical Watchmakers, Jewellers, Opticians 
and Engravers. 

IMPORTERS OF WATCHES, JEWELLERY, CLOCKS, STERLING 
SILVER AND ELECTRO-PLATED WARE. 

MANUFACTURERS of NUGGET JEWELLERY in BRACELETS, 

BROOCHES, PENDANTS, LINKS, STUDS, PINS, &c., 

Of very best Design and Finish. 



Engraving of Monograms, Crests, and Inscriptions done in artistic style. 



Spectacles fitted, Satisfaction Guaranteed. 



CLOCKS WOUND AND KEPT IN ORDER BY CONTRACT. 

21, Water Street. 

Georgetown. 

JAMES E. PEROT & Co., Limited. 

(Established 1846.) 

New A^nsterdam, Berbice, British Guiana. 
GENERAL IMPORTERS & COMMISSION MERCHANTS. 



DEALERS IN BUILDING MATERIALS, SHIPPERS of NATIVE TIM- 
BERS (Greenheart, Bullet Tree, Mora), SAW MILLERS— Up-to-date 
Plants of Log Frame and Band Saw Type; CRABWOOD LUMBER 
(A Speciality); RICE MILLING PLANT Always at Work. 



Managing Director— JOHN DOWNER. 



I 



XIX. 



Ferreira & Gomes, 

Wholesale and Retail Fancy Drapers 

THE BAZAAR, 

WATER STREET. 




The Cheapest and most up-to-date 
Store in the Trade. 



Water Street, 

Georgetown. 



XX. 

E. M. AECHEE, 

WATCH & CLOCK REPAIRER, GOLD AND SILVERSMITH, GILDER 
AND ELECTRO-PLATER. 

Complicated Watches carefully repaired. 

A g-eneral assortinont of Gold and Silver Jew^ellery, 

Silver-mounted Goods, Fancy Articles, W^all Mirrors. 

Eyes scientifically tested. No g-uess work. 

Spectacles in Steel, White Metal and Gold filled. 

Jewellery neatly repaired and made to order. All work 

guaranteed. The only reliable house in the Country, 

THE STRAND JEWELLERY STORE, NEW AMSTERDAM, BERBICE- 

BRITISH GUIANA BANK. 

ESTABLISHED 1836. 
Subscribed Capital $1,400,000 1 Paid=Up $926,520 

Chairman : JOHN B. LAIXG. 



Head Office: GEORGETOWN, DEMERARA. 

MancKjinfj Director— J. B= Laing. Manager-— ¥. A. Coxyees. 

Branch Office: NEW AMSTERDAM, BERBICE, 

AGENTS. 

London ...Union of London & Smiths Bank, Ltd. 

Kew YoEK Maitland, Coppell & Co. 

British North America. Bank of Nova Scotia. 

Newfoundland Bank of Nova jScotia, St. John's. 

And Agencies in the principal West India Islands. 

Current Accoimts (opened in accordance with the usual practice of Bankers. 
IVIoney received on Depo.sit at Interest. Bill;^ of Exchange negotiated. 
Letteis of Credit issued hv London .Ag^^nts on Demerara, free of charge. 
Raw Gold Purchased or ship])ed on Consignment. Bills Collected and every 
other description of Banking Business transacted. 

EMPIRE HOTEL, """Rfg^ENysZir" 

'W'ISITORS to the Colony will find this Hotel one of the best in the City 
for comfort and accommodation. There are two excellent Billiard 
Tables. The Bar is replete with the choicest brands of LIQUORS of all 
descriptions and CIGARS, The renowned ^* House of Lords ^^ Whisky 
can always be had here by lovers of a good brand of Scotch Whisky, 

TERMS MODERATE. 

A. G. V. GOMES, 

Telephone No. 332. P. 0. Box 58. Proprietor & Manager. 



XXI. 



ISAACSON & Co. 

MAIN STREET, NEW AMSTERDAM, 



(Branch) HUGHES & Co., 
Strand, New Amsterdam. 



Longest established and leading Chemists in New Amsterdam. 



NEW AND RELIABLE DRUGS. 



THE BEST MEDICINES 

A7id a co'nipetent Certificated Dispenser to dispense them. 



Mr. Herbert S. Colthurst, M.P.S., Ph. C, has recently 
been put in charge of the Main Street Dispensary 
and is prepared to devote his personal attention to 
all Prescriptions with promptitude, care and skill. 



OUR BRANCH BUSINESS IS ALSO IN CHARGE OF A 
COMPETENT DISPENSER, 



Complete stock of Patent Medicines, and Special Lines in 
Toilet Articles of every description, Soaps and Per- 
fumes by the best Manufacturers, Confectionery, etc. 

©UR PRieES 

compare advantageously with those of other dealers; 

©UR G©©DS 

are of first quality, and we assure our customers the 
best attention and every satisfaction. 



XXll. 



• THE DEMERAM FOUNDRY. 

ROBERT BUCHANAN & Co. 

Engineers, Iron and Brass Founders, Coppersmiths and< 

Blacksmiths. 

EstettJlislaed 1326- 

EVERY DESCRIPTION OF SUGAR AND OTHER MACHINERY 
HANDLED WITH DESPATCH. 



Material and Workmanship the Best. 

RICHARD P. KAPS, 

PRACTICAL WATCHMAKER, MANUFACTURING JEWELLER 
AND ENGRAVER. 

Colony-^nade Jewellery such as Nugget Brooches, Scarf Pins, 

Pendants, Links, Hat Pins, Studs, as voell as massive 

Gold Bangles and Nugget Bracelets. 

RINGS Mounted with COLONY DIAMONDS of first Water. 




REVERSE 



One of the finest Souvenirs of the Colony is a tiny Coin, 

approximately of the size and shape of the American 

Gold Dollar, made as Pendants, Links, Brooches, 

Scaif Pins, Buttons, Etc. 

RICHARD R KAPS, 

40, Water Street^ Georgetown, Demefara, 



The Middle School^ 



77, Robb Street, 
Georgetown. 



Founded 1st Septembhk, 1894. 



Successes for 14 years: — 342 Cambridge Local and Colle;^e of Preceptors Certificates 
of all grades, with 113 Distinctions in various subjects, 47 places in the Honours 
Lists, and 3 Mitchell Scholarships. 

S. D. Nurse, of S.John's College, Cambridge, Gxiiana Scholar, 1908, educated here 
from 1896 to 1906 (December). 

Competent statf of Teachers in the Girls', as well as the Boys' Department. 

TERMS EASY : TO BE HAD ON APPLICATION TO 

A. A. THOENE, M.A., F.K„ 

Principal of School*, 



XXlll. 

C. BETTENCOURT & Co., Ltd. 

HEAD OFFICE: 10 & 19, WATER AND COMMERCE STREETS. 

Importers of British and Foreign Merchandise. 

Wholesale and Retail Dry Goods Men. 

Lumber and Timber Merchants. 

Proprietors of the "Wholesale Warehouse," 

"Unique" and "Holmes Stelling Retail Stores" and 

the " Werk-en=Rust Steam Saw Mill." 



Our Wholesale Department is recognised by buyers 
as being second to none in the colony. The growing 
popularity of the "Unique" places it beyond doubt in 
front of all others, buyers will always see crowds in 
this popular store securing a bargain in whatever class 
of Dry Goods they may require. 

The Holmes Stelling Store is fast making its way to 
the front for all classes of Dry Goods, and is absolutely 
in front for values in Bedsteads and Beddings, locally 
made and imported Furniture— visit our show-room and 
be convinced. 

Our Saw Mill is increasing its business every day ; 
because we are supplying the best Building Materials 
at lowest possible prices. We always carry in stock 
Greenheart and Crabwood Timbers and Boards, New 
York and Canadian Lumber, Zinc Sheets, Paints and 
Oils, and everything necessary for building purposes. 



Q. BETTENCOURT & Co., Ltd, 



XXIV. 



5PR05T0N5' 
5ELECT WEEK-END TRIP5. 




16 




SEE SOMETHING OF THE 
COUNTRY YOU LIVE IN. 



A three-day trip up the Demerara River, and 
over the hills to Rockstone, on the Essequebo 
River, above the Falls, with meals on the 
steamer and board and lodging at a comfort- 
able Hotel for ^S 00 inclusive, 

A three-day trip along the Coast, up the Esse- 
quebo River, to Mazaruni and Bartica, with 
meals and accommodation on board well- 
appointed Steamers, with every convenience 
for ladies, % 00 inclusive. Launch to be 
obtained at Bartica at nominal charge. 

Single day outing, passing through the Islands 
at the mouth of the Essequebo River, which 
is 22 miles wide, and calling at Leguan, 
Wakenaam, and Aurora, with breakfast and 
substantial luncheon, $3 00 inclusive. 

The above are not cheap, crowded Excursions, but 
regular Steamers affording a means of seeing the 
Colony at a moderate rate with every comfort, 



XXV 



PURE DRUGS. Cable Address. 

DRUdS, Demerara. 




REGISTERED 
f CHEMISTS. 

THE GREAT DRUG STORE, 

Water Street, Georgetoivn, British Guiana. 



MEDICINES, SURGICAL GOODS, APrARATUS, Etc. 

For Gold, Eiamond and Rubber Companies, Sugar and Cocoa Estates. 

Depot for English, Canadian and American Goods. 



G VERNMENT CONTRA GTORS. 



BARTICA HOTEL AND ENTREPOT. 

THE ONLY HOTEL AT BARTICA, 

Boats and complete outfits hired at lowest possible 
rates per round trip or day. 

Carriage and Transportation of Goods undertaken to 
the Gold and Diamond fields and Balata grants in 
the Cuyuni, Puruni, Mazaruni and Essequebo Rivers. 

Provisions, Tools, Implements and all other Mining- 
requisites furnished at rock bottom prices at shortest 
notice. 

Despatching A^ent for several important mining con- 
cerns. Every care and attention given to orders 
entrusted. 

PATRONAGE SOLICITED. 

Address— J. M. HO-A-HING, Bartica, 
0'^ to HO-A-HING, 24 & 25, Lombard Street, Georgetown. 



F. G. FERREIRA, 

Retail Provision Merchant, Spirit Dealer and Aerated Water Manufacturer. 

All Drinks free from spurious substances and unequalled for 
Flavour and Quality, 

Guarantee: **Once drunk always drunk/' A trial will convince you. 

EMPIRE AERATED FACTORY, 

i8, Kent Street, New Amsterdam. 
p. Q, Box 285, Phone 16, 



XXVI. 



THE DIRECT LINE 

OF 

Steam Packets between London and Demerara 
and Glasgow and Demerara. 



Agents : Scftitton, Sons & Co., Ltd., 9, Gtacechufch Street, London. 
Prentice, Service & Henderson, 175, West George Street, Glasgow. 
G. R. Gamett, La Penitence, Demerara. 
S. Davson & Co., Ltd., Berbice. 

These Steamers, which run in conjunction with the Deme- 
rara and Berbice Steamship Co., and the Royal Mail Steam 
Packet Co.'s Cargo Service, sail Regularly from London 
every fortnight, calling at Barbados, Grenada and Trinidad ; 
and from Glasgow every three weeks, calling at Barbados 
and Trinidad. During the Sugar Seasons extra Steamers 
are put on the route, many of which run direct to Montreal 
from Demerara. 

Ubc passenger accominot)atton is eixellent anb tbe 
tares, wbtcb are moderate, 

are as follows : — 

Per London Steamers — Single £17 10s. Return £35. 
Per Glasgow ,, „ 15 15s. Return 35 10s. 

Children under 16 years, £1 Is. per year ; under 12 months, 

free. 
Servants travelling with family, £8. If alone, £12. 



BERBICE AND SURINAM. 

Cargo for Berbice, Nickerie, and Paramaribo is transhipped at 
Demerara and forwarded by the coasting steamers of Messrs. 
Sprostons, Ltd., which firm are agents for the Direct Line at 
Nickerie and Paramaribo. Through rates of freight from 
London or Glasgow to Nickerie or Paramaribo will be quoted 
on application. 



XXVll. 




R.M.S.P. 



The ROYAL MAIL STEAM 
PACKET COMPANY. 



ROYAL CHARTER DATED 29th SEPT., 1839. 



(Under Contract with His Majesty's Government*) 



FORTNIGHTLY SAILINGS 

To and from the West Indies, Venezuela, Colon (for 

North and South Pacific Ports), and by connection 

with all other West Indian Ports ; also to and 

from New York. 



First-class Cuisine, Surgeon and Stewardess carried 
on all the Passenger Ships. Orchestra. 



WINTER TRIPS TO THE WEST INDIES & BRITISH GUIANA. 



Two new and absolutely up to date Steamers, the 
"Berbice" and "Essequebo" (now building) will keep 
up communication between Barbados and Georgetown, 
Demerara, universally admitted the most beautiful city 
in the West Indies, 



xxviu. 



British Guiana Building Society, 

LIMITED. 

The Society provides a safe and profitable investment for savings, 

encouraging tiie accumulation of capital by securing to its 

members a remunerative rate of interest. 



INVESTMENT DEPARTMENT :-^The Shares consist of the fol- 
lowing classes : 

SUBSCRIPTION SHARES—^l.OO per month, maturing for SlOO in 7 year?. 

$1.50 ,, ,, $100 5 ,, 

PAID-Ur SHARES— $71, maturing for $100 in 7 years. 

$78 ,, $100 5 „ 

INTEREST GUARANTEED! 

LOAN DEPARTMENT :— Members are assisted in purchasing- 
properties and in building operations on liberal 
terms under mortgage. They are afforded the 
facility of repaying their loans on a monthly 
system, thus enabling them to repay the debt with 
ease and promptitude. 

TEMPORARY LOANS are granted up to 95% of the 
amount at credit of the members' shares. 

Profits are divided and paid in the shape of a Bonus 
on the maturity of the shares. Bonuses paid for 
1904. 1906. 1908. 

$3 44 $432 $529 per share. 



Prospectus or Application Forms for Shares can be had post free. 



Office— Hand-in-Hand Buildings^ 

Geofgetown^ Demefarat 

W. SIEVEWRIGHT STOBY, 

27th May, 1909. Secretary, 



XXIX. 

TELEPHONE 425. 



GEORGE E. ROGERS, d.d.s 

OF NEW YORK CITY, U.S.A. 



2, Brickdam, 

Georgetown. 



IN THE CITY OF GEORGETOWN 

there are numerous Tailors' workshops, but in spite of this 
fact only few places carry on real high-class and reliable 
Tailoring, Of these few the old and reputable firm of 

M. N. RIECK 

(ESTABLISHED 1872) 

holds the premier position and the very experienced and 
competent Cutter from London who does the cutting for 
this firm never fails to give the latest styles to those who 
require fashionable and up-to-date Clothing, \?isilors to 
Georgetown should remember this. 

Water street. M. N. RIECK. 

LIMES! LIMES!! LIMES!!! 
iM ANY QUANTITY. 



72c. per Bag or Barrel, delivered either at Factory, Rail- 
way Luggage Depot or any of Sprostons, Limited, 
Wharfs. All emptys returned. 

DEMERARA DEVELOPMENT CO., Ltd., 

Per K. H. L. KERK, 

10 and 13, Water Street. 



XXX. 



M. J. DE FREITAS, 

Licensed Grocer and Spirit Dealer 

BARTICA, RIO. ESSEQUEBO, BRITISH GUIANA. 

FOEWARDING AGENT 
FOR THE GOLD, DIAMOND & B A LATA FIELDS. 



Mr. deFreitas, after 15 years' residence and trade 
at Bartica, possesses a unique knowledge of 
the men and conditions obtaining for the 
transportation service on the Essequebo and 
its tributaries, and anyone desirous of equip- 
ing expeditions to this territory should not 
fail to avail themselves of his sei'vices. 

RODRIQUES & ABREU, 

GENERAL MERCHANTS, COMMISSION AND 
SHIPPING AGENTS. 



LOT 21, WATER STREET, GEORGETOWN, DEMERARA. 

IMPORTERS OF 

MADEIRA, TENERIFFE AND LISBON 

GOODS. 

T elegraphic Address : " Fe/isberta," Oemerara. 



XXXI. 



J. F. WEBBER, 

Manufacturers* Representative and Commission 

Merchant, 

17, WATER STREET, GEORGETOWN, DEMERARA, 
BRITISH GUIANA. 



AGENT FOR 



Swift & Co/s FERTILISERS, 

100% Animal Httmus, 



Libby, McNeill & Libby's 
NATURAL FLAVOR FOOD PRODUCTS, 

The Standard of Quality, 



The Hoster Columbus Associated BREWERIES, 

Makers of the Beer of refinement. 



Consignments received from the leading 
Continental, English and American Markets. 



Booked Orders receive prompt and personal 

attention. 



Home and Foreign Correspondence Invited. 



p. 0. Box 195. Cable Address: Webship. 

Telephone 200. Code used: A.B.C. 5th ed. 



XXXll. 



T. FLOOD, 

STABROEK MARKET, GEORGETOWN. 

Fresh Meat, Vegetables, Bread. Ice, Eggs, Poultry. &c 

CONTRACTOR TO H. M. TROOPS AND NAVY; 
CONTRACTOR TO MAYOR ci- TOWN COUNCIL, GEORGETOWN. 

Telephones Nos.- Market, 68. Stables, 320. House, 160. 

P. O. BOX 86. 




Ojfice in Demerara : 
Company's Path, Water Street 



Office in H/Jontreaf, Canada : 
179, St James' Street 



Light and Power supplied for all purposes to which Electricity may 

be applied, 

Liirlit, l)v Meter measurement 25 cts. per kilowatt, 
Power ,, ,, "-J ') ?5 

Special terms to large Consumers. 
Estimates of cost of all kinds of Installation furnished free of charge. 
In addition to supplying Light and Power for all Domestic and Indus- 
trial purposes, the Company has just installed a new and up-to- 
date Accumulator charging set, and it is now prepared at the 
shortest notice to charge any size accumulator for Motor Cars or 
Boats at very moderate rates. Special quotations given to large 
consumers cf light or power. Estimates of wiring furnished free 
of costs. Special Cars for Excursions and evening Trolley Parties 
at ^2 50 per car, per hour, except on holidays and special occasions 
when all Cars are in Service. 

W. B. GRAY, 

Secretary in Demerara. 



BUY THE "CUP & SAUCER" BRAND CHOCOLATE. 

Eest Quality, Delicious Flavour, Fragrant flroma. Nourishing Properties, 

&c., Sc. Try it. 



COCOA POWDEK IN :1-Lb. TINS. 



Sold en its own MERITS by all Grocers and at the Factory. 



PRICE ON APPLICATION. 



De SOUZA & PEREIRA, Proprietors. 



] Lonilinnl. Street, Geors'etown, B,G. 



Telephone No. 170. 



XXXllL 



J. P. SANTOS & Co., 

General Merchants and Commission Agents, large Im- 
porters of Provisions, Breadstuffs, Liquors and 
Hardware of all kinds, and Exporters of Local Rice. 

fVe stock in our Hardware Department 

ING, COMPOSITION NAILS SHElTHTXr 17FT r nvT^iV.^ 

ENAMEL WARE, GLASSWARE. ELECTRO-PLATED #1^^;^.' 
and HANGING LAMPS, KITCHEN UTENSILS SCOTCH STOVJ^r 
hree si.es), WATER CLOSETS and URINALS Comple.eBRK^ACR ''^J 
MUZZLE LOADING GUNS (in 12, 16 and 20 bo,eT C iRTRmcF^ > 

?AT™S?t ■n7'a*^^'?."f ' '^' f"^ desc HptlirGaNPOWDEK! 
1 All^.N 1 feHOTS m 7 and 1 lb. Bags, AVADDINGS FRE TWORIC wnnr»Q 

MOULDINGS. PICTUEE BACKING, WALL PiPER WICKER WO^K 

(TAB,,s, CHAIE.S, SOFAS, Etc.), BENTM^OOD CHAIRS auTtoCKE^ 

AMERICAN CANE-SEAT CHAIRS and ROCKERS mrvr^^ J ; 

BICYCLE ACCESSORIES, AND fuMEEOUS^T^^^^^ ^"^ 

SOLE AGENTS FOR 
JAMES BUCHANAN & Co.'s ^l^Sl^^^ WHISKIES 



AND 



BARNARD'S ENCORE WHISKY, 

AND FOR 

L. Sonneborne Sons' Lubricating Oils and Grease. 



XXXIV. 



EWALD C. H. KLAUTKY, 

SWORN LAND SURVEYOR. 

Office : Residekck : Telkphone ; 

America Street. 177, Upper Charlotte Street. No. 249. 

Undertakes surveying- and levelling of every description, inspecting and 
reporting on Agricultural, Mining, Balata or Rubber properties, 
tracking and constructing of Bridle Paths and Roads, and the 
making and copying of plans and specifications. 

Twenty-two years' experience. Terms Moderate, Consultation Free, 



J. D. FITZPATRICK, 

" THE STANDARD/' 

Next to Scott & Co, 

IT IS A "DUTY- 
Your personal appearance must RECEIVE clue REGARD 

and ATTENTION. 

To ATTAIN THAT OBJECT, you may rely upon the 

Style, Fashion and Excellence of our goods. 

We depend entirely on this to SECURE and RETAIN 
your VALUED SUPPORT. 

SATISFACTION ASSURED, 

M. P. ^amacho. 

Foremost Dealer in Charcoal, Firewood, Shingles, &c. 
IMPORTER AND EXPORTER. 

DEMERARA-BARBAD05 TRADE. 



OWNER OR AGENT OF SEVERAL FAST SAILERS 

133, High hStreet, Charlestown, 
Georgetown. 



XXXV. 



"THE ARGOSY" COMPANY, Ltd. 

Printers, Stationers, Booksellers & Publishers. 

Government Contractors and 

Printers of "The Official Gazette." 



EVERY DESCRIPTION OF STA TIONERY AL WA YS IN STOCK, 
BOOKS OF LOCAL INTEREST A SPECIALITY. 



Mercantile and other Books kept in Stock or made to 
order* Best Paper — Best Work* 



Estimates and Specimens of Work Free on Application. 



"THE ARQ05V" CO., Ltd., 

PRINTERS AND ACCOUNT BOOK MANUFACTURERS. 



" THE DAILY ARGOSY " 

Published daily, Mondays excepted, Price 2d. per 
copy, or lOs. 5d. per quarter, post free. 

''CHRISTMAS-TIDE" 

The only Christmas Annual in the Colony. 
Illustrated. Price 4d. 

" THE BRITISH GUIANA ALMANAC " 

Price IS. Contains useful information for people 
at home and abroad. 

Published by "THE ARGOSY" CO., LTD., 

GEORGETOWN, BRITISH GUIANA. 



ADVERTISING TARIFF MAY BE HAD ON APPLICATION AT 

THE OFFICE. 



XXXVl. 



Smart-Dalgleish & Co., Ltd. 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 
CHEMISTS & DRUGGISTS. 

IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS OF 

PURE DRUGS, FINE CHEMICALS 

AND 

PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. 

Dealers in 

DRUGGISTS SUNDRIES . 

CONTRACTORS TO 

BALATA SYNDICATED, 

SUGAR ESTATES, 

COFFEE AND COCOA PLANTATIONS, 

GOLD & DIAMOND MINING COMPANIES, etc., Arc. 



CHEMICAL AND SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS. 
GRADUATED INSTRUMENTS. 
PURE ANALYTICAL CHExMICALS. 
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES. 
ANTISEPTIC SURGICAL DRESSINGS. 
ENGLISH, AMERICAN cfe CONTINENTAL PROPRIE- 
TARY ARTICLES, PERFUMES and MEDICINES. 



ENQUIRIES RESPECTFULLY SOL ICITED. 
Telephone 259 Night and Day. 



SMART=DALGLE1SH & CO., Limited. 

STORE CHEMISTS, BRITISH GUIANA. 



WILLIAM FOGARTY, 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 

THE LARGEST IMPORTER OF 

^^ DRY GOODS <^^ 

♦ in the colony. 

Noted for 

IRISH LINEN GOODS 

of every description. 

A LARGE STOCK OF 

IRISH TWEEDS, SERGES 

and FLANNELS 

ALWAYS IN STOCK. 

— ALSO — 

A VERY LARGE ASSORTMENT OF 

BEDSTEADS & FURNITURE 

— ALL — 

At Fogarty's Prices, 



SEE OUR SHOW ROOMS, 

PHILHARMONIC HALL.- 



